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利用者:Nux-vomica 1007/フランボワイヤン式

ヴァンドームのトリニテ修道院（英語版）（1507年落成）接写。フランボワイヤン式の特徴である火焔のようなモチーフがみられる。
ヨーク・ミンスター（1338年）西側大扉

フランボワイヤン式（フランス語: Flamboyant）は、1375年ごろから16世紀中期まで、中世後期からルネサンス期のヨーロッパで発展した後期ゴシック建築の一様式である[1]。この様式の語源となった、火焔（flamboyant）のようなかたちをした二重カーブのバー・トレーサリー（英語版）[1][2]、ヴォールトにおけるアーチ型の装飾リブと、アコレード（英語版）とよばれる装飾アーチの多用に特徴づけられる[3]。フランボワイヤン式の目立つ特徴である、火焔のようなトレーサリーのリブは、それ以前の様式であるレイヨナン式の曲線的なトレーサリーの影響を受けている[1]。非常に高く、幅の狭い尖頭アーチ（英語版）と破風、とりわけ二重カーブの葱花アーチ（英語版）も、この様式の建物で一般に見られる[2]。ヨーロッパのほとんどの地域で、フランボワイヤン式のような後期ゴシック様式は、レイヨナン式をはじめとするそれ以前の様式に取って代わった[4]。

この様式は特に大陸ヨーロッパで好まれた。15世紀から16世紀にかけて、フランス王国、カスティーリャ同君連合（英語版）、ミラノ公国および中央ヨーロッパ諸国の建築家と石工は理論書やドローイング、旅行などを通して専門知識を交換し[5][6]、フランボワイヤン式の装飾とデザインをヨーロッパ全土に広めた[7][8]。著名なフランボワイヤン式の例としてはサント・シャペル（1485年–1498年）の西側バラ窓、ルーアンのサン＝マクルー教会（英語版）（1500年–1514年）西側ポーチ、トロワ大聖堂（英語版）（16世紀初期）西面などがある。また、非常に初期の例としては、ヨーク・ミンスター（1338年–1339年）の西側大窓がある[1]。ほかの例としては、ブルゴス大聖堂（1482年–1494年）の元帥の礼拝堂（スペイン語版）、レピーヌのノートルダム寺院（英語版）、シャルトル大聖堂北側尖塔、セゴビア大聖堂(1525年–)がある[9]。

後期ゴシック様式は、ペトル・パルレーシュの手がけたプラハの聖ヴィート大聖堂（1334年–）の建設をもって中央ヨーロッパに持ち込まれる。この聖堂の形式、すなわち豊麗で変化に富むトレーサリーと複雑な網目模様をなすリブ・ヴォールト（英語版）は、大陸ヨーロッパの後期ゴシックに広く用いられ、聖堂参事会教会（英語版）や聖堂、それに匹敵する規模と壮麗さをもつ都市の教区教会に模倣された[10]。葱花アーチの利用もなかんずく一般的だった[11]。

15世紀から16世紀初期にかけ、フランボワイヤン式の形態はフランスからイベリア半島に波及する。同地で発展したイザベル様式（英語版）は、イザベル1世治世下のカスティーリャ王国における国家的建築の支配的形式となった。また、フランボワイヤン式の特徴はポルトガル王国のマヌエル様式にも現れる。中央ヨーロッパでは、フランボワイヤン式やイザベル様式と同時期にゾンダーゴティック（英語版）様式が登場する。

レピーヌのノートルダム寺院（英語版）(1405年–1527年)西面
セゴビア大聖堂(1525年–1577年)身廊のリブ・ヴォールト

「フランボワイヤン式」という言葉は1843年に、フランスの芸術家であるユスターシュ＝ヤサント・ラングロワ（英語版）（1777年–1837年）が最初に[12]、その後、1851年にイギリスの歴史家であるエドワード・オーガスタス・フリーマン（英語版）が用いた[13]。建築史においては、フランボワイヤン式は14世紀晩期にあらわれ、レイヨナン式の次の段階にあたるフランスのゴシック建築（英語版）の最終段階であり、16世紀初期にルネサンス建築が発展するまで優位にあったと考えられている[14]。

フランスにおけるフランボワイヤン式建築の特筆すべき例としては、パリのサント・シャペル西側バラ窓、サンス大聖堂（英語版）とボーヴェ大聖堂（英語版）のトランセプト、ヴァンセンヌのサント・シャペル（英語版）、ヴァンドームのトリニテ修道院（英語版）西側ファサードがある。世俗建築ではブールジュのジャック・クール宮殿（英語版）や、パリのクリュニー館が知られる。 15世紀後半から16世紀初頭にかけては、イングランドにおいて装飾様式や垂直様式（英語版）とよばれる現代的様式がうまれる。

