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パンジャーブ語音韻論
[編集]母音
[編集]| 前舌 | 中舌 | 後舌 | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 非円唇 | 円唇 | 非円唇 | 円唇 | ||
| 狭 | i | u | |||
| ɪ | ʊ | ||||
| 半狭 | e | ə | o | ||
| 半広 | ɛ | ɔ | |||
| 広 | ɑ | ||||
/ɪ/, /ə/,/ʊ/以外の音素は、基本的には長母音として表れ、また文法的にも長母音扱いである。また、ここのすべての音韻は鼻母音化して現れることもある。
子音
[編集]破裂音および破擦音の各欄にはそれぞれ左から順に、無気無声音、有気無声音、無気有声音と並べてある。
| 両唇 | 唇歯 | 歯音/歯茎 | そり舌 | 硬口蓋 | 軟口蓋 | 声門 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 鼻音 | m | n | ɳ | ɲ | ŋ | ||
| 破裂音 | p pʰ b | [ t̪ t̪ʰ d̪] | ʈ ʈʰ ɖ | k kʰ g | |||
| 破擦音 | ʧ ʧʰ ʤ | ||||||
| 摩擦音 | [(f) v] | s (z) | ʃ | [(x) (ɣ)] | ɦ | ||
| はじき音 | ɾ | ɽ | |||||
| 接近音 | [(ʋ)] | j | |||||
| 側面接近音 | l | [(ɭ)] |
かっこ内の音は、[ʋ]を除けばすべて外来語にのみ現れる音であり、中には正確に発音されない音素もある。[ʋ]は、[v]のかわりに出る音素であり、パンジャーブ語の音韻論では/ʋ/=/v/である。
声調
[編集]アルメニア語音韻論
[編集]アルメニア語の音声には次のものがある。
| 前舌 | 中舌 | 後舌 | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 非円唇 | 円唇 | 非円唇 | 円唇 | ||
| 狭 | i | ʏ | u | ||
| 半狭 | e | ə | o | ||
| 半広 | ɛ | œ* | |||
| 広 | a | ||||
文字と音韻の対応は次のとおり。
- ա - /a/
- ի - /ɪ/, /i/
- ը - /ə/（曖昧母音）
- ե - /je/（語頭）、/e/（それ以外）
- է - /e/, /ɛ/
- ո - /vo/（語頭）、/o/（それ以外）
- օ - /o/
- ու - /u/（たとえ語頭にあっても）
Classical Armenian distinguishes seven vowels:
/a/ (ա), /ɪ/ (ի), /ə/ (ը), /ɛ/ (ե), /e/ (է), /o/ (ո and օ) and /u/ (ու) (transcribed as a, i, ë, e, ē, o/ò, and ow respectively).
The following table lists the Eastern Armenian consonantal system. The occlusives and affricates have a special aspirated series (transcribed with a Greek spiritus asper after the letter): p῾, t῾, c῾, č῾, k῾. Each phoneme in the table is represented by three symbols. The topmost indicates the phoneme's pronunciation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA); below that appears the corresponding letter of the Armenian alphabet; and the bottom symbol is its Latin-alphabet transliteration (according to ISO 9985).
| 両唇 | 唇歯 | 歯茎 | 後部 歯茎 |
硬口蓋 | 軟口蓋 | 口蓋垂 | 声門 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 鼻音 | m մ m |
n ն n |
||||||
| 無気破裂音 | p b պ բ p b |
t d տ դ t d |
k g կ գ k g |
|||||
| 有気破裂音 | [ pʰ] փ p‘ |
[ tʰ] թ t‘ |
[ kʰ] ք k‘ |
|||||
| 摩擦音 | f v ֆ վ f v |
s z ս զ s z |
ʃ ʒ շ ժ š ž |
x խ x |
[ ʁ] ղ ġ |
h հ h | ||
| 無気破擦音 | t͡s d͡z ծ ձ ç j |
t͡ʃ d͡ʒ ճ ջ č̣ ǰ |
||||||
| 有気破擦音 | [ t͡sʰ] ց c‘ |
[ t͡ʃʰ] չ č |
||||||
| 接近音 | ɹ ր r |
j -յ- y |
||||||
| ふるえ音 | [ṙ] ռ r |
|||||||
| 側面接近音 | [ l] լ l |
アクセント
[編集]ウェールズ語音韻論
[編集]母音
[編集]ウェールズ語の単母音には音声として次のものがある。
| 前舌 | 中舌 | 後舌 | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 非円唇 | 円唇 | 非円唇 | 円唇 | ||
| 狭 | iː | ɨː | uː | ||
| ɪ | [ ɨ̞] | ʊ | |||
| 半狭 | eː | ə(ː) | oː | ||
| 半広 | ɛ | ɔ | |||
| 広 | a | ɑː | |||
The vowels /ɨ̞/ and /ɨː/ occur only in Northern dialects; in Southern dialects they are replaced by /ɪ/ and /iː/ respectively. In Southern dialects, the contrast between long and short vowels is found in stressed syllables only; in Northern dialects, the contrast is found only in stressed word-final syllables (including monosyllabic words).
The vowel /ə/ does not occur in the final syllable of words (except a few monosyllables). In Southern dialects, schwa can be long or short. In Northern dialects, schwa is always short, because long vowels appear only in word-final syllables, a position where schwa never appears.
| Diphthongs | Second component | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| First component | front | central | back |
| close | [ʊɨ] | [ɪu, ɨu] | |
| mid | [əi, ɔi] | [əɨ, ɔɨ] | [ɛu, əu] |
| open | [ai] | [aɨ, ɑːɨ] | [au] |
The diphthongs containing /ɨ/ occur only in Northern dialects; in Southern dialects /ʊɨ/ is replaced by /ʊi/, /ɨu, əɨ, ɔɨ/ are merged with /ɪu, əi, ɔi/, and /aɨ, ɑːɨ/ are merged with /ai/.
Consonants
[編集]| 両唇 | 歯音 | 歯茎 | 硬口蓋 | 軟口蓋 | 声門 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 鼻音 | [m̥ m] | [n̥ n] | [ŋ̊ ŋ] | |||
| 破裂音 | p b | t d | k g | |||
| 破擦音 | [(ʧ) (ʤ)] | |||||
| 摩擦音 | f v | θ ð | s (z) | ʃ | x | h |
| ふるえ音 | [ r̥ r] | |||||
| 接近音 | j | w | ||||
| 側面摩擦音 | ɬ | |||||
| 側面接近音 | l |
Symbols in parentheses are either allophones, or found only in loanwords. The sound /z/ occurs only in unassimilated loanwords. The postalveolar affricates /tʃ/ and /dʒ/ occur mainly in loanwords, but also in some dialects as developments from /tj/ and /dj/; the voiceless nasals /m̥/, /n̥/, /ŋ̊/ occur only as a consequence of nasal mutation.
Stress
[編集]Stress in polysyllabic words occurs most commonly on the penultimate syllable, more rarely on the final syllable. According to its positioning, related words or concepts (or even plurals) can sound quite different, as syllables are added to the end of a word and the stress moves correspondingly, e.g.:
ysgrif /ˈəsgriv/ — an article or essay ysgrifen /əsˈgriven/ — writing ysgrifennydd /əsgriˈvenɨð/ — a secretary ysgrifenyddes /əsgriveˈnəðes/ — a female secretary
Note also how adding a syllable to ