利用者:R-h/作業用ページ5

ファイル:Soviet Union Administrative Divisions 1989 (Cental Asia Crop).jpg

Political map of Soviet Central Asia in 1989

Map of Central Asia showing three sets of possible Eurasian boundaries for the region

• en:Soviet Central Asia

'ソビエト領中央アジアは1918年から1991年にかけて旧ソビエト連邦が支配していた中央アジアについて言及する。この地域は、ロシア帝国領トルキスタン総督府とほぼ同じ領域であり、ソビエト時代に、特に1920年代から1930年代にかけて現在も使われる国境線が作り出された。

Soviet Central Asia refers to the section of Central Asia formerly controlled by the Soviet Union, as well as the time period of Soviet control (1918-1991). In terms of area, it is nearly synonymous with Russian Turkestan, the name for the region during the Russian Empire. Soviet Central Asia went through many territorial divisions before the current borders were created in the 1920s and 1930s.

成立した国家

ソビエト社会主義共和国成立前

トルキスタン自治ソビエト社会主義共和国

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18世紀初め、カザン・ハン国はその絶頂を迎えた。1723年から1730年にかけてカザンの領域に来寇したジュンガルとの戦いにLittle Hordeは加わっていた。Abul Khair Khanの指導のもとで、カザン・ハンは1726年にBulanty Riverで、続いて1729年にBattle of Anrakayにおいて決定的な勝利を飾った。その後、19世紀になると、ロシア帝国が中央アジアに進出してきた。

英露間の植民地化運動であるグレート・ゲームの時代は、一般的にはおおよそ1813年から1907年の英露協商成立までとされている。1917年のロシア革命によって、英ソ間に新たな緊張関係が生み出された。ツァーリたちは、現在のカザフスタンやキルギスといった地域の多くを効率的に支配してきた。カザフスタン東北部のイシク・クル湖は1860年代にロシア帝国が清から奪った地域である。

ロシア帝国の崩壊に追い込んだ1917年のロシア革命に続き、1918年から1922年に行われたロシア内戦によって、初期のボリシェビキ政権は幾多のソビエト共和国を樹立した。しかし、その一方でロシアには様々な勢力が未だ生存していた。トルキスタンASSR（Turkestan Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic、1918年4月30日 - 1924年10月24日）は、ロシア帝国のトルキスタン総督府の領域に成立した国家である。その首都はタシケントで、500万人の人口を有していた。

イギリスとペルシアの軍隊は、一時的に現在のアゼルバイジャンのバクー、トルクメニスタンのカスピ海に面する港であるクラスノヴォドスクの解放を試みた。ブハラ・アミール国・ヒヴァ・ハン国・サマルカンド・コーカンド・ドゥシャンベとロシア帝国時代のトランスカスピ州では、様々な反ボリシェビキ運動が起こり、実際に以後数年間にわたり蜂起した。

1924年、トルキスタンASSRはタジクASSR（後のタジクSSR）・トルクメンSSR・ウズベクSSR・カラ・キルギス自治州（後のキルギスSSR）・カラカルパク自治州（現在のカラカルパクスタン共和国）へと分割された。

The beginning of the 18th century marked the zenith of the Kazakh Khanate. During this period the Little Horde participated in the 1723–1730 war against the Dzungars, following their "Great Disaster" invasion of Kazakh territories. Under the leadership of Abul Khair Khan the Kazakhs won major victories over the Dzungar at the Bulanty River (1726) and at the Battle of Anrakay in 1729.In the nineteenth century, the Russian Empire began to expand, and spread into Central Asia.

The Anglo-Russian colonialist "Great Game" period is generally regarded as running from approximately 1813 to the Anglo-Russian Convention of 1907. Following the Bolshevik Revolution of 1917 a second less intensive phase followed. The tsars effectively ruled over most of the territory belonging to what is now the Republic of Kazakhstan and Kirgystan. Russia anexed Lake Issyk Kul in north east Kazakhstan of off China in the 1860s.

'Emerging from the Russian Empire following the Russian Revolution of 1917 and the Russian Civil War of 1918 – 1921, the USSR was a union of several Soviet republics, but the synecdoche Russia — after its largest and dominant constituent state — continued to be commonly used throughout the state's existence. Turkestan Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic' (initially Turkestan Socialist Federative Republic) (April 30, 1918 – October 27, 1924) was created from the Turkestan Krai of Imperial Russia. Its capital was Tashkent, population about 5,000,000.

British and Persian forces briefly tried to liberate Baku in Azerbaijan and the Turkmen port of Krasnovodsk. Bukhara, Khiva, Samarkand, Kokand, Dushanbe and the former Trans-Caspian province would see various anti-Bolshevik risings over the next few years.

In 1924 it was split into Tajik ASSR (now Tajikistan), Turkmen SSR (now Turkmenistan), Uzbek SSR (now Uzbekistan), Kara-Kirghiz Autonomous Oblast (now Kyrgyzstan), and Karakalpak Autonomous Oblast (now Karakalpakstan).

