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Amélie of Leuchtenberg
Empress consort of Brazil
Duchess of Braganza
Empress consort of Brazil
在位期間
2 August 1829 – 7 April 1831
出生 (1812-07-31) 1812年7月31日
Milan, Kingdom of Italy
死亡 1873年1月26日(1873-01-26)（60歳没）
Lisbon, Portugal
実名 Amélia Augusta Eugênia Napoleona de Leuchtenberg–Beauharnais
王室 House of Beauharnais
House of Braganza
父親 Eugène de Beauharnais, Duke of Leuchtenberg
母親 Princess Augusta of Bavaria
配偶者 Pedro I of Brazil
子女
Princess Maria Amélia of Brazil
信仰 Roman Catholicism
テンプレートを表示

Amélie of Leuchtenberg (ポルトガル語: Amélia Augusta Eugênia de Leuchtenberg; フランス語: Amélie Auguste Eugénie de Leuchtenberg), Duchess of Leuchtenberg, (31 July 1812 – 26 January 1873) was Empress of Brazil as the wife of Pedro I of Brazil.

She was the granddaughter of Josephine de Beauharnais, Empress of the French. Her father, Eugène de Beauharnais, was the only male child of Empress Josephine and her first husband Alexandre de Beauharnais and stepson of Napoleon Bonaparte, who admired his military qualities. The mother of Empress Amélie was Princess Augusta Amélia, daughter of Maximilian I, King of Bavaria.

Family, childhood and youth

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Amélie was the fourth child of General Eugène de Beauharnais and his wife Princess Augusta of Bavaria. Her father was the son of Joséphine de Beauharnais and her first husband, viscount Alexandre de Beauharnais. When Joséphine remarried, to Napoleon Bonaparte, Eugène was adopted by the latter and made viceroy of the Kingdom of Italy. Amélie's mother was the daughter of King Maximilian I Joseph of Bavaria and his first consort, Landgravine Augusta Wilhelmine of Hesse-Darmstadt.[1] Among Amélie's siblings were Josephine of Leuchtenberg, queen consort of King Oscar I of Sweden, and Auguste de Beauharnais, 2nd Duke of Leuchtenberg, prince consort of Queen Maria II of Portugal (stepdaughter of Amélie). Napoleon III was Amélie's first cousin.

After the defeat of Napoleon Bonaparte in 1814, Eugène de Beauharnais, having assumed the title of Duke of Leuchtenberg, settled in Munich, but after his death the family faced an uncertain future, with no great prospects for the future. Their nobility, being of Napoleonic origin, was not generally recognized by the restored courts of Europe. The possibility occurred to her mother, Augusta, of marrying Amélie to the Emperor of Brazil, as a better alternative to guarantee the pretensions of the House of Leuchtenberg to royal status.[1]

Marriage

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Portrait of Amélie of Leuchtenberg; Franz Xaver Winterhalter, 19th century.

After the death of his first wife, Austrian archduchess Maria Leopoldina, in December 1826, Emperor Pedro I of Brazil (King Pedro IV of Portugal, usually referred to as Dom Pedro) sent the Marquês de Barbacena to Europe to find him a second wife. His task was not easy; several factors complicated the search. First, Dom Pedro had stipulated four conditions: a good family background, beauty, virtue and culture. Conversely, the emperor of Brazil did not have a particularly good image in Europe: his relationship with the Marchioness of Santos was notorious, and few eligible princesses would leave the courts of Europe to marry a man who had a reputation as unfaithful, assuming also five stepchildren. To make matters worse, the former father-in-law of Dom Pedro, Francis I of Austria, had a low opinion of his son-in-law's political views, and apparently acted to prevent a new marriage to ensure that his grandchildren would inherit the throne of Brazil if they survived infancy.[2]

