利用者:ぎぶそん/下書き3

フランス・スペイン戦争
La Bataille de Rocroi by w:François Joseph Heim.
時 1635–1659 場所 北部、東部、南部フランス、北部スペイン、スペイン領ネーデルラント、イタリア、大西洋、地中海 結果 フランスの勝利。ピレネー条約締結。
衝突した勢力
フランス王国 カタルーニャ共和国 (収穫人戦争) イングランド共和国(from 1657)	スペイン イングランド王党派 (from 1657)
指揮官
ルイ13世 ルイ14世	フェリペ4世

フランス・スペイン戦争（The Franco-Spanish War (1635–1659)）はフランスの三十年戦争への関与の結果、スペインとの間に勃発した戦争である。三十年戦争への スウェーデンの介入後に、フランスの宰相リシュリュー枢機卿はフランスがはスペイン・ハプスブルク家とオーストリアハプスブルク家に取り囲まれるために、宣戦を布告した。この戦争はマントヴァ継承戦争 (1628–31年)の継続の意味合いもあった。この戦争でフランスはスペインハプスブルクの主張する北イタリア地域を奪うべく侵略した。フランス・スペイン戦争はピレネー条約で終結した。

背景

長年にわたりヴァロワ朝、ブルボン朝両王朝下でのフランス王国はハプスブルク家のライバルであった。ハプスブルク家はスペイン・ハプスブルク家と神聖ローマ帝国のオーストリア・ハプスブルク家ふたつの系統が個別に統治していた。16世紀と17世紀の長い間、フランスは三方をハプスブルク領と隣接していた。北方をスペイン領ネーデルラント、東方をフランシュ・コンテ、スペイン本土とは南方をである。 ハプスブルク家はフランスの領土拡大路線に立ちはだかることになり、紛争のときには、フランスは複数の方面から侵略を受ける可能性があった。したがってフランスは国境地域でのスペインの統制を弱体化させようとした。

三十年戦争の間、すなわちプロテスタント諸侯が神聖ローマ帝国のオーストリア・ハプスブルク軍と戦っている間、フランスはオーストリア・ハプスブルク軍の敵の支援をしていた。フランスは1630年のスウェーデンによる神聖ローマ帝国侵略をも支援した。 思いもよらない大成功ののち、スウェーデン軍はスペイン・オーストリア両ハプスブルク軍によってネルトリンゲンの戦いで敗北し、これは皇帝に有利な講和を導くことになる。 これによる不運な結果に、フランスの宰相リシュリューは1635年に戦端を開きスペインに宣戦した。

三十年戦争の最中の戦争(1635年–1648年)

The Battle of Rocroi.

The open war with Spain started with a promising victory for the French at Les Avins in 1635. The following year Spanish forces based in the Southern Netherlands hit back with devastating lightning campaigns in northern France that left French forces reeling and the economy of the region in tatters. The Spanish looked set to invade Paris just as their vast continent wide fiscal commitments forced them to suspend their aggressions. The lull in the Spanish attacks gave the French a chance to regroup and force Spanish forces back towards the northern border. They also sent forces through Lorraine into the Alsace to cut the Spanish Road, the vital supply line connecting the Spanish Netherlands to Spain through the Mediterranean port of Genoa. In 1640 internal political tensions caused by the burden of the Thirty Years' War led to the simultaneous revolts of Catalonia and Portugal against the Spanish Habsburgs. Spain was now fighting two major wars of secession in addition to a great international conflict; the total collapse of the Spanish Empire appeared imminent. The French invaded Catalonia, ostensibly to help the rebels. In 1643, the French defeated one of Spain's best armies at Rocroi, northern France; the myth of Spanish invincibility was at an end.

During the last decade of the Thirty Years' War, the Spanish forces in the Spanish Netherlands were sandwiched between French and Dutch forces and the French won a major victory at Lens but Franco-Dutch forces could not decisively crush the embattled Army of Flanders. When the peace treaty was negotiated, France insisted upon Spain being excluded, but the demand was rejected by other parties to the talks. In the Peace of Westphalia, France gained territory in the Alsace, thus interrupting the Spanish Road; at the signing of the treaty, Spain recognized the independence of the Dutch republic but gave up little else; indeed the Spanish had to be paid to leave positions they had seized on the Rhine.

In Italy, France fought with the more or less reluctant support of its client state Piedmont against the Spanish in the Duchy of Milan. Confusion was added from 1639–1642 by the Piedmontese Civil War. The siege of Turin in 1640 was a famous event in both this war and the Franco-Spanish conflict. In 1646 a French fleet commanded by, Jean Armand de Maillé-Brézé (18 October 1619 – 14 June 1646 Battle of Orbetello, was defeated and the army it was sent to support was repulsed by Spain's Tuscan presidios; Milan remained firmly under Spanish dominance.