ブハラ人民ソビエト共和国

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Flag of the Bukharan PSR

1918年3月、ボリシェビキに指揮された青年ブハラ行動の積極派たちは、行動を開始した。赤軍がブハラに向け進軍し、アミールに対して退去を要求した。ロシア側報告書によれば、アミールはボリシェビキの使節団に加え、ブハラとその周囲に住むロシア人を殺害した。ブハラにおける世論は赤軍の行為を侵略とみなし、装備が貧弱で統率の取れていない赤軍はソビエトの中央アジアにおける拠点であるタシケントに撤退した。

しかし、アミールが得たのは一時的な勝利に過ぎなかった。ロシア内戦の沈静化に伴い、モスクワは中央アジアに増援を送った。1920年9月2日、赤軍正規軍がボリシェビキの指揮官であったミハイル・フルンゼの指揮下に入り、ブハラに攻撃を加えた。4日間の戦闘の後、アミールの要塞（arc）は陥落し、赤色旗がポイ・カラヤンのミナレットに翻った。アミールアーリム・ハーンはドゥシャンベに逃亡し、最終的にアフガニスタンのカブールに亡命し、そこで死去した。

ブハラ近隣の反ボルシェビキ派の拠点のタジク人ムスリムの村のカンギール（Khangir、qingir）はその直後に独立を宣言したが、ロシアとBokhorahからなる赤軍に対して14日の篭城を行った後、降伏した。その地域はすぐにBokhorah共産党へと統合させられた。

ブハラ人民共和国は、1920年10月8日にファイズッラ・ホジャエフらが成立を宣言した。アミールアーリム・ハーンの逃亡は、保守的な反ボリシェビキ反乱であるバスマチ蜂起に弾みを与えた。1922年には、新政権の領土の大半がバスマチに占領され、ブハラは包囲下に置かれた。

ヨシフ・スターリンは後に、ブハラ人民共和国時代に置かれたユダヤ人共同体と同時に多くのブハラ人を大粛清の対象とし、また、シベリア送りにした。イスラエル国家の成立をみる前に、ブハラ系ユダヤ人は世界で最も孤立したユダヤ人共同体のひとつとなった。

1917年にソビエトがこの地域を支配下におさめると、ユダヤ人の生活は危機的に悪化した。1920年代と1930年代を通じて、数千人のユダヤ人が、宗教的迫害や資産の接収を受け、パレスチナへ脱出していった。

In March 1918 activists of the Young Bukharan Movement informed the Bolsheviks that the Bukharans were ready for the revolution and that the people were awaiting liberation. The Red Army marched to the gates of Bukhara and demanded that the emir surrender the city to the Young Bukharans. As Russian sources report, the emir responded by murdering the Bolshevik delegation, along with several hundred Russian inhabitants of Bukhara and the surrounding territories. The majority of Bukharans did not support an invasion and the ill-equipped and ill-disciplined Bolshevik army fled back to the Soviet stronghold at Tashkent.

However, the emir had won only a temporary respite. As the civil war in Russia wound down, Moscow sent reinforcements to Central Asia. On 2 September 1920, an army of well-disciplined and well equipped Red Army troops under the command of Bolshevik general Mikhail Frunze attacked the city. After four days of fighting, the emir's citadel (Arc) was destroyed, the Red flag was raised from the top of Kalyan Minaret, and the Emir Alim Khan was forced to flee to his base at Dushanbe in Eastern Bukharan, and finally to Kabul, Afghanistan.

A nearby anti-Bolshevik stronghold in the Tadjik/Moslem village of Khangir (qingir) declared its independence shortly afterwards, but soon surrendered after a 14 day siege by Russian and Bokhkori Bolsheviks. It was then quickly re-integrated back into Communist Bokhorah.

The Bukharan People's Republic was proclaimed on 8 October 1920 under Faizullah Khojaev. The overthrow of the Emir was the impetus for the Basmachi Revolt, a conservative anti-communist rebellion. In 1922, most of the territory of the republic was controlled by Basmachi, surrounding the city of Bukhara.

Joseph Stalin would later purge and exile many of the local Bukhori people as well as most of the local Jewish community from the former Bukharan People's Soviet Republic.Prior to the establishment of the state of Israel, the Bukharian Jews were one of the most isolated Jewish communities in the world.

With the establishment of Soviet rule on the territory in 1917, Jewish life seriously deteriorated. Throughout 1920s and 1930s, thousands of Jews, fleeing religious oppression, confiscation of property, summary arrests, and repressions, fled to Palestine.

ホラズム人民ソビエト共和国・ソビエト社会主義共和国

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Flag of the Khorezm PSR

ホラズム人民ソビエト共和国は、ヒヴァ・ハン国の後継として1920年2月に成立した国家である。公式には、1920年4月26日成立としている。1923年10月20日に、ホラズム・ソビエト社会主義共和国に昇格した。しかし、1925年2月17日には国境策定工作を受け、ウズベクSSRとトルクメンSSR、カラカルパク自治州に分割された。

The Khorezm People's Soviet Republic was created as the successor to the Khanate of Khiva in February 1920 and officially declared on 26 April 1920. On 20 October 1923, it was transformed into the Khorezm Socialist Soviet Republic. The Khorezm SSR only survived until 17 February 1925, when it was divided between the Uzbek SSR, Turkmen SSR, and Karakalpak Autonomous Oblast as part of the reorganization of Central Asia by Moscow according to nationalities.

カラ・キルギス自治州

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カラ・キルギス自治州（露: Кара-Киргизская АО）は、1924年10月14日にロシアSSR領内に、トルキスタンASSRの解体過程で成立した。1925年5月15日、キルギス自治州に改名され、1926年5月15日にキルギス自治ソビエト社会主義共和国に昇格した。そして、1936年12月5日にキルギス・ソビエト社会主義共和国に昇格し、ソビエト連邦の構成共和国のひとつとなった。

The Kara-Kyrgyz Autonomous Oblast (Кара-Киргизская АО) was created on 14 October 1924 within the Russian SFSR from the predominantly Kazakh and Kyrgyz parts of the Turkestan Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic. On 15 May 1925 it was renamed into the Kyrgyz Autonomous Oblast. On 11 February 1926 it was reorganized into the Kyrgyz ASSR. On 5 December 1936 it became the Kyrgyz SSR, one of the constituent republics of the Soviet Union.

カラカルパク自治州

→詳細は「en:Karakalpak Autonomous Oblast」を参照

カラカルパク自治州は、1925年2月19日にトルキスタンASSR・ホラズム人民ソビエト共和国の解体過程でカラカルパク人居住地域に成立した。

はじめカザフ自治ソビエト社会主義共和国内部の自治州とされたものの、1930年6月20日からロシアSSRに移管され、1932年3月20日にカラカルパク自治ソビエト社会主義共和国に昇格した。1936年12月5日にウズベクSSR領内とされた。

The Karakalpak Autonomous Oblast was created on February 19, 1925 by separating lands of the ethnic Karakalpaks from the Turkestan Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic and Khoresm People's Soviet Republic.

Initially located within the Kazakh Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic, the Karakalpak A.O. was transferred to the RSFSR from July 20, 1930 to March 20, 1932, at which time it was elevated to the Karakalpak Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic. The Karakalpak ASSR was joined to the Uzbek SSR on December 5, 1936.

カザフ自治ソビエト社会主義共和国

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カザフ自治ソビエト社会主義共和国はソビエト連邦の自治共和国である。その領域には、始めキルギス自治ソビエト社会主義共和国が1920年8月26日にロシアSSRの一部として設置された。1925年4月にカザフASSRへ改称された。1929年、アルマティが首都として建設された。

The Kazakh ASSR was an autonomous republic of the Soviet Union. It became the Kazakh SSR on August 26, 1920.

Its original name was the Kirgiz Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic. This ASSR was established on 26 August 1920, and was a part of the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic (RSFSR)

In 1925 it was renamed the Kazakh Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic. In 1929 the city of Almaty (Alma-Ata) was designated as the capital of the ASSR.

ソビエト社会主義共和国

カザフ・ソビエト社会主義共和国

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Flag of the Kazakh SSR

カザフ・ソビエト社会主義共和国は、1936年12月5日に、カザフASSRから昇格した共和国である。その領域は、ソビエト連邦の民族境界画定工作によって定められた。1950年代から1960年代にかけて、多数のソ連人がこのカザフSSRの処女地に移住することを強制された。ロシア人・ウクライナ人が多数を占めたその移民の流入によって、民族構成は乱れ、移民と原住民族の比がぎゃくてんすることもあった。また、ヴォルガ・ドイツ人やチェチェン人などの少数民族は再移民を強制されることもあった。

1924年、レーニンの政治将校であったスターリンによって、中央アジアの政治単位の境界が民族的なものに沿うように変更された（民族境界画定工作）。トルキスタンASSR・ブハラ人民共和国・ホラズム人民共和国は廃止され、それらの領域は最終的にカザフSSRを含む5つのSSRへ分割された。

アルマティは現在カザフスタン最大の都市であり、その人口は1226千人である（2005年8月1日調べ）。民族別では、2003年の調査によれば、カザフ人43.6%、ロシア人40.2%、ウイグル人5.7%、タタール人2.1%、朝鮮人1.8%、ウクライナ人1.7%、ドイツ人0.7%である。

クズロルダは、1820年に作られたコーカンド・ハン国の建設したアク・メチェト要塞を緒とする都市で、現在の名称は、カザフ語で「赤き中心（red center）」を意味する。

ウラルスクは1613年にコサックにより建てられた都市で、元々はYaik RiverからYaitskと呼ばれていた。ロシア内戦時には、この都市は包囲下に置かれた。現在の人口は21万人。西カザフスタン州の州都である。民族構成は、ロシア人54%、カザフ人34%、少数のウクライナ人とドイツ人がいる。

The Kazakh SSR Established on December 5, 1936. It was initially called Kyrgyz ASSR (Kyrgyz Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic) and was a part of the Russian SFSR. On April 15-19, 1925, it was renamed Kazakh ASSR and on December 5, 1936 it became a Union Republic of the USSR called Kazakh SSR in the culminating act of the national delimitation in the Soviet Union. During the 1950s and 1960s Soviet citizens were urged to settle in the "Virgin Lands" of the Kazakh Soviet Socialist Republic. The influx of immigrants (mostly Russians and Ukrainians, but also some forcibly resettled ethnic minorities, such as the Volga Germans and the Chechens) skewed the ethnic mixture and enabled non-Kazakhs to outnumber natives.

In 1924, the borders of political units in Central Asia were changed along ethnic lines determined by Lenin's Commissar for Nationalities, Joseph Stalin. The Turkestan ASSR, the Bukharan People's Republic, and the Khorezm People's Republic were abolished and their territories were divided into eventually five separate Soviet Socialist Republics, one of which was the Uzbek Soviet Socialist Republic. The next year the Uzbek SSR became one of the republics of the Soviet Union.

Almaty is the largest city in Kazakhstan, with a population of 1,226,000 (as of 1 August 2005). The Ethnic groups in a 2003 census were: Kazakh 43.6%, Russian 40.2%, Uyghur 5.7%, Tatar 2.1%, Korean 1.8%, Ukrainian 1.7%, German 0.7%.

Kyzil Orda / Kyzylorda was founded in 1820 as a Kokand fortress of Ak-Mechet (also spelt Aq Masjid, Aq Mechet, 'white mosque'). The name comes from the Kazakh for 'Red center'.

Uralsk / Oral was founded in 1613 by Cossacks, was originally named Yaitsk, after the Yaik River. The city was put under siege during the Russian Civil War. It has a population of 210,600. It is the capital of the West Kazakhstan Province. Ethnic composition is dominated by Russians (54%), Kazakhs (34%), along with a few Ukrainians and Germans.

キルギス・ソビエト社会主義共和国

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The flag of the Kyrgyz SSR

キルギス・ソビエト社会主義共和国は1936年12月5日に民族境界画定工作の最終段階として、キルギス自治ソビエト社会主義共和国から昇格して設置された共和国の一つであり、現在のキルギスである。

キルギスASSRは、1924年10月14日に設置されたカラ・キルギス自治州を緒として、1926年2月1日にASSRに昇格した。キルギスは、現在のカザフスタンとキルギスの双方に対してロシアSSR内で使われたことがある名前である。

ビシュケクは現在まで続くキルギスの首都であり、2005年の人口はおよそ90万人である。1862年、ロシア帝国はこの地域を征服し、ロシア人移民がこの地に入植を始めた。その後、この肥沃な黒土には多数の農地が建設され、それらはソビエト連邦に引き継がれた。1926年に、この都市はキルギスASSRの設置とともに首都となり、ビシュケク生まれの赤軍英雄の名前であるフルンゼという名称に改称された。

The Kyrgyz SSR, formally known as the Kyrgyz Soviet Socialist Republic (sometimes spelled Kirghiz), also known as Kirgizia, was one of fifteen constituent republics of the Soviet Union. Established on 14 October 1924 as the Kara-Kyrgyz Autonomous Oblast of the Russian SFSR, it was transformed into the Kyrgyz ASSR (Kyrgyz Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic) on 1 February 1926, still being a part of the Russian SFSR. Today it is the independent state of Kyrgyzstan in Central Asia. Kyrgyz Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic (Kyrgyz ASSR) was the both the name of two different national entities within Russian SFSR, in the territories of modern Kazakhstan and Kyrgyzstan.

On 5 December 1936 it became a separate constituent republic of the USSR as the Kyrgyz Soviet Socialist Republic during the final stages of the national delimitation in the Soviet Union.

Bishkek was both the capital and the largest city of Kyrgyzstan and the Kirghiz ASSR, with a population of approximately 900,000 in 2005. In 1862 Tsarist Russia destroyed the local fort and began to settle the area with Russian migrants. Over the years many fertile black soil farms were developed by the Tzarists and, later, the process carried on by the USSR. In 1926, the city became the capital of the newly established Kirghiz ASSR and was renamed Frunze after the Bolshevik hero, Mikhail Frunze, who was one of Lenin's close associates, who was born in Bishkek until Kirghiz independence in 1991.

タジク・ソビエト社会主義共和国

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Flag of the Tajik SSR

タジク・ソビエト社会主義共和国は1924年にウズベク・ソビエト社会主義共和国内に作られたタジクASSRを発端とする。1929年、にタジクSSRに昇格した。首都であるドゥシャンベは、アフガニスタンとの国境沿いにあり地方の重要なハブ都市として機能している。

タジクSSRは3つの飛び地を持ち、それらはすべてキルギス・タジク・ウズベク3ヶ国が入り乱れるフェルガナ盆地にある。もっとも大きな飛び地であるen:Vorukhは、イスファラの南方45km、en:Karafshin川の右岸のキルギスSSR領内に位置し、大きさは95から130km2、人口は23-29千人、民族構成はタジク人95%キルギス人5%であり、17の村が分布していた。その他のキルギスSSR内に位置する飛び地は、小規模な居住地であり、キルギス鉄道のen:Kairagach駅の付近に存在する。最後の飛び地はサルヴァンen:Sarvanといい、AngrenからKokandに向かう道路沿いにある、長さ15kmに対して幅1kmという細長い形状をした地域であり、ウズベクSSRの内部に位置する。タジクSSRの内部には飛び地は存在しない。

1929年、ドゥシャンベはヨシフ・スターリンにちなみ、スターリナバードに改名された。その後、ニキータ・フルシチョフが権力を握ると、スターリン批判の一環として、1961年にドゥシャンベ再び改名された。ソ連は、この地域を綿花と絹の主要生産地へと育て上げた。そして、1万人に及ぶ人々がこの地に移住してきた。その中には、ブハラやサマルカンドなどウズベク社会主義共和国内に居住していたのタジク人も数千人規模で含まれていた。その後、ドゥシャンベは学術都市となり、タジク科学アカデミーを含む大学が設置された。