起源

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フランボワイヤン式の起源は詳らかではないものの[15]、フランス北部およびフランドル伯領（英語版）で14世紀後期に登場したとみなされている[16]。これらの地域はイングランド王国と布交易をしていたほか、甥であるフランス王ヘンリー6世（1422年–1453年在位）の摂政をつとめたベッドフォード公爵ジョン・オブ・ランカスターの支配下となったこともあった[16]。異論もあるが、この直接的関係から、フランボワイヤン式の揺らめく炎のようなトレーサリーの図案は、イギリスの装飾様式に影響されたものであると考えられている[16]。さらに、ノルマンディー公国は13世紀までイングランドと同君連合を組んでおり、百年戦争がおこなわれていた1419年から1449年にかけて、同国の首都であったルーアンはイングランドの領土となっていた[17]。戦争の初期にベリー公ジャンは同国の捕虜となった[18]。ポワティエ公宮殿（英語版）の暖炉やルーアン大聖堂西側ファサードの衝立のように並んだ上部部材にみられるよう、引き続く戦争は多くの文化交流の機会をもたらした[19]。

14世紀におけるトレーサリーの文様は、装飾様式（例：ヨーク・ミンスター西側ファサード）に影響された華麗な火焔様の形態か、垂直様式（例：キングス・カレッジ・チャペル）の「いかめしい板張り」かのいずれかであった[20]。ロバート・ボーク（Robert Bork）によれば、「大陸の建築家たちは、もっぱら装飾様式だけを借用した。この様式はイングランドでは1360年までにほとんど廃れていた」という[18]。フランスにおける格子様の形態の明確な拒絶は、同地においてこれと対照的な様式が意識されていたことを示す[18]。フランボワイヤン式の登場は漸進的なものであった。「原フランボワイヤン式」（proto-Flamboyant）といえる様式は、ルーアンのサン＝トゥアン修道院（英語版）北側トランセプト（1390年–1410年）の壁にみることができる[5]。流れるような二重カーブの形態は用いられていないものの、「8枚の二重ランセット形の板が中心の四つ葉模様を中心に渦巻いているように見える」[5]。このバラ窓の文様は動的にみえるが、二重カーブを基調とはしていない。この建築はノルマンディーにおける流麗な二重曲線の使用を先取りした、トレースリーの形態の初期の実験例である。イングランドが垂直様式に転換していくなか、王侯貴族が建てた宮殿は、フランス北部の聖堂よりもさらに、曲線的なトレーサリーをもつ「革新のための肥沃な土地」を提供した[19]。

フランス

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「フランボワイヤン式」という用語は19世紀につくられ、フランスにおける記念碑的建造物のうち[21]、1380年から1515年までに建造された火焔様の曲線的なトレーサリーを有するものを指す。イングランドとの百年戦争（1337年–1444年）の時期に登場した様式であるが、16世紀初頭まで、大聖堂や教会、世俗建築の新造および増築の際に用いられた。フランボワイヤン式の特徴は華麗な表現のファサード、豪華な装飾のポーチ、塔、尖塔である。初期の例として、リオンにあるベリー公ジャンの城内礼拝堂（英語版）（1382年）、ポワティエ公宮殿大広間の暖炉（1390年）、ジャン・ド・ラ・グランジュ（英語版）によるアミアン大聖堂（1375年）などがある[22]。

フランボワイヤン式だけで築造された最初期の建築物には、貴族の邸宅といったものもある[23]。ブールジュにある、国王会計方であったジャック・クールの宮殿（ジャック・クール館（英語版）、1444年–1451年）は、居住用と公務用のウィングが中庭を囲むようにして組み合わされており、破風・タレット・煙突によって華やかに装飾されている[24]。ジャン・ド・デュノワにより1459年から1468年にかけて改築されたシャトーダン城（英語版）には[25]、「サント・シャペル」と銘する礼拝堂があり、付随するファサードは火焔様のトレーサリーで装飾された窓を備えるほか、屋根窓にはフランス王家の象徴であるフルール・ド・リスもあしらわれている。もとクリュニー修道院長の邸宅で、のちに国立中世美術館となった、パリのクリュニー館（フランス語版）もこうした建築の主要な例であり、礼拝堂・戸口・窓・塔・屋根の輪郭などにフランボワイヤン式の細部意匠がみられる[24]。フランスにおけるフランボワイヤン式世俗建築の後期の例としては、のちにルーアン司法宮（Palais de Justice of Rouen）として知られるようになるノルマンディー高等法院（英語版）（1499年 - 1528年）がある。ロジェ・アンゴ（Roger Ango）とルーラン・ル・ルー（英語版）により設計され、クロケット（英語版）を配した細長い小尖塔と、フルーロン（英語版）で区切られた屋根窓（リュカルヌ（英語版））を有している[26]。

West porch of the Church of Saint-Maclou（英語版）, Rouen, (1434–1521)

In 15th-century France, few churches were constructed entirely in the Flamboyant style; it was more common to commission additions to existing structures. One exception is the Church of Saint-Maclou（英語版） in Rouen, which was commissioned by the Dufour family during the English occupation of the town（英語版）. It was designed by the master mason Pierre Robin, who was in charge of construction from 1434 until the church was consecrated in 1521.[27] The church, which is referred to as "monumental architecture in the miniature", has double-tiered flying buttresses, fully developed transept façades with portals, curvilinear rose windows, and a projecting polygonal west porch with openwork ogee gables.[28] The influence of Pierre Robin's design lasted into the 16th century,[5] when Roulland Le Roux（英語版） oversaw work on the upper parts of the Tour de Beurre ("Butter Tower") (1485–1507) and the central portal (1507–1510) of Rouen Cathedral.[2] Increasing specialization in Gothic workshops and lodges led to the sophisticated forms characteristic of structures that were completed in the early 16th century, such as the south façade and porch of the Church of Notre-Dame de Louviers（英語版） (1506–1510) and the north tower of Chartres Cathedral, which were designed by architect Jehan de Beauce（英語版） (1507–1513).[29]

The style also appeared early Île-de-France. The west rose window of the Sainte-Chapelle was made between 1485 and 1498 by a glass artist known only as The Master of the Life of Saint-John the Baptist. It is nine meters in diameter, with 89 sections of glass, of which all but nine are original.The curling tracery of the window spills out onto the exterior of the west facade.[30]

where the Sainte-Chapelle de Vincennes（英語版）, a royal chapel constructed by King Charles V of France, is a notable example. It was located just outside Paris, next to the massive Château de Vincennes and was inspired by the Sainte-Chapelle in Paris. The Sainte-Chapelle de Vincennes had a single floor and the windows, consisting of curvilinear tracery, covered nearly all of the walls. Construction began in 1379 but was halted by the Hundred Years War and the window and west front were completed until 1552.[31] A significant Flamboyant landmark in Paris is the Tour Saint-Jacques（英語版）, which is all that remains of the Church of Saint-Jacques-de-la-Boucherie ("Saint James of the butchers"), which was built 1509–23 and was located close to Les Halles（英語版）, the Paris central market.[A]

In the Loire Valley, the west front of Tours Cathedral（英語版） was a notable example of Flamboyant architecture. As the French Renaissance began with the royal chateaux along the Loire, the towers of the cathedral were updated with domes and lanterns in the new style, completed in 1507.[32]

Beyond northern France, churches were also enlarged and updated with additions in the Flamboyant style. Due to its size and decoration, the abbey-church of Saint-Antoine in Saint-Antoine-l'Abbaye（英語版） (Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes) is one of the most significant examples of Gothic architecture in southeastern France. The five-aisled abbey-church was a key pilgrimage site in the Middle Ages because it contained the relics of Saint Anthony the Great, which were especially sought out by those who were suffering from "Saint Anthony's Fire" (ergot poisoning（英語版）). Royal figures including Sigismund, Holy Roman Emperor (1415), Louis XI of France (1475), and Anne of Brittany (1494) also visited the abbey-church.[33] The building's most prominent architectural feature is its monumental west façade, which was completed in the Flamboyant style in the 15th century. The façade has a central portal flanked by secondary portals and a large lancet window（英語版） with curvilinear tracery that includes triskelions. Additional ornamentation in the form of naturalistic vegetation, gables, pinnacles, and delicate sculpture niches are further testaments of the talents of the masons' workshop.[34] Work on the façade stopped before it was completed; there is no evidence of the iron hooks that are needed to attach figural sculptures.[34]

At Lyon Cathedral（英語版）, the Bourbons chapel, built during the last decades of the 15th century by the Cardinal Charles II, Duke of Bourbon and his brother Pierre de Bourbon, son-in-law of Louis XI, is a key example of the trend of expanding existing Gothic churches in the newer Flamboyant style.[35] Consisting of two bays, it features a small oratory and a sacristy. The pendant vault（英語版）s are decorated with finely carved keystones. The mouldings of the transverse ribs（英語版） are decorated with the monograms of Charles de Bourbon, Pierre de Bourbon, and his wife, Anne of France.

Helical staircase tower with Flamboyant Gothic and classicizing decoration, Château de Meillant（英語版） (1510)

Transition between Flamboyant Gothic and Renaissance (1495–1530)[B]

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The transition from Flamboyant Gothic to early French Renaissance（英語版） began during the reign of Louis XII (1495) and lasted until roughly 1525 or 1530. During this brief transition period, the ogee arch and the naturalism of the Gothic style was blended with round arches, flexible forms, and stylized antique motifs that are typical of Renaissance architecture. A good deal of Gothic decoration is apparent at the Château de Blois but it is totally absent from the tomb of Louis XII（英語版）, which is housed in the abbey-church of Saint-Denis.

