利用者:Citrus1032/sandbox2
 |
ここはCitrus1032さんの利用者サンドボックスです。編集を試したり下書きを置いておいたりするための場所であり、百科事典の記事ではありません。ただし、公開の場ですので、許諾されていない文章の転載はご遠慮ください。
登録利用者は自分用の利用者サンドボックスを作成できます（サンドボックスを作成する、解説）。 その他のサンドボックス: 共用サンドボックス | モジュールサンドボックス 記事がある程度できあがったら、編集方針を確認して、新規ページを作成しましょう。 |
ショートカット>> ・sandbox ・sandbox3 ・sandbox4
| ナショナル・タウヒード・ジャマア | |
|---|---|
 | |
| 別名 |
英語: National Thowheeth Jama'ath アラビア語: جماعة التوحيد الوطنية |
| 指導者 | ザフラン・ハシム（死亡） |
| 目的 | ISILが称するイスラム国への忠誠 |
| 活動地域 |
 スリランカ |
| 主義 |
サラフィー・ジハード主義 イスラーム過激派 |
| 主要活動 |
自爆テロ 自動車爆弾 ヴァンダリズム 宗教紛争 |
| 著名な攻撃 | スリランカ同時爆発事件 |
| 規模 | 100~150人 |
ナショナル・タウヒード・ジャマア（英語: National Thowheeth Jama'ath; NTJ、アラビア語: جماعة التوحيد الوطنية）は、スリランカ同時爆発事件に関与したイスラム過激派組織である。スリランカを拠点として活動しており、同じくイスラム過激派組織であるISILと何らかの関わりがあるとみられている。2019年4月27日、スリランカのマイトリーパーラ・シリセーナ大統領がテロ組織と認定した。
目的
[編集]ナショナル・タウヒード・ジャマアは、「イスラムテロイデオロギー」を根幹として活動している。国際暴力的過激主義研究センター（英語: International Center for the Study of Violent Extremism; ICSVE）の所長は、同グループが「国際的なジハード主義運動をスリランカに広め、社会に憎悪、恐怖および分裂を引き起こすことを目的としている」と述べた。
NTJは「世界はイスラム教徒のために作られたものであり、他の宗教に反抗するものである」と信じている。また、神秘主義に基づくイスラム教信者であるスーフィーをカーフィル（不信者）であると考えており、イスラム教徒とみなしていない。
指導者であるザフラン・ハシム（Moulvi Zahran Hashim）は、YouTube上で「スーフィーはシャリーア法に従って殺されるべきだ」と述べた。
歴史
[編集]NTJは、2016年頃に国内のイスラム主義の組織であるスリランカ・タウヒード・ジャマア（英語: Sri Lanka Thowheed Jamath; SLTJ）より分離したと考えられている。なお、SLTJは公式ウェブサイトにて、2019年4月21日に発生したスリランカ同時爆発事件について、「SLTJは平和を主張し、有意義なコミュニティ間対話を行い、スリランカ全土で人道的活動を積極的に推進する団体であり、NTJとは思想と機能の両方において正反対である」と述べ、両団体を混同して報道するメディアを非難した。
2016年に、NTJは子供に対して極端で原理主義的な教化を提唱したことと、僧侶と衝突したことで、スリランカのイスラム教団体に非難された。2017年には、スリランカ東部のカッタンクディーに住むスーフィーに対して銃器や刀を用いて弾圧した。
2018年、ザフラン・ハシムは「イスラム教は偶像の崇拝を禁じているので、彫像は破壊しなければいけない」として仏像を破壊したが、逮捕されなかった。
勢力
[編集]脚注
[編集]注釈
[編集]出典
[編集]
 喜望峰王立天文台本館 | |
| 運営者 | 南アフリカ天文台 |
|---|---|
| コード | 051 |
| 所在地 | 南アフリカ共和国ケープタウン |
| 座標 | 南緯33度56分05秒 東経18度28分39秒 / 南緯33.9347度 東経18.4776度座標: 南緯33度56分05秒 東経18度28分39秒 / 南緯33.9347度 東経18.4776度 |
| 標高 | 15m |
| 開設 | 1820年10月20日 |
| 閉鎖 | 1971年12月31日 |
| ウェブサイト | http://www.saao.ac.za/ |
喜望峰王立天文台（英: Royal Observatory, Cape of Good Hope）は、南アフリカ共和国で最も古くに存在した科学施設。1820年10月20日、イギリス支配下のケープ植民地に設立され、現在は南アフリカ天文台の本部として利用されている。
天文台施設は、ケープタウン南東部の標高約6kmの小さな丘に位置する。施設周辺の地域は、英語で天文台を意味する「Observatory」と名付けられている。
歴史
[編集]
喜望峰王立天文台は、イギリスのジョージ4世の枢密院勅令によって1820年に設立され、実際の建築物は1825年から1928年にかけて建設された。1972年にヨハネスブルグのユニオン天文台（現: 南アフリカ天文台）と合併し、現在は南アフリカ天文台の本部として利用されている。
In accordance with its mandate, the principal activity of the Observatory was Astrometry and it was over its existence responsible for publishing many catalogues of star positions. In the 20th century it turned in part towards Astrophysics but by the nineteen-fifties the city lights of Cape Town had rendered work on faint objects impossible and a new site in the Karoo semi-desert was sought. An agreement to facilitate this was ratified on 23 September 1970.[1] Nevertheless, several telescopes remained in operation until the 1990s. These are rarely made use of today except for public outreach events. Alan Cousins was the last serious observer to work from the Royal Observatory site.
The Royal Observatory was responsible for a number of significant events in the history of astronomy. The second HM Astronomer, Thomas Henderson, aided by his assistant, Lieutenant William Meadows, made the first observations that led to a believable stellar parallax, namely of Alpha Centauri. However, he lost priority as the discoverer of stellar parallax to Friedrich Wilhelm Bessel who published his own (later) observations of 61 Cygni before Henderson got around to his.[2][3] Around 1840, Thomas Maclear re-measured the controversial meridian of Nicolas-Louis de La Caille, showing that the latter's geodetic measurements had been correct but that nearby mountains had affected his latitude determinations[4][5] In 1882 David Gill obtained long-exposure photographs of the great comet of that year showing the presence of stars in the background. This led him to undertake in collaboration with J.C. Kapteyn of Groningen the Cape Photographic Durchmusterung, the first stellar catalogue prepared by photographic means. In 1886, he proposed to Admiral A.E.B. Mouchez of Paris Observatory the holding of an international congress to promote a photographic catalogue of the whole sky. In 1887 this congress took place in Paris and resulted in the Carte du Ciel project. The Cape Observatory was assigned the zone between declinations −40° and −52°. The Carte du Ciel is regarded as the precursor of the International Astronomical Union.
In 1897 Frank McClean, a close friend of Gill's and the donor of the McClean telescope, discovered the presence of oxygen in a number of stars using an objective prism attached to the Astrographic Telescope.[6]
In 1911, J.K.E. Halm, then the Chief Assistant, put forward a pioneering paper on stellar dynamics in which he hypothesized that the star streams discovered by Kapteyn arose from a Maxwellian distribution of stellar velocities. This paper also contains the first suggestion that stars obey a mass-luminosity relationship.[7]
A later 20th-century HM Astronomer, H. Spencer Jones, was active in an international project for determining the solar parallax through observations of the minor planet Eros.[8]
In the second half of the twentieth century Alan Cousins set up very precise southern standards for UBV and introduced a widely used system of VRI photometry that enjoyed international recognition for precision.[9]
In 1977 the occultation of the star SAO 158687 was observed by Joseph Churms from the former Royal Observatory and these observations provided needed confirmation of the Uranian rings discovered from the Kuiper aeroplane by Elliot et al.[10] During the 19th century the Observatory was regarded as the main advisor to the colonial government on scientific matters. it served as the repository for standard weights and measures of the Colony and was responsible for timekeeping and geodetic surveying. A magnetic observatory was constructed in 1841 but burned down during the following decade. The Observatory also possesses a long series of meteorological records.
The history of the Royal Observatory has been the subject of several works.[11][12][13][14][15]
Astronomers at the Cape
[編集]
The Royal Observatory's directors were known as His or Her Majesty's Astronomers at the Cape. They were as follows:[13]
- The Revd Fearon Fallows 1820–1831
- Thomas Henderson 1831–1833
- Sir Thomas Maclear 1833–1879
- Edward James Stone 1870–1879
- David Gill 1879–1907
- Sydney Samuel Hough 1907–1923
- Harold Spencer Jones 1923–1933
- John Jackson 1933–1950
- Richard Hugh Stoy 1950–1968
- George Alfred Harding was Officer-in-charge 1969-1971
A full list of people who worked at the Royal Observatory and their publications, up to 1913, is given in Gill (1913).[11] Other notable staff included:
- Charles Piazzi Smyth 1835–1845. Later Astronomer Royal for Scotland.