厳格なタジキスタン愛国者たちは、1990年にクレムリンが数万のアメメニア人難民をタジキスタンに移住させようと計画しているといううわさを聞いて暴動を起こした。また、ドゥシャンベはソ連アフガニスタン侵攻時には、前線基地として軍関係人口が非常に多くなっていた。

The Tajik SSR was one of the new states created in Central Asia in 1924 was Uzbekistan, which had the status of a Soviet socialist republic. In 1929 Tajikistan was detached from Uzbekistan and given full status as a Soviet socialist republic. The city of Dushanbe would becom a important regional hub on the border with Afghanistan.

Tajikistan has 3 exclaves, all of them located in the Fergana Valley region where Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan and Uzbekistan meet. The largest is Vorukh (with an area between 95 – 130 km²/37 – 50 sq mi, population estimated between 23,000 and 29,000, 95% Tajiks and 5% Kyrgyz, distributed among 17 villages), located 45 kilometres (28 miles) south of Isfara on the right bank of the Karafshin river, in Kyrgyz territory. Another exclave in Kyrgyzstan is a small settlement near the Kyrgyz railway station of Kairagach. The last is the village of Sarvan, which includes a narrow, long strip of land (about 15 km (9 mi) long by 1 km (over ½ mi) wide) alongside the road from Angren to Kokand; it is surrounded by Uzbek territory. There are no foreign enclaves within Tajikistan.

In 1929 Dushanbe was renamed "Stalinabad", after Joseph Stalin; as part of Nikita Khrushchev's de-Stalinization initiative, the city was renamed "Dushanbe" in 1961. The Soviets transformed the area into a centre for cotton and silk production, and relocated tens of thousands of people to the city from around the Soviet Union. The population also increased with thousands of ethnic Tajiks migrating to Tajikistan following the transfer of Bukhara and Samarkand to the Uzbek SSR. Dushanbe later became the home to a university and the Tajik Academy of Sciences. Severe Tadjik nationalist rioting occurred in 1990, rumor said that Moscow had planned to relocate tens of thousands of Armenian refugees to Tajikistan. Dushanbe also had a relatively high military population during the war with Afghanistan.

トルクメン・ソビエト社会主義共和国

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The flag of the Turkmen SSR!

トルクメン・ソビエト社会主義共和国はソ連構成共和国の一つである。1921年8月7日にトルキスタン自治ソビエト社会主義共和国のトルクメン州として設置され、1925年5月13日に正式にソ連構成共和国となった。今日では、トルクメニスタン共和国として独立した国家となっている。

トルクメン・ソビエト社会主義共和国共産党は、トルクメンSSRを支配した政党であり、ソ連邦共産党の一部であった。1985年以降は、サパルムラト・ニヤゾフが党書記長として君臨し、1991年の独立とともに、トルクメニスタン民主党と改名した。現在ではトルクメニスタンは共産党を非合法としている。

アシガバートは2001年当時70万人の人口を有し、また、トルクメン人のほかロシア人・アルメニア人・アゼルバイジャン人が国内に居住する。イランの第二の都市であるマシュハドからは920kmほど離れている。主要産業は綿花・製鉄である。

メルブ（マリー）は12万3000人の人口を有する古代からの歴史を持つ都市である。近郊には、興味深い歴史的物品を紹介する地域博物館が存在する。メルブは現代的発音ではあるが、その名前は古代から続く歴史的なものである。カーペットはメルブ地方の特産品であるが、しばしばペルシアが原産であるとされている。

The Turkmen Soviet Socialist Republic was one of fifteen constituent republics of the Soviet Union. It was initially established on August 7 1921 as Turkmen Oblast of the Turkestan ASSR. On May 13 1925 it was transformed into Turkmen SSR and became a separate republic of the Soviet Union. Today it is the independent state of Turkmenistan in Central Asia.

The Communist Party of the Turkmen SSR was the ruling communist party of the Turkmen SSR, and a part of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union. From 1985 it was led by Mr Saparmurat Niyazov, who in 1991 renamed the party to the Democratic Party of Turkmenistan, which is no longer a communist party . The current Communist Party of Turkmenistan is illegal.

Ashgabat has a population of 695,300 (2001 census estimate) and has a primarily Turkmen population, with minorities of ethnic Russians, Armenians, and Azeris. It is 920 km from the second largest city in Iran, Mashhad. The principal industries are cotton textiles and metal working.

Merv / Mary is an ancient city with a Its population was 123,000 in 1999. It has interesting Regional Museum and lies near the remains of the ancient city of Merv, which in corrupted form gives its name to the modern town. Carpets from the region of Merv are sometimes considered superior to the Persian ones.

ウズベク・ソビエト社会主義共和国

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Flag of the Uzbek SSR

1924年、フェルガナ渓谷の東端においてウズベクとキルギスの両SSRの国境が画定された。1928年にタジクASSRがタジクSSRに改編され、コーカンド地域がその領域とされると、さらなる混乱が発生した。これにより、フェルガナを流れる河川出口とサマルカンド・ブハラへの交通は国境を越えることなしにはできなくなったが、これは、ソ連が崩壊するまでは、特に重大性を持っていなかった。

ウズベクSSRは、1929年にタジクASSRがSSRに昇格するまではそれを内包していた。1930年、ウズベクSSRはその首都をサマルカンドからタシュケントに移した。1936年、民族境界画定工作の最終局面としてウズベクSSRはカラカラパクASSRをカザフSSRから移管された。その後も細部における国境変更がカザフ・ウズベク両SSRの間で何度も行われた。大粛清期には、チェチェン人・朝鮮人・クリミア・タタール人などがウズベクSSRに強制移住させられてきた。

現在の国歌はウズベキスタン共和国国歌であり、ウズベクSSR期に制定された。

タシュケントは、1920年代から1930年代にかけて工業化されたが、第二次世界大戦中にさらなる発展を遂げた。独ソ戦に伴うロシア西部からの工場疎開に伴ってタシュケントの人口はロシア人を中心に戦地からの疎開民によって100万人以上増加した。1966年4月26日のタシュケント地震における調査ではタシュケントのロシア人比率は約5割に達している。1991年のソ連崩壊時、タシュケントは全国4位の人口を有し、科学・工学の学術中心に成長していた。

タシュケントはウズベキスタンの首都として発展を謳歌し、2006年時の人口は210万人に達する。As capital of the nation, it has also been the target of several since Uzbekistan gained independence, which the government has attributed as well as a couple of minor incidents during the Afghan-Soviet war of the 1970s/1980s.

サマルカンドはシルクロードの経由地として世界でもっとも古くからの歴史を持つ都市である。1370年、ティムール帝国はインドからトルコにまたがる国家の首都をサマルカンドに定めた。ウズベキスタン第二の都市であるにもかかわらず、マジョリティーはペルシア語を話すタジク人である。

In 1924 the new national boundaries separating the Uzbek and Kyrgyz Soviet Socialist Republics cut off the eastern end of the Fergana Valley, as well as the slopes surrounding it. This was compounded in 1928 when the Tajik ASSR became a fully-fledged republic, the Tajik SSR, and the area around Khodjend was made a part of it. This blocked the valley's natural outlet and the routes to Samarkand and Bukhara, but none of these borders was of any great significance so long as Soviet rule lasted.

The Uzbek SSR included the Tajik ASSR until 1929, when the Tajik ASSR was upgraded to an equal status. In 1930, the Uzbek SSR capital was relocated from Samarkand to Tashkent. In 1936, the Uzbek SSR was enlarged with the addition of the Karakalpak ASSR taken from the Kazakh SSR in the last stages of the national delimitation in the Soviet Union. Further bits and pieces of territory were transferred several times between the Kazakh SSR and the Uzbek SSR after World War II. During the Great purges of Joseph Stalin, many thousands of Chechens, Koreans and Crimean Tatars were exiled to the Uzbeg SSR.

The State Anthem of the Uzbek SSR was the national anthem of Uzbekistan when it was a republic of the Soviet Union and known as the Uzbek SSR.

The city of Tashkent began to industrialize in the 1920s and 1930s, but industry increased tremendously during World War II, with the relocation of factories from western Russia to preserve the Soviet industrial capacity from the hostile invading Nazis. The Russian population increased dramatically as well, with evacuees from the war zones increasing the population to well over a million. (The Russian community would eventually comprise nearly half of the total residents of Tashkent. On April 26, 1966, Tashkent was destroyed by a huge earthquake (7.5 on the Richter scale) and over 300,000 were left homeless. At the time of the collapse of the Soviet Union in 1991, Tashkent was the fourth largest city in the country and a center of learning in the science and engineering fields.

Tashkent is a fairly prosperous city and the capital of Uzbekistan and has a population of the city in 2006 was 2.1 million. As capital of the nation, it has also been the target of several since Uzbekistan gained independence, which the government has attributed as well as a couple of minor incidents during the Afghan-Soviet war of the 1970s/1980s.

Samarkand is one of the oldest inhabited cities in the world, prospering from its location on the trade route between China and Europe (Silk Road). In 1370, Timur the Lame, or en:Tamerlane, decided to make Samarkand the capital of his empire, which extended from India to Turkey. Despite its status as the second city of Uzbekistan, the majority of the city's inhabitants are Persian-speaking Tajiks. The city is most noted for its central position on the Asian Silk Road between China and the west.

反共産主義勢力

コーカンド自治国家

コーカンド自治国家の旗。（1917年 - 1918年）

コーカンドはウズベキスタン東部のフェルガナ州の都市である。フェルガナ渓谷の南西の端に位置し、タシュケントの南東228km、アンディジャンの西115km、フェルガナの西88kmに位置する。1999年時で20万の人口を有し、風の都市、イノシシの町などと呼ばれる。海抜は409mである。

コーカンドはフェルガナ渓谷を通る2つの通商ルート、1つはタシュケントからの山越えルート、もう一つはクージャンドの西を通るルートが交錯する場所に位置し、重要な商業都市であった。

ミハイ・スコベレヴ（en）指揮下のロシア帝国軍は1876年にこの都市を攻略し、トルキスタン総督府の支配下に置いた。ロシア革命が勃発すると、臨時政府はタシュケントの支配を維持しようと試みた。しかし、土着のムスリム人勢力によって早期に支配を奪われた。トルキスタン自治反ボルシェビキ臨時政府（コーカンド自治国として知られる）が1917年から1918年にかけてここを首都に定めた。しかし、1918年4月、タシュケントはトルキスタン自治ソビエト社会主義共和国の首都となった。

Kokand is a city in Fergana Province in eastern Uzbekistan, at the southwestern edge of the Fergana Valley. It has a population of 192,500 bu 1999. Kokand is 228 km southeast of Tashkent, 115 km west of Andijan, and 88 km west of Fergana. It is nicknamed “City of Winds”, or sometimes “Town of the Boar". It is at an altitude of 409 meters.

Kokand is on the crossroads of the ancient trade routes, at the junction of two main routes into the Fergana Valley, one leading northwest over the mountains to Tashkent, and the other west through Khujand. As a result, Kokand is the main transportation junction in the Fergana Valley.

Russian imperial forces under Mikhail Skobelev captured the city in 1876 which then became part of Russian Turkistan. With the fall of the Russian Empire, a provisional government attempted to maintain control in Tashkent. It was quickly overthrown and local Muslim opposition crushed. In April 1918, Tashkent became the capital of the Turkestan Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic (Turkestan ASSR). It was the capital of the short-lived (1917 – 18) anti-Bolshevik Provisional Government of Autonomous Turkistan (also known as Kokand Autonomy).

バスマチ蜂起

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In 1897 the railway reached Tashkent, and finally in 1906 a direct rail link with European Russia was opened across the steppe from Orenburg to Tashkent. This led to much larger numbers of Slavic settlers flowing into Turkestan than had hitherto been the case, and their settlement was overseen by a specially created Migration Department in St. Petersburg (Переселенческое Управление). This caused considerable discontent amongst the local population, Kyrgyz, Kazakhs and Sarts, as these settlers took scarce land and water resources away from them. In 1916 discontent boiled over in the Basmachi Revolt, sparked by a decree conscripting the natives into Labour battalions (they had previously been exempt from military service). Thousands of settlers were killed, and this was matched by Russian reprisals, particularly against the nomadic population. The competition for land and water which ensued between the Kazakhs and the newcomers caused great resentment against colonial rule during the final years of Tsarist Russia, with the most serious uprising, the Central Asian Revolt, occurring in 1916. The Kazakhs attacked Russian and Cossack villages, killing indiscriminately. The Russians' revenge was merciless. A military force drove 300,000 Kazakhs to flee into the mountains or to China. When approximately 80,000 of them returned the next year, many of them were slaughtered by Tsarist forces. Order had not really been restored by the time the February Revolution took place in 1917. This would usher in a still bloodier chapter in Turkestan's history, as the Bolsheviks of the Tashkent Soviet (made up entirely of Russian soldiers and railway workers, with no Muslim members) launched an attack on the autonomous Jadid government in Kokand early in 1918, which sadly left 14,000 dead. Resistance to the Bolsheviks by the local population (dismissed as 'Basmachi' or 'Banditry' by Soviet historians) continued well into the 1920s.

During the 1921-22 famine, another million Kazakhs died from starvation. Today, the estimates suggest that the population of Kazakhstan would be closer to 20 million if there had been no starvation or massacre of Kazakhs.

グラグス・ケンギール蜂起（The Gulags and Kengir Uprising）

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During the Soviet era, the Gulags once spread over the Kazakhstan steppe like a thick wreath. The city of Dzhezkazgan was the site of a Gulag labour camp, Kengir, mentioned in Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn's book, The Gulag Archipelago. Russian actor Oleg Yankovsky is the most famous of the city's natives. A notoriouse political prison labour camp of Steplag division of the Gulag system of Kazakhstan was set up adjacent to the village of Kengir, near the River Kengir in central Kazakhstan. There was a prison revolt in 1954, by brutally abused political prisoners, criminals and other victims of the Soviet repression.

Industry

Oil and gas

After World War II the Soviet Union rapidly industrialized Kazakhstan, and stared prospecting for oil in the whole of Soviet Central Asia. Oil was found in Uzbekistan and both oil and gas were found in Turkmenistan. These fuel supplies would prove invaluable to the region over the coming years.

The central part of the Ferghana Valley's geological depression that forms the valley is characterized by block subsidence, originally to depths estimated at 6-7 km, largely filled with sediments that range in age as far as the Permian-Triassic boundary. Some of the sediments are marine carbonates and clays. The faults are upthrusts and over thrusts. Anticlines associated with these faults form traps for petroleum and natural gas, which has been discovered in 52 small fields.

Kazakhstan's Mangystau Province has an area of 165,600 square kilometers and a population of 316,847. It is a major oil and gas-producing region. The city of Aktau was built in Kazakhstan's Mangyshlak Peninsula a small village to house the region's oil workers in 1961. Over the years an inevitabley large influx of Russian and Ukranian oil and chemical workers flowed. Engineers discovered after large amounts of crude oil and petroleum in the area in the days of the Soviet Union and when drilling commenced, much of the area was built up around the industry is country's only seaport on the Caspian Sea.