In 1495, a colony of Italian artists was established in Amboise and worked in collaboration with French master masons. This date is generally considered to be the starting point of the period of interaction between the Flamboyant Gothic and early French Renaissance styles. In general, theories of building design and structure remained French while surface decoration became Italian. There were connections between French architectural production and other stylistic traditions, including Plateresque（英語版） in Spain and the decorative arts of the north—especially Antwerp.[36]

The limits of this style, which is called style Louis XII in French, were variable, especially outside the Loire Valley. This period includes the seventeen-year reign of Louis XII (1498–1515), the end of the reign of Charles VIII, and the beginning of that of Francis I, whose rule corresponded with a definitive stylistic change. The creation of the School of Fontainebleau in 1530 by Francis I is generally considered the turning point of the acceptance and establishment of the Renaissance style in France.[37] Early evidence of the intermingling of Flamboyant and classicizing decorative motifs can be found at the Château de Meillant（英語版）, which was transformed by Charles II d'Amboise（英語版）, governor of Milan, in 1473. The structure remained fully medieval but the superposition of the windows in bays connected to each other by extended, cord-like pinnacles foreshadows the grid designs of the façades of early French Renaissance monuments. Other notable features include the entablature with classical egg-and-dart（英語版） motifs surmounted by a Gothic balustrade and the treatment of the upper part of the helical staircase with a semi-circular arcade equipped with shells.[38] In the final years of the reign of Charles VIII, experimentation with Italian ornamentation continued to enrich and mix with the Flamboyant repertoire.[39] With the ascendancy of Louis XII, French masons and sculptors were further exposed to new, classicizing motifs that were popular in Italy.[39]

In architectural sculpture, the systematic contribution of Italian elements and the "Gothic" reinterpretation of Italian Renaissance works is evident in the Abbey of Saint-Pierre in Solesmes（英語版）, where the Gothic structure takes the form of a Roman triumphal arch flanked by pilasters with Lombard candelabra. Gothic foliage, which was now more jagged and wilted as seen at the Hôtel de Cluny in Paris, mingles with portraits of Roman emperors in medallions at the Château de Gaillon（英語版）.[40] The maison des Têtes (1528–1532) in Valence is another example of Flamboyant blind tracery and foliage mixing with classicizing figures, medallions, and portraits of Roman emperors.

In architecture, the use of brick and stone on buildings from the 16th century can be observed, for example in the Louis XII wing of the Château of Blois. The French high roofs with turrets in the corners and the façades with helical staircases perpetuated the Gothic tradition but the systematic superposition of the bays, the removal of the lucarne（英語版）s, and the appearance of loggias influenced by the villa Poggio Reale（英語版） and the Castel Nuovo（英語版） of Naples are evidence of a new decorative art in which the structure remains deeply Gothic. The spread of ornamental vocabularies from Pavia and Milan also played major roles. Equally important is the influence of Italian architects who designed formal gardens（英語版） and fountains to complement French monuments as seen at the Château de Blois (1499) and the Château de Gaillon（英語版） shortly thereafter.

The incorporation of Flamboyant Gothic with the classicizing forms of Italy produced eclectic, hybrid structures that were rooted in traditional French building practices yet modernized through the application of imported antique motifs and surface decoration. These transitional monuments led to the birth of French Renaissance architecture.

Low Countries

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→「Brabantine Gothic」も参照

Variations of Flamboyant, influenced by France but with their own characteristics, began to appear in other parts of continental Europe.[41] Flamboyant had a particularly strong influence in Low Countries, which was then part of the Spanish Netherlands（英語版） and was also a part of the Catholic diocese of Cologne. Extraordinarily high towers were a feature of the Belgian style. In the 15th century, Belgian architects produced remarkable examples of religious and secular Flamboyant architecture, one of which is the tower of St. Rumbold's Cathedral（英語版） in Mechelen (1452–1520), which was built as both a bell tower and a watch tower for the defence of the city. The tower was intended to be 167メートル (548 ft) high and was designed to have a 77-メートル-high (253 ft) spire, only 7メートル (23 ft) of which was completed. Other notable Flamboyant cathedrals include Antwerp Cathedral with a 123-メートル-high (404 ft) tower and an unusual dome on pendentives that is decorated with a Flamboyant rib vault; St. John's Cathedral ('s-Hertogenbosch)（英語版） in 's-Hertogenbosch (1220–1530), the Cathedral of St. Michael and St. Gudula（英語版） in Brussels (1485–1519); and Liege Cathedral（英語版）.[41]

The town halls of Belgium, many of which were built by the prosperous textile merchants of Flanders, were even more flamboyant. They were among the last great statements of Gothic style as the Renaissance gradually came to Northern Europe, and were designed to showcase the wealth and splendour of their cities. Major examples include the town hall of Leuven（英語版） (1448–1469) with its multiple, almost fantastic towers,[41] and those of Brussels（英語版） (1401–1455), Oudenaarde (1526–1536), Ghent (1519–1539), and Mons (1458–1477).[41]

Adaptations in Holland and of Zeeland

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Many churches in the former Counties of Holland（英語版） and of Zeeland（英語版） are built in a style sometimes inaccurately separated as Hollandic and as Zeelandic Gothic. These are in fact Brabantine Gothic style buildings with concessions necessitated by local conditions. Thus (except for Dordrecht), because of the soggy ground, weight was saved by wooden barrel vault（英語版）s instead of stone vaults and the flying buttresses required for those. In most cases, the walls were made of bricks but cut natural stone was not unusual.