- William Lewis Elkin 1881–1883. Later director of Yale University Observatory.
- Frank McClean[6] 1895–1897. Discoverer of oxygen in stars.
- Willem de Sitter 1897–1899. Later a famous cosmologist and director of Leiden Observatory.
- Robert Thorburn Ayton Innes 1897–1903. Discoverer of the nearest star and later director of the Union (Republic) Observatory
- Jakob Karl Ernst Halm[7] 1907–1927. Discoverer of the mass-luminosity relation and pioneer of stellar dynamics.
- Joan George Erardus Gijsbertus Voûte. Later founder and director of Bosscha Observatory.
- Alan William James Cousins[9] 1947–1971. Noted photometrist.
- David Stanley Evans 1951–1968. Known for Barnes-Evans relation.
Principal buildings
[編集]A heritage survey was recorded in 2011 of a complete list of the buildings at the Observatory.[16] They include:
- Main Building, completed 1828. Greek revival style; Architect John Rennie. This contains today offices and a notable astronomical library.
- Photoheliograph building, 1849 (formerly 7-inch Merz telescope building). Its dome rotates on cannon balls.
- Heliometer, 1888 (now containing 18-inch reflector). Its dome (by Howard Grubb) was designed for flow-through ventilation.
- McClean, 1896, designed by Herbert Baker and laboratory (now Astronomical Museum). Hydraulically driven rising floor. Dome by T. Cooke and Sons of York.
- Astrographic, 1889. Dome by Howard Grubb.
- Reversible Transit Circle 1905 (6-inch). Two each Collimator and Mark houses.
- Technical Building (ca 1987)
- Auditorium, constructed originally as an optical instrument repair workshop during World War II.
Principal telescopes
[編集]Historically, the main building contained a 10 feet focal length Transit by Dollond and a 6-feet Mural Circle by Thomas Jones. These were replaced by in 1855 by an 8-inch Transit Circle designed by George Biddell Airy, Astronomer Royal at Greenwich. The Airy instrument was removed in 1950.[17] Some parts of these telescopes are in the Observatory's Astronomical Museum.
- 4-inch Photoheliograph (1875) by Dallmeyer
- 6-inch visual refractor (1882) Howard Grubb
- Astrographic, 1889 (13-inch photographic and 10-inch guide refractors by Howard Grubb). Used for the Cape Astrographic Zone (see above) and by F. McClean for spectroscopy.
- McClean or Victoria telescope (18-inch visual, 24-inch photographic and 8-inch guide refractors by Howard Grubb)[18]
- 6-inch Reversible Transit Circle 1905. Designed by Sir David Gill and constructed by Troughton and Simms. Used inter alia for the southern part of the Fundamental Katalog FK4.
- 18-inch reflector by Cox, Hargreaves and Thomson, 1955. Guide telescope is 7-inch Merz
A 40-inch reflector by Grubb Parsons was installed in 1964 but was removed to Sutherland in 1972.
Astronomical Museum
[編集]The former spectroscopic laboratory of the McClean telescope was converted into a museum in 1987, retaining the original 19th-century fittings. The building still contains the original hydraulic apparatus for raising the observing floor and a darkroom which contains specimens of darkroom equipment taken from various domes after photography went out of use.[19] Items on display include telescope models, measuring machines, altazimuth instruments by Dollond (1820) and Bamberg (ca 1900), calculating machines, early office equipment, early electronic devices, lenses from early telescopes including the photographic telescopes of Gill, a clockwork telescope drive, a signal pistol, chemistry equipment etc.
Natural history
[編集]The Royal Observatory site is situated in the Two Rivers Urban Park, a wetland area. The underlying rock is Malmesbury shale with a zone of greywacke and quartzitic limestone. Some of its original ecology is preserved and it supports a wide variety of animals and plant life. It is the northern limit of the Western Leopard Toad (Bufo Pantherinus) and the only remaining natural habitat of the rare iris, Moraea aristata.[20]
Further reading
[編集]- Glass, I.S. (2015). The Royal Observatory at the Cape of Good Hope: History and Heritage. Mons Mensa (self published)
- Gill, David (1893). Heliometer observations for determination of stellar parallax made at the Royal Observatory, Cape of Good Hope. Eyre and Spottiswoode* Stone, Edward James (1873). The Cape catalogue of 1159 stars, deduced from observations at the Royal Observatory, Cape of Good Hope, 1856-1861, reduced to the epoch 1860. Cape Town: S Solomon
- Stone, Edward James; Maclear, Thomas (1871). Results of Astronomical Observations Made at the Royal Observatory, Cape of Good Hope in the year 1856. S Solomon
- Warner, Brian (1979). Astronomers at the Royal Observatory, Cape of Good Hope. AA Balkema
Notes
[編集]- ^ Chris de Coning. “ASSA Historical Section”. Astronomical Society of South Africa. 10 November 2013閲覧。
- ^ Henderson, T. (1840). “On the Parallax of α Centauri”. Memoirs of the Royal Astronomical Society XI: 61–68.
- ^ Glass, I.S. (2008). Proxima: The Nearest Star (other than the Sun). Cape Town: Mons Mensa
- ^ Maclear, Sir Thomas (1866). Verification and Extension of La Caille's Arc of Meridian at the Cape of Good Hope. Lords Commissioners of the Admiralty
- ^ Glass, I.S. (2012). Nicolas-Louis de La Caille, Astronomer and Geodesist. Oxford University Press
- ^ a b McClean, F.. “Comparison of Oxygen with the extra lines in the Spectra in the Helium Stars β Crucis &c....”. Proc. R. Soc. Lond. 62: 417–423. doi:10.1098/rspl.1897.0130.
- ^ a b Halm, J. (1911). “Stars, motion in space, etc. Further considerations relating to the systematic motions of the stars”. Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society 71: 610. Bibcode: 1911MNRAS..71..610H. doi:10.1093/mnras/71.8.610.
- ^ Jones, H. Spencer (1941). “The Solar Parallax and the Mass of the Moon from Observations of Eros at the Opposition of 1931”. Mem. Roy. Astron. Soc. 66: 11–66.
- ^ a b Kilkenny, D. Alan Cousins (1903-2001): a life in astronomy. ASP Conference Proceedings. Vol. 256. p. 1.
- ^ Booth, Pat (2005). “Presidential Address: The Rings of Uranus – the South African Story”. Monthly Notes of the Astronomical Society of South Africa 64: 165. Bibcode: 2005MNSSA..64..165B.
- ^ a b Gill, Sir D. (1913). History and Description of the Royal Observatory, Cape of Good Hope. London: HMSO
- ^ Laing, J.D. (1970). The Royal Observatory, Cape of Good Hope 1820–1970. Cape Town: Royal Observatory
- ^ a b Warner, B. (1979). Astronomers at the Royal Observatory, Cape of Good Hope. Cape Town and Rotterdam: Balkema
- ^ Warner, B. (1995). Royal Observatory, Cape of Good Hope 1820-1831: The Founding of a Colonial Observatory Incorporating a biography of Fearon Fallows. Springer. ISBN 978-0-7923-3527-6. OCLC 32465151
- ^ Glass, I.S. (2015). The Royal Observatory at the Cape of Good Hope: History and Heritage. Mons Mensa. ISBN 978-0-9814126-2-7
- ^ Baumann, N.; Winter, S. (2011). The South African Astronomical Observatory, A Heritage Survey. Observatory: South African Astronomical Observatory
- ^ 引用エラー: 無効な
<ref>タグです。「unesco」という名前の注釈に対するテキストが指定されていません - ^ “Royal Observatory, Cape of Good Hope”. The Observatory XXV. (August 1902).
- ^ Glass, I.S. (2010). “The Astronomical Museum of the SAAO”. Monthly Notes of the Astronomical Society of Southern Africa 69: 20. Bibcode: 2010MNSSA..69...20G.
- ^ “Red List of South African Plants - Moraea aristata (D.Delaroche) Asch. & Graebn”. South African National Biodiversity Institute. Template:Cite webの呼び出しエラー：引数 accessdate は必須です。
References
[編集]
- Glass, I.S., 2009. The Royal Observatory, Cape of Good Hope, a Valuable Cultural Property, in Wolfschmidt,G. (ed), Cultural Heritage of Astronomical Observatories from Classical Antiquity to Modern Astrophysics, Proceedings of the International ICOMOS Symposium in Hamburg, 14–17 October 2008. Monuments and Sites XVIII, ICOMOS/Hendrik Bäßler-Verlag, Berlin.
- Glass, I.S., 2011. The Royal Observatory, Cape of Good Hope, Republic of South Africa, in Ruggles, C. and Cotte, M. (eds) Heritage Sites of Astronomy and Archaeoastronomy in the Context of the UNESCO World Heritage Convention, ICOMOS and IAU, Paris.
- Van der Walt, L., Strong, N. 2010. Observatory Landscape Framework, South African Astronomical Observatory, Observatory.