三十年戦争後(1648年–1659年)

Don Juan José de Austria, Spanish commander at Valenciennes, 1656

The year 1648 witnessed the eruption of a major revolt against royal authority in France, known as the Fronde. Civil war in France continued until 1653, when royal forces prevailed. At the Fronde's conclusion, the whole country, wearied of anarchy and disgusted with the princes, came to look to the king's party as the party of order and settled government, and thus the Fronde prepared the way for the absolutism of Louis XIV. The general war that had been initiated by the French nobles continued in Flanders, Catalonia and Italy, wherever a Spanish and a French garrison were face to face, and Condé, with the wreck of his army, openly and definitely entered the service of the king of Spain. This "Spanish Fronde" was almost purely a military affair and, except for a few outstanding incidents, dull to boot. Spain's condition was itself no better than France's as in addition to her own "fronde" and fighting in Italy she was still battling the revolt in Portugal and the French-backed Catalan Revolt. The Spanish focused their main efforts on recovering Catalonia and various Italian territories for strategic reasons; this helped the Portuguese to consolidate their rebellion.

In Italy, the war along the border between Piedmont and the Spanish-held Duchy of Milan continued. Twice, in 1647–1649 and 1655–1659, France managed to open a second front against Milan by gaining the alliance of Francesco I d'Este, Duke of Modena, but this never achieved the desired result of breaking the Spanish defence. In the south, the Neapolitan revolt collapsed and the French forces backing it were driven out by the Spanish forces in 1648.

In Spain, the French, weakened by the Fronde, were unable to hold Catalonia against reconquest by the Spanish forces; the French cause was undermined when the Catalans discovered that the French were even more overbearing than their former Spanish Habsburg masters and many switched their loyalty back to the chastened regime in Madrid. Taking advantage of French divisions, Spanish forces, under Archduke Leopold Wilhelm, sallied forth from the Netherlands on two occasions: the first met a spirited defence assisted by local peasantry; the second successfully seized several northern French forts in February–March 1652. Having lost support from the Catalans, weakened by internal squabbles and threatened by the Spanish from the north once again, the French were obliged to withdraw most of their forces from south of the Pyrenees. The remnants of Catalan resistance and the depleted French forces in Barcelona surrendered to Spanish Habsburg forces in October 1652. The Spanish remained distracted by the Portuguese Restoration War, and although they carried the war north, across the Pyrenees into the old Catalan county of Roussillon, the fighting was desultory and the front stabilised, with the Pyrenees as the effective border.

By 1653 general exhaustion had reached the point that "neither invaders nor defenders were able to gather supplies to enable them to take the field until July. At one moment, near Péronne, Condé had Turenne at a serious disadvantage, but he could not galvanize the Spanish general, Count Fuensaldaña, who was more solicitous to preserve his master's soldiers than to establish Condé as mayor of the palace to the King of France, and the armies drew apart again without fighting. In 1654 the principal incident was the Siege and Relief of Arras. On the night of the August 24–August 25 the lines of circumvallation drawn round that place by the prince were brilliantly stormed by Turenne's army, and Condé won equal credit for his safe withdrawal of the besieging corps under cover of a series of bold cavalry charges led by himself, as usual, sword in hand.

La bataille des dunes by Charles-Philippe Larivière.

In 1655 Turenne captured the fortresses of Landrecies, Condé and St Ghislain. In 1656 the prince of Condé revenged himself for the defeat of Arras by storming Turenne's circumvallation around Valenciennes (July 16), but Turenne drew off his forces in good order. The campaign of 1657 was uneventful, and is only to be remembered because a body of 3,000 civil war hardened English infantry, sent by Cromwell in pursuance of his treaty of alliance with Mazarin, took part in it. The presence of the English contingent and its very definite purpose of making Dunkirk a new Calais, to be held perpetually by England, gave the next campaign a character of certainty and decision which had been entirely wanting in the latter stages of the war."

Dunkirk was besieged promptly and in great force, and when Don Juan of Austria and Condé appeared with the relieving army from Veurne, Turenne advanced boldly to meet them. The Battle of the Dunes, fought on June 14, 1658, was the first real trial of strength since the Battle of the Faubourg St Antoine. The battle resulted in an Anglo-French triumph over the forces of Spain and Condé. Dunkirk fell and was handed over to England, as had been promised by the French. It would remain under English rule until 1662 and its sale by Charles II to Louis XIV.

A last desultory campaign followed in 1659, which ended when the Spanish repelled French advances in Italy.

Aftermath

Interview of Louis XIV of France and Philip IV of Spain at the Pheasant Island.

The Peace of the Pyrenees was signed on November 5, 1659. France gained the territory of Roussillon and territories along its border with the Spanish Netherlands. In return, France agreed to end its support for the breakaway kingdom of Portugal in the Portuguese Restoration War. On January 27, 1660 the Prince de Condé asked and obtained at Aix-en-Provence the forgiveness of Louis XIV. The later careers of Turenne and Condé as great generals were as obedient subjects of their sovereign.

Publications

• Barante, Le Parlement de Paris et vie de M. Molé (Paris, 1859)
• Pardoe, Louis XIV and the Court of France (1847; London, 1888)
• Memoirs of Cardinal de Retz
• Gordon, The Fronde, (Oxford, 1905)
• Lettres du Cardinal Mazarin (Paris, 1878–1906)

References

•  この記事にはアメリカ合衆国内で著作権が消滅した次の百科事典本文を含む: Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). Encyclopædia Britannica (英語) (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. {{cite encyclopedia}}: |title=は必須です。 (説明)
• この記事にはパブリックドメインである次の出版物本文が含まれる: Gilman, D. C.; Peck, H. T.; Colby, F. M., eds. (1905). New International Encyclopedia (英語) (1st ed.). New York: Dodd, Mead. {{cite encyclopedia}}: |title=は必須です。 (説明)