Everaert Spoorwater played an important role in spreading Brabantine Gothic into Holland and Zeeland. He perfected a method by which the drawings for large constructions allowed ordering virtually all natural stone elements from quarries on later Belgian territory, then at the destination needing merely their cementing in place. This eliminated storage near the construction site, and the work could be done without the permanent presence of the architect.

Spain

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→「Catalan Gothic」、「Valencian Gothic」、および「Isabelline (architectural style)」も参照

Before the unification of Spain, monuments were constructed in the Flamboyant style in the Crown of Aragon and Kingdom of Valencia, where Marc Safont was among the most important architects of the Late Middle Ages. Safont was commissioned to repair the Palau de la Generalitat de Catalunya（英語版） in Barcelona and worked on this project from 1410 to 1425.[42] He designed the building's courtyard and elegant galleries.[43]en:Template:Page range too broad Also notable is the Chapel of Sant Jordi (1432–34), which has a striking façade consisting of an entry portal flanked by windows resplendent with blind and openwork Flamboyant tracery.[42] The chapel's interior includes a lierne（英語版） vault with a keystone depicting Saint George and the Dragon.

Following the 1428 Catalonia earthquake（英語版）, a replacement Flamboyant rose window on the west façade of the church of Santa Maria del Mar, Barcelona, was completed by 1459. Additional examples of the Flamboyant style include the cloister of the Convent of Sant Doménec in the Kingdom of Valencia.

Spain was united by the marriage of Ferdinand of Aragon and Isabella of Castile in 1469, and saw the conquest of Granada, the last stronghold of Moorish occupation, in 1492. This was followed by a great wave of construction of new cathedrals and churches in what became known as the Isabelline style（英語版） after the queen. This late Spanish Gothic（英語版） style includes a mixture of French-inspired Flamboyant tracery and vaulting features, Flemish features such as fringed arches, and elements that may have been borrowed from Islamic architecture, such as the crossed rib vaults and pierced openwork tracery of Burgos Cathedral.[44] To this, Spanish architects such as Juan Guas（英語版） added distinctive new features, for example in the Monastery of San Juan de los Reyes（英語版） in Toledo (1488–1496) and the Colegio de San Gregorio（英語版） (completed 1487).[45] The rose window on the west façade of Toledo Cathedral (late 15th century) is a good example.[46]

Juan de Colonia（英語版） and his son Simón de Colonia（英語版）, originally from Cologne, are other notable architects of the Isabelline style; they were the chief architects of the flamboyant features of Burgos Cathedral (1440–1481), including the openwork towers and the tracery in the star vault in the Chapel of the Constable.[45]

Portugal

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→詳細は「Manueline」を参照

The Manueline style was named for King Manuel I of Portugal, who reigned from 1495 to 1523. The style was created to show Portugal was architecturally and politically independent of Spain.[要出典] Batalha Monastery's construction began in 1387 to celebrate John I of Portugal's victory over John I of Castile at the 1385 Battle of Aljubarrota, which secured the independence of the Kingdom of Portugal. Batalha was modified in the Flamboyant style after 1400. The building includes elements borrowed by the English Perpendicular style, tracery inspired by French Flamboyant, and German-inspired openwork steeples.[47]

In 1495, Portuguese navigators opened a sea-route to India and began trading with Brazil, Goa, and Malacca, bringing enormous wealth into Portugal. King Manuel funded a series of new monasteries and churches that were covered with decoration inspired by banana trees, sea shells, billowing sails, seaweed, barnacles, and other exotic elements as a monument to the Portuguese navigator Vasco de Gama and to celebrate Portugal's empire. The most lavish example of this decoration is found on the Convent of Christ in Tomar (1510–1514).[48]

Central Europe

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Architects in central Europe adopted some forms and elements of Flamboyant in the late 14th century, and added many innovations of their own. The Late Gothic buildings of Austria, Bavaria, Saxony, and Bohemia are sometimes called Sondergotik（英語版）. The high triple west porch of Ulm Minster was placed at the base of the tower; it was designed by Ulrich von Ensingen（英語版）. The porch, which was in the centre of the facade—a break from earlier Gothic styles. Work on the tower was continued by Ensingen's son after 1419 and much more decoration was added from 1478 to 1492 by Matthaus Boblinger. The spire was added between 1881 and 1890, which made it the tallest tower in Europe.[49]

Other remarkable towers were constructed like openwork webs of stone; these include Johannes Hultz's additions to the tower of Freiburg Minster（英語版）, which had an open spiral staircase and a lacework octagonal spire; the additions were begun in 1419.

British Isles

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→「Perpendicular Gothic」も参照

Flamboyant had little influence in England, where the Perpendicular style prevailed.[41] Flamboyant architecture was not common in the British Isles but examples are numerous. The flame-like window tracery appeared at Gloucester Cathedral before it appeared in France.[50] In Scotland, Flamboyant detailing was employed in window tracery of the northern side of the nave at Melrose Abbey, and for the west window that completed the construction of Brechin Cathedral（英語版）.[51] Melrose Abbey had been destroyed during the English invasion of 1358（英語版） and the initial rebuilding followed the traditions of English masons. From c.1400, the Parisian master-builder John Morow began work on the Abbey, leaving an inscription identifying him in the church's south transept.[51] Morow had possibly been brought to Great Britain by Archibald Douglas, 4th Earl of Douglas（英語版）, for whom he also worked on Lincluden Collegiate Church（英語版）.[52] The design of some windows in both Brechin and Melrose are so similar it is possible Morow or his team of Continental masons worked on both. Comparison can also be made with the chapel (1379 – ) of the Château de Vincennes, a castle and royal residence near Paris.[51] Somewhat later, further Flamboyant work was done on the western bays of Brechin Cathedral.[51]

In England, the contemporaneous Late Gothic (or Third Pointed) style Perpendicular Gothic（英語版） was prevalent from the middle 14th century. A very early example of Flamboyant tracery is found in the top of the Great West Window in York Minster—the cathedral of the Archbishop of York（英語版）. It also appears in the Flamboyant curvilinear bar-tracery of St Matthew's Church at Salford Priors（英語版）, Warwickshire.[1][53]

Characteristics

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Tracery

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The flamboyant tracery（英語版） designs are the most characteristic feature of the Flamboyant style.[54] They appeared in the stone mullions, the framework of windows, particularly in the great rose windows of the period, and in complex, pointed, blind arcades and arched gables that were stacked atop one another, and which often covered the entire façade. They were also used in balustrades and other features.[55] Interlocking openwork gables and balustrades, as seen on the west porch of the church of Saint-Maclou, Rouen, were often used to disguise or diffuse the mass of buildings.

An important early example from the late 15th century is the west rose window of the royal chapel, Sainte-Chapelle (1485–98), depicting the Apocalypse of St John. It is 9 meters (29.5 feet) in diameter, with eighty-nine panels arranged in three concentric zones around a central eye.[56] Flamboyant rose windows are also prominent features of the transept of Sens Cathedral（英語版） (15th c.) and the transept of Beauvais Cathedral（英語版） (1499), one of the few parts of that Cathedral still standing. The Flamboyant facades of Sens Cathedral, Beauvais Cathedral, Senlis Cathedral（英語版） and Troyes Cathedral（英語版） (1502–1531) were all the work of the same master builder, Martin Chambiges（英語版）.[57][58]

Flamboyant windows were often composed of two arched windows, over which was a pointed, oval design divided by curving lines called soufflets and mouchettes. Examples are found in the Church of Saint-Pierre, Caen（英語版）.[59] Mouchettes and soufflets were also applied in openwork form to gables, as seen on the west façade of Trinity Abbey, Vendôme（英語版）.

Façades and porches

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The term "Flamboyant" typically refers to church façades and to some secular buildings such as the Palais de Justice（英語版） in Rouen.[21] Church façades and porches were often the most elaborate architectural features of towns and cities, especially in France, and frequently projected outwards onto marketplaces and town squares.[60] The intricate and dazzling forms of many façades and porches often appealed to their urban contexts; in some cases, new façades and porches were designed to create impressive architectural vistas when viewed from a specific street or square.[61] This architectural response to increasing concerns with the aesthetics of urban space is particularly notable in Normandy, where a striking group of late 15th- and early 16th-century projecting polygonal porches were constructed in the Flamboyant style; examples include Notre-Dame, Alençon（英語版）; La Trinité, Falaise; Notre-Dame, Louviers（英語版）; and Saint-Maclou, Rouen（英語版）.[23]

Martin Chambiges（英語版）, the most prolific French architect between c. 1480 and c. 1530, combined three-dimensional forms such as nodding ogees with a miniaturized vocabulary of niches, baldachins, and pinnacles to produce dynamic façades with a new sense of depth at Sens Cathedral, Beauvais Cathedral（英語版）, and Troyes Cathedral（英語版）.[23] The addition of sumptuous Flamboyant façades and porches provided new public faces to older monuments that survived the Hundred Years' War.[62] Façades and porches often used the arc en accolade（英語版）, an arched doorway that was topped by short pinnacle with a fleuron（英語版） or carved stone flower, often resembling a lily. The short pinnacle bearing the fleuron had its own decoration of small, sculpted forms like twisting leaves of cabbage or other naturalistic vegetation. There were also two slender pinnacles, one on either side of the arch.[3]

Vaults, piers, and mouldings

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Elision—the elimination of capitals—coupled with the introduction of continuous and "dying" mouldings, are additional noteworthy characteristics of which the parish church of Saint-Maclou in Rouen is a key example.[23] The uninterrupted fluidity and merging of disparate forms led to the emergence of decorative Gothic vaults in France.[23]