After refusals by eight princesses turned the ambassador into an object of scorn in the courts of Europe, Barbacena, in agreement with the Emperor, lowered his requirements, seeking for Dom Pedro a wife merely "good and virtuous." Amélie now became a good possibility, but their encounter was brought about not by Barbacena, but by Domingos Borges de Barros, Viscount of Pedra Branca, minister in Paris, to whom she had been pointed out.[3] She came from a particularly distinguished and ancient line on her mother's side, the Wittelsbachs, but her father, linked to Napoleon Bonaparte, was not generally recognized as a Royal because of the hatred still arrayed against the onetime French Emperor in much of Europe. However, that was her sole "defect". The princess was tall, very beautiful, well proportioned, with a delicate face. She had blues eyes[4] and a brownish-golden hair.[5] Antônio Teles da Silva Caminha e Meneses, Marquês of Resende, sent to verify the beauty of the young lady, wrote to the Emperor covering her with praise and saying that she had "a physical air that like that the painter Correggio gave us in his paintings of the Queen of Sheba".[2] She was also cultured and sensitive. A contemporary piece in The Times of London affirms that she was one of the best educated and best prepared princesses in the German world.[6]

The marriage was promptly arranged. A marriage contract was signed in England 1829-05-29, and ratified June 30 in Munich by Amélie's mother and tutor, the Duchess of Leuchtenberg. On 30 July of that year, in Brazil, a treaty of marriage between Dom Pedro and Amélie of Leuchtenberg was confirmed. Upon confirming the marriage, Dom Pedro definitively broke his links to the Marchioness of Santos and, as evidence of his good intentions, instituted the Order of the Rose, with the motto "Amor e Fidelidade" ("Love and Fidelity"). A proxy marriage ceremony on 2 August in the chapel of the Palais Leuchtenberg in Munich was a simple affair with few in attendance,[2] as Amélie insisted on donating to a Munich orphanage the appreciable amount Dom Pedro had sent for a ceremony with full pomp.[1] Dom Pedro was represented by the Marquês de Barbacena. Amélie was barely seventeen years old; Dom Pedro was thirty.[2]

Amélie's mother foresaw the difficulties her daughter might face, and prepared her well. Besides a good dowry and trousseau, she gave her a great deal of advice, recommending that she be demonstrative of her feelings and overcome any timidity so as not to discourage her husband, that she be loving toward her stepchildren, and above all that she remain faithful, as empress, to the interests of the Brazilians. Scientist Carl Friedrich von Martius was sent with her on her journey to teach her about Brazil, and the Ana Romana de Aragão Calmon, Countess of Itapagipe, to familiarize her with her husband's personality and the customs of the Brazilian court, and to teach her Portuguese.[2]

Arrival in Brazil and life as empress

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The Emperor's Second Marriage, painted by Jean-Baptiste Debret.

Amélie sailed to the New World from Ostende, Belgium on the frigate Imperatriz, arriving in Rio de Janeiro 1829-10-15, after a crossing that went more rapidly than planned. Traditions says that upon hearing that the ship was approaching, Dom Pedro embarked on a tugboat to meet it on the far side of the bar, and that he collapsed with emotion upon seeing his wife on deck.[2] Among those accompanying her on board were Barbacena and the 10-year-old Maria II of Portugal in whose favor her father had renounced his rights to the Portuguese throne back in 1826. Barbacena, on that same trip, had received the mission to bring Maria to the care of her grandfather, Austrian emperor Francis I, but in the middle of the journey learned that the throne of the latter had been usurped by Miguel, brother of Dom Pedro, and decided instead to take her to England, which he considered a safer place. After concluding the imperial marriage contract, they embarked again for Brazil together with Amélie's entourage, including Amélie's brother, Auguste de Beauharnais, 2nd Duke of Leuchtenberg.[3] Shortly after the newlyweds' first encounter, Dom Pedro's children by his first marriage were brought out to their new stepmother's ship for the couple and children to lunch together.[1]

Engraving of Amélie of Leuchtenberg Jean-Baptiste Aubry-Lecomte, after a painting by an unknown artist

The following day at noon, under a heavy rain, Amélie disembarked and was received with a solemn procession. She then went with Dom Pedro to the Imperial Chapel to receive the nuptial blessings. All were dazzled by her beauty, highlighted by a long white gown and a robe embroidered in silver, in the French fashion. After the ceremony came a public celebration with fireworks, and a grand state banquet for the court.[1]

In January 1830 the new empress was formally presented in court, with a dance at which all of the ladies dressed in pink, the empress's favorite color. The following day, the couple began their honeymoon, speinding six weeks at the ranch of Father Correa, in Serra da Estrela, future locale of the city of Petrópolis.[3]

On their return they encountered a court troubled by problems caused by the emperor's intimate confidante Chalaça (Francisco Gomes da Silva). Barbacena took the opportunity to rid himself of his old foe, recommending that he leave for Europe, in which he counted on the support of the new empress, anxious to break one more link to her husband's adventurous past. She had already shown a strong attitude in refusing from the outset to receive at court Isabel Maria de Alcântara Brasileira, Duchess of Goiás, Dom Pedro's daughter by the Marchioness of Santos, and demanding that Isabel Maria be sent to school in Switzerland.[3]

Upon settling into the imperial palace, the Paço de São Cristóvão, and perceiving what she considered an inadequate standard of protocol, Amélie established French as the court language and adopted a ceremonial modeled after European courts. She sought to update the cuisine and fashion, redecorated the palace, acquired new tableware and silverware, and attempted to refine the manners of the court. She achieved at least a partial success in this last, and the elegance of the Empress, always impeccably dressed, became internationally famous.[7]

Their marriage was a happy one, unlike Dom Pedro's first, and she reportedly had a good relationship with her legitimate stepchildren as well. Her beauty, good sense, and kindness promptly won the affections of both her husband and his children by his first marriage. She made sure that the latter had a good family environment and received a good education. Shortly after the marriage, a French traveler reported "it appears that the empress continues to exercise her influence over the children of Dom Pedro. The happy results are already apparent, she has already made considerable renovations to the palace, and order has commenced to reign; the princesses' education is supervised and directed personally by the empress", with the same care going to the heir to the throne, little Pedro de Alcântara (later Pedro II of Brazil); the proof of this last being that he soon began to call her "mamãe" ("mommy").[1] Amélie always expressed her affection for Pedro II, and maintained a correspondence with him until the end of her life, trying to instruct and support him. Nearly six decades of their correspondence survive. Dom Pedro II reciprocated her kindness, soliciting her help in arranging marriages for his own daughters and visiting her in Lisbon in 1871.[8][9]

Her presence was also important in restoring her husband's popularity and giving him courage during a difficult period for the new empire, but the popular enthusiasm generated by the marriage was short-lived.[2] José Bonifácio advised her on what her husband would need to do to reconcile with the people of Brazil, but nothing worked.[6] The precarious economic situation and political turbulence precipitated the inevitable crisis and on 1831-04-07, Dom Pedro abdicated the throne in favor of his young son.[2]

Return to Europe

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Amélie with her daughter, Princess Maria Amélia, 1840.

After Dom Pedro I abdicated the crown, Amélie accompanied her husband back to Europe. They now held the titles of Duke and Duchess of Bragança. She was three months pregnant and suffered badly from nausea on the sea voyage.[2] After resupplying the ship at Faial Island in the Azores, they arrived at Cherbourg, in France, 1831-06-10. They were received with the honors appropriate to reigning monarchs, greeted with a 21-gun cannon salute and by a detachment of 5,000 soldiers of the National Guard. The prefecture of the city offered them a palace as accommodation, but a mere ten days after their arrival Dom Pedro left for London, leaving behind Amélie, who was reunited with Maria da Glória the 23rd of the same month.[10]

Amélie soon established residence in Paris, with Maria da Glória and with Dom Pedro's illegitimate daughter Isabel Maria, Duchess of Goiás, whom Amélie ended up adopting as her own daughter.[11] On 1831-11-30 Amélie gave birth to Princess Maria Amélia of Brazil (Maria Amélia de Bragança), who would prove to be her only child.[2] Her father expressed his happiness in a letter to young Dom Pedro II: "Divine Providence has seen fit to diminish the sadness my paternal heart feels for the separation from V.M.I. (Vossa Majestade Imperial, "Your Imperial Majesty") giving to me a daughter and, to V.M.I., another sister and subject".[12]

Meanwhile, Dom Pedro I, as Duke of Bragança, began a bloody battle against his brother Dom Miguel I (Michael of Portugal) for the Portuguese crown, in the name of his daughter Maria da Glória.[2] Upon receiving the news of the Duke's victory in Lisbon, Amélie left with her daughter and stepdaughter for Portugal, arriving in the capital 1833-09-22.[13] With Miguel defeated and exiled from Portugal, Dom Pedro and his family established themselves first at Ramalhão Palace and later at Queluz National Palace.[14]

Widowhood and final years

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Princess Maria Amélia, the Empress's only child, circa 1849.

The venturesome life of Dom Pedro had undermined his health; he contracted tuberculosis, and died 1834-09-24.[14] Amélie respected the provisions of his will. He had wished that Maria Isabel II de Alcântara Brasileira, his illegitimate daughter by the Marchioness of Santos, be given a good European education like her sister, the Duchess of Goiás. However, the Marchioness declined to send the girl. Dom Pedro also stipulated legacies for his other illegitimate children, reducing the inheritance of Amélie and her own daughter; the provision showed that Dom Pedro loved all his children, legitimate or not.[15]

Amélie never remarried; she moved to the Palácio das Janelas Verdes ("Palace of Green Windows," also known as the Palácio de Alvor-Pombal, now, as of 2012, Portugal's National Museum of Ancient Art) and dedicated herself to charitable works and to her daughter's education. Maria Amélia showed herself to be very intelligent and to be a talented musician.[2] Occasionally, Amélie visited Bavaria with her daughter. Despite being established in Portugal, they were not considered part of the Portuguese royal family. Amélie solicited recognition for herself and her daughter as members of the Brazilian imperial family, thereby entitled to a pension, but Dom Pedro II was still a minor and the Brazilian Regency feared possible influence by the empress-widow Amélie in state business, as well as the possibility of her adherence to political factions that might harm the government. They refused to recognize her daughter Maria Amélie as a Brazilian princess and forbade her to set foot in the country. This situation changed when Dom Pedro II reached majority. His relations with them were good, and on 1841-07-05 Amélie and Maria Amélia were recognized as members of the Brazilian imperial family.[16]

A rare photograph of the Empress in her final years.

Princess Maria Amélia became engaged to Archduke Maximilian of Austria (later Maximilian of Mexico at the beginning of 1852, but shortly afterward began to show symptoms of tuberculosis. Because of the disease, she and her mother moved to Funchal, on Madeira Island, in search of healthier airs, arriving 1852-08-31. Nonetheless, the princess died there of tuberculosis at the age of 22 on 1853-02-04.[2][17] Her death profoundly affected her mother, who visited Maria Amélia's tomb every year on the anniversary of her death, and financed the construction of a still-extant hospital in Funchal named "Princesa Dona Maria Amélia", and left her properties in Bavaria to Archduke Maximilian, "whom [she] would have been happy to have as a son-in-law, if God had saved her beloved daughter Maria Amelia."[18]

After her daughter's death, Amélie settled again in Lisbon, where she died 1873-01-26 at the age of 60. Under the terms of her will, her sister, Queen Josephine of Sweden, was her primary heir (receiving, among other things, the Braganza tiara),[19] but many documents pertaining to Dom Pedro were willed to Brazil, where they reside in the Historic Archive of the Imperial Museum of Brazil in Petrópolis.[2] Her remains were transported in 1982 to the crypt of the Monument to the Independence of Brazil in São Paulo.[20]

Ancestry

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ぎぶそん/下書き4の系譜
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
16. Claude de Beauharnais, comte des Roches-Baritaud
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
8. François de Beauharnais, marquis de la Ferté-Beauharnais
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
17. Renée Hardouineau de Laudanière
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
4. Alexandre, vicomte de Beauharnais
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
18. François-Louis de Pyvart de Chastullé
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
9. Marie Anne Henriette Françoise de Pyvart de Chastullé
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
19. Jeanne Hardouineau de Laudanière
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
2. Eugène de Beauharnais, 1st Duke of Leuchtenberg
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
20. Gaspard Joseph Tascher de la Pagerie
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
10. Joseph-Gaspard Tascher de la Pagerie
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
21. Françoise Bourreau de la Chevalerie
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
5. Joséphine Tascher de La Pagerie
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
22. Joseph François des Vergers de Sannois
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
11. Rose-Claire des Vergers de Sannois
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
23. Catherine Marie Brown
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
1. Amélie de Beauharnais
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
24. Christian III, Count Palatine of Zweibrücken
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
12. Frederick Michael, Count Palatine of Zweibrücken
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
25. Countess Caroline of Nassau-Saarbrücken
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
6. King Maximilian I Joseph of Bavaria
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
26. Joseph Charles, Count Palatine of Sulzbach
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
13. Countess Palatine Maria Franziska of Sulzbach
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
27. Countess Palatine Elizabeth Augusta Sophie of Neuburg
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
3. Princess Amalia Augusta of Bavaria
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
28. Louis VIII, Landgrave of Hesse-Darmstadt
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
14. Landgrave George William of Hesse-Darmstadt
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
29. Countess Charlotte Christine Magdalene Johanna of Hanau
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
7. Princess Augusta Wilhelmine of Hesse-Darmstadt
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
30. Christian Karl Reinhard, Count of Leiningen-Dagsburg-Falkenburg
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
15. Countess Marie Luise of Leiningen-Dagsburg-Heidesheim
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
31. Countess Katharina Polyxena of Solms-Rödelheim
 
 
 
 
 
 

Descendants

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With Dom Pedro I of Brazil and IV of Portugal:

Cultural representations

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Amélie of Leuchtenberg is the protagonist of a novel by Ivanir Calado, Imperatriz no Fim do Mundo: Memórias Dúbias de Amélia de Leuchtenberg ("Empress at the End of the World: Dubious Memoirs of Amélie of Leuchtenberg," 1997), and has been played on film and television by:

References

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  1. ^ a b c d e f Barman, Roderick J. Citizen Emperor: Pedro II and the Making of Brazil, 1825–1891. Stanford University Press, 2002, pp. 25–27
  2. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n Witte, Claudia Thomé. "O casamento com D. Pedro I e toda a trajetória no Brasil da princesa bávara Amélia de Leuchtenberg". In: Revista de História online, 2010-06-09. In Portuguese. Accessed 2012-02-01.
  3. ^ a b c d Lustosa, Isabel. D. Pedro I. Companhia das Letras, 2006, pp. 284–286. In Portuguese.
  4. ^ Torres 1947, p. 34.
  5. ^ Torres 1947, p. 53.
  6. ^ a b Pinheiro Neto, João. Pedro e Domitila: Amor em tempo de paixão. Mauad Editora Ltda, 2002, pp. 243–244. In Portuguese.
  7. ^ Del Priore, Mary. "Amor e fidelidade num casamento imperial: Dom Pedro I e Dona Amélia. In: Gazeta Imperial, August 2011, year XVI, number 189, pp. 8–9. In Portuguese.
  8. ^ Carvalho, José Murilo de. D. Pedro II: ser ou não ser. Companhia das Letras, 2007, pp. 16–17. In Portuguese.
  9. ^ Schwarcz, Lília Moritz. As barbas do imperador. Companhia das Letras, 1998, pp. 52; 380. In Portuguese.
  10. ^ Lustosa, p. 305
  11. ^ Sousa, Octávio Tarquínio de. A vida de D. Pedro I. Rio de Janeiro: José Olympio, 1972. vol. 3, pp. 273–274. In Portuguese
  12. ^ Almeida, Sylvia Lacerda Martins de. Uma filha de D. Pedro I: Dona Maria Amélia. São Paulo: Companhia Editora Nacional, 1973, p. 42. In Portuguese.
  13. ^ Sousa, p. 275
  14. ^ a b Almeida, p. 54
  15. ^ Lewin, Linda. Surprise Heirs: Illegitimacy, inheritance rights, and public power in the formation of Imperial Brazil, 1822–1889. Stanford University Press, 2003, pp. 155–156.
  16. ^ Lyra, Heitor. História de Dom Pedro II (1825–1891): Ascensão (1825–1870). Belo Horizonte: Itatiaia, 1977. vol. 1, pp. 42–43; 279. In Portuguese.
  17. ^ Almeida, pp. 57; 73; 85; 111
  18. ^ Almeida, pp. 90; 152–157
  19. ^ “Tiara Thursday: The Braganza Tiara” (2011年10月). 2012-31-07閲覧。
  20. ^ Tirapeli, Percival e Silva, Manoel Nunes da. São Paulo artes e etnias. UNESP, 2007, p. 124

Bibliography

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  • Torres, Lígia Lemos (1947) (Portuguese). Imperatriz Dona Amélia. São Paulo: Elvino Pocai 
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ウィキメディア・コモンズには、ぎぶそん/下書き4に関連するカテゴリがあります。
ぎぶそん/下書き4

31 June1812 - 26 January1873 ts

ブラジルの君主
空位
最後の在位者
Archduchess Maria Leopoldina of Austria 		Empress consort of Brazil
2 August 1829 – 7 April 1831 		空位
次代の在位者
Teresa Cristina of the Two Sicilies

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