From 1964 to 1991, the by then city was named Shevchenko to honour the Ukrainian poet Taras Shevchenko, who was once sadly sent away to this remote location because of his political beliefs. The average temperature on January is -3°C, on July +26°C. Average annual rainfall - 150mm. Aktau had a population of 154,500 in 2004.

Metallurgy

Location of Zhezkazgan, Kazakhstan

Kazakhstan had started to produce and refine sizable amounts of tin and uranium by the early 1970s. Vanadium and cobalt were, and still are also mined in the south of the country. Uranium was also first produced in Uzbekistan in the 1970s.

The city of Zhezkazgan was created in 1938 in connection with the exploitation of the rich local copper deposits. In 1973 a large mining and metallurgical complex was constructed to the southeast to smelt the copper that until then had been sent elsewhere for processing. Other metal ores mined and processed locally are manganese, iron and gold.It is on a reservoir of the Kara-Kengir River and has a population of 90,000 (1999 census).

Its urban area includes the neighbouring mining town of Satpayev, total population 148,700. 55% of the population are Kazakhs, 30% Russians, with smaller minorities of Ukrainians, Germans, Chechens and Koreans. Dzhezkazgan has an extreme continental climate. The average temperature ranges from +24°C (75°F) in July to -16°C (3°F) in January.

Today the city is the headquarters of the copper conglomerate Kazakhmys, the city's main employer. The company has subsidiaries in China, Russia, France and the UK and is listed on the London Stock Exchange.

Cement

Cement was a major product in both the citys of Shymkent and Dushanbe in the south of the region.

Hydro-electricity

By the early 1970s, the Soviets had started to build some of their hydroelectric power stations in Easter Kazakhstan, Kirgystan and Tadjikistan as part of an overall development strategy. The waters of the Ili River and of Lake Balkhash are considered to be of a vital economic importance to Kazakhstan. The Ili river is dammed for hydroelectric power at Kaptchagayskoye, and the river waters are heavily diverted for agricultural irrigation and for industrial purposes.

Cotton

The Soviets began to grow cotton in Uzbekistan after the Virgin Lands project and the mass use of the isolated and now shrinking Aral Sea for desert irrigation in the early 1950s. A massive expansion of irrigation canals during the Soviet period, to irrigate cotton fields, wrought ecological carnage to the area, with the river drying up long before reaching the Aral Sea which, as a result, has shrunk to a small remnant of its former size. With millions of people now settled in these cotton areas (and politically repressive post-Soviet regimes in power in Kazakhstan and Uzbekistan), it is not clear how the situation can be rectified..

The Baikonur Cosmodrome

The Baikonur Cosmodrome was founded in Kazakhstan on June 2, 1955, during the Cold War, as one of many long-range nuclear missile bases in the region, but diverged into space travel.

On June 8, 2005 the Russian Federation Council ratified an agreement between Russia and Kazakhstan extending Russia's rent term of the spaceport until 2050.

Culture, creed and ethnicity

The Ethnic and linguistic patchwork of Soviet Central Asia

Most of the inhabitants were either nomadic Turkic speakers like the Kazakhs or settled Turkic speakers like the Uzbeks. There were also some settled farming and urban Iranic communities like the Tadjiks and Bohkori in the south, and nomadic Mongollic Kyrgiz on the order with China. The Slavic community was would grow very rapidly under communism and Russians would eventuly become a major ethnic group in the region. The Slavic population followed Orthodox Christianity, while the rest were mostly Sunni Muslims. Various nationality, such as the Meskhetian Turks and Volga Germans would get banished to the region. The Bolsheviks would quickly set about closing mosques and churches through out the former USSR. This became particularly bad in the 1930s, but had been fully abandoned by the 1980s. Neither Christianity or Islam would give in to the intolerant Communist ideology. Uralsk / Oral is now Russians (54%) and Kazakhs (34%), while it's Kazakh 43.6% and Russian 40.2% in Almaty.

In Kazakh [qɑzɑqtɑr]; Russian: Казахи; the English name 'Kazakh' is transliterated from Russian) are a Turkic people of the northern parts of Central Asia (largely Kazakhstan, but also found in parts of Uzbekistan, China, Russia, and Mongolia).

According to Robert G. Gordon, Jr., editor of the Ethnologue: Languages of the World, classifies Kalmyk-Oirat under the Oirat-Khalkha group, since he contends that Kalmyk-Oirat is related to Khalkha Mongolian – the national language of Mongolia. The descent of the Kyrgyz from the autochthonous Siberian population is confirmed on the other hand by recent genetic studies.[1] Remarkably, 63% of modern Kyrgyz men share Haplogroup R1a1 [[1]] (Y-DNA) with Tajiks (64%), Ukrainians (54%], Poles and Hungarians (~60%), and even Icelanders (25%). Haplogroup R1a1 (Y-DNA) is believed to be a marker of the Proto-Indo-European language speakers.

References

•  この記事にはパブリックドメインである、米国議会図書館各国研究が作成した次の文書本文を含む。Library of Congress Country Studies.

External links

• The Strange State of Soviet Central Asia Alicia Patterson Foundation Reporter
• Keller, Bill (1989). "Afghan Cadets Reportedly Riot in a Capital in Soviet Central Asia", The New York Times.
• Kazakh SSR Anthem YouTube
• Uzbek SSR Anthem YouTube