Another characteristic feature were vaults with additional types of ribs called the lierne（英語版） and the tierceron, whose functions were purely decorative. These ribs spread out over the surface to make a star vault; a ceiling of star vaults gave the ceiling a dense network of decoration.[63] Another feature of the period was a type of very tall, round pillar without a capital, from which ribs sprang and spread upwards to the vaults. They were often used as the support for a fan vault（英語版）, which branched upward like a spreading tree. A fine example is found in the chapel of the Hotel de Cluny in Paris (1485–1510).[55][3]

Notable Flamboyant religious buildings in France

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Notable examples of civil architecture in France

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Examples of the Flamboyant Gothic Style outside France

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画像

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関連項目

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ウィクショナリーに関連の辞書項目があります。

Footnotes

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  1. ^ The church was demolished in 1797 following the French Revolution. See Mérimée database
  2. ^ Content in this section is translated from the existing French Wikipedia article; see its history for attribution.

Citations

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  1. ^ a b c d e Curl, James Stevens; Wilson, Susan, eds. (2015), “Flamboyant” (英語), A Dictionary of Architecture and Landscape Architecture (Oxford University Press), doi:10.1093/acref/9780199674985.001.0001, ISBN 978-0-19-967498-5, https://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/acref/9780199674985.001.0001/acref-9780199674985-e-1822 2020年6月28日閲覧。 
  2. ^ a b c Watkin 1986, p. 139.
  3. ^ a b c Renault & Lazé 2006, p. 37.
  4. ^ Wilson 1990, p. 252.
  5. ^ a b c d Neagley, Linda Elaine (2007). “Maestre Carlín and 'Proto' Flamboyant Architecture of Rouen (c. 1380-1430)”. In Jiménez, Alfonso Martin. La Piedra Postrera (Simposio Internacional sobre la catedral de Sevilla en el contexto del gótico final). Seville. p. 47–60 
  6. ^ Ackerman 1949, p. 84–111.
  7. ^ Kavaler 2012, p. 259–260.
  8. ^ Adamski 2019, p. 183–205.
  9. ^ “Flamboyant style | Gothic architecture” (英語). Encyclopedia Britannica. 2020年6月28日閲覧。
  10. ^ Schurr, Marc Carel (2010), Bork, Robert E., ed., “art and architecture: Gothic” (英語), The Oxford Dictionary of the Middle Ages (Oxford University Press), doi:10.1093/acref/9780198662624.001.0001, ISBN 978-0-19-866262-4, https://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/acref/9780198662624.001.0001/acref-9780198662624-e-0540 2020年4月9日閲覧。 
  11. ^ Curl, James Stevens; Wilson, Susan, eds. (2015), “Gothic” (英語), A Dictionary of Architecture and Landscape Architecture (Oxford University Press), doi:10.1093/acref/9780199674985.001.0001, ISBN 978-0-19-967498-5, https://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/acref/9780199674985.001.0001/acref-9780199674985-e-2072 2020年4月9日閲覧。 
  12. ^ Lafond, Jean (1973). “Le peintre-graveur E.-Hyacinthe Langlois, "parrain " du style gothique flamboyant”. Bulletin de la Société nationale des Antiquaires de France 1971 (1): 313–317. doi:10.3406/bsnaf.1973.8078. https://www.persee.fr/doc/bsnaf_0081-1181_1973_num_1971_1_8078. 
  13. ^ Hart 2012, p. 1-4.
  14. ^ Benton 2002, p. 151-152.
  15. ^ Benton 2002, p. 191.
  16. ^ a b c Stokstad, Marilyn (2019). Medieval Art (Second ed.). London: Routledge. pp. 345. ISBN 9780367319373. OCLC 1112381140 
  17. ^ Wilson 1990, p. 248.
  18. ^ a b c Bork 2018, p. 96.
  19. ^ a b Wilson 1990, p. 249.
  20. ^ Fletcher, Banister, Sir (1996). Sir Banister Fletcher's a history of architecture.. Cruickshank, Dan. (20th ed.). Oxford: Architectural Press. pp. 444. ISBN 0-7506-2267-9. OCLC 35249531. https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/35249531 
  21. ^ a b Kavaler 2012, p. 115.
  22. ^ “Chapels 24 | Life of a Cathedral: Notre-Dame of Amiens”. projects.mcah.columbia.edu. 2020年6月23日閲覧。
  23. ^ a b c d e Kidson, Peter; Davis, Michael T.; Crossley, Paul; Sandron, Dany; Morrison, Kathryn; Bräm, Andreas; Blum, Pamela Z.; Sekules, V.; Lindley, Phillip; Henze, Ulrich; Holladay, Joan A.; Kreytenberg, G.; Tigler, Guido; Grandi, R.; d'Achille, Anna Maria; Aceto, Francesco; Steyaert, J.; Dias, Pedro; Svanberg, Jan; Mata, Angela Franco; Evelyn, Peta; Tångeberg, Peter; Hicks, Carola; Campbell, Marian; Taburet-Delahaye, Elisabeth; Koldeweij, A. M.; Reinheckel, G.; Kolba, Judit; Karlsson, Lennart; et al. (2003). Gothic. doi:10.1093/gao/9781884446054.article.t033435. ISBN 9781884446054。 {{cite encyclopedia}}: |website=は無視されます。 (説明)(Paid subscription required要購読契約)
  24. ^ a b Watkin 1986, p. 142.
  25. ^ CMN. “Qui était Jean de Dunois ? - CMN” (フランス語). www.chateau-chateaudun.fr. 2024年3月21日閲覧。
  26. ^ “Palais de justice”. www.pop.culture.gouv.fr. 2020年6月23日閲覧。
  27. ^ Neagley 1998, p. 47-54.
  28. ^ Neagley 1988, p. 376.
  29. ^ Kavaler 2012, p. 7–8.
  30. ^ de Finance 2012, pp. 62–63.
  31. ^ Meunier 2014, p. 48-49.
  32. ^ Lours 2018, p. 412.
  33. ^ Mocellin 2019, p. 122.
  34. ^ a b Mocellin 2019, p. 70–78.
  35. ^ Monfalcon, Jean Baptiste (1866) (フランス語). Histoire monumentale de la ville de Lyon. A la Bibliothèque de la Ville. pp. 383–384. https://books.google.com/books?id=tEKybnJjPcEC&q=Cath%C3%A9drale+Saint-Jean-Baptist+de+Lyon+merim%C3%A9e 
  36. ^ Wolff, Martha (2011). Kings, queens, and courtiers art in early Renaissance France : [exhibition, "France 1500: entre Moyen Age et Renaissance", Galeries nationales, Grand Palais, Paris, October 6, 2010 - January 10, 2011; "Kings, queens, and courtiers: art in early Renaissance France", Art institute of Chicago, February 27 - May 30, 2011]. Art Institute of Chicago. p. 32. ISBN 978030017025-2. OCLC 800990733 
  37. ^ Babelon 1989, p. 195-196.
  38. ^ Pérouse de Montclos, Jean-Marie (1992). Guide du patrimoine Centre Val de Loire. Paris: Hachette. p. 436–439. ISBN 2-01-018538-2. OCLC 489587981 
  39. ^ a b Bork 2018, p. 237–238.
  40. ^ Caron 2017, p. 75–76.
  41. ^ a b c d e Watkin 1986, p. 166.
  42. ^ a b Hughes 1993, p. 120.
  43. ^ Buades 2008, p. 97–148.
  44. ^ Watkin 1986, p. 174-75.
  45. ^ a b Watkin 1986, p. 174-175.
  46. ^ Brisac 1994, p. 110.
  47. ^ Watkin 1986, p. 176.
  48. ^ Watkin 1986, p. 177.
  49. ^ Watkin 1986, p. 162-3.
  50. ^ Ducher 2014, p. 54.
  51. ^ a b c d “Corpus of Scottish medieval parish churches: Brechin Cathedral”. arts.st-andrews.ac.uk. St Andrews University. 2020年6月28日閲覧。
  52. ^ “Corpus of Scottish medieval parish churches: Roslin Collegiate Church”. arts.st-andrews.ac.uk. St Andrews University. 2020年6月28日閲覧。
  53. ^ Curl, James Stevens (2015), Curl, James Stevens; Wilson, Susan, eds., “tracery” (英語), A Dictionary of Architecture and Landscape Architecture (Oxford University Press), doi:10.1093/acref/9780199674985.001.0001, ISBN 978-0-19-967498-5, https://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/acref/9780199674985.001.0001/acref-9780199674985-e-4762 2020年6月28日閲覧。 
  54. ^ Białostocki 1966, p. 94.
  55. ^ a b Ducher 2014, p. 52.
  56. ^ de Finance 2012, p. 62.
  57. ^ “Sens”. Grove Art Online/Oxford Art Online.. Oxford University Press. May 7, 2015閲覧。
  58. ^ Harvey, John (1950). The Gothic World. Batsford 
  59. ^ Ducher 2014, p. 52-3.
  60. ^ Kavaler 2012, p. 116.
  61. ^ Neagley 2008, p. 44–50.
  62. ^ Kavaler 2012, p. 122.
  63. ^ Ducher 2014, p. 52-53.

参考文献

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  • Bos, Agnès (2003). Les églises flamboyantes de Paris: XVe-XVIe siècles. Paris: Picard. ISBN 9782708407022 
  • Bottineau-Fuchs, Yves (2001). Haute-Normandie Gothique: Architecture Religieuse. Paris: Picard. ISBN 9782708406179 
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  • Davis, Michael T. (1983). “'Troys Portaulx et Deux Grosses Tours': The Flamboyant Façade Project for the Cathedral of Clermont”. Gesta 22 (1): 67–83. doi:10.2307/766953. JSTOR 766953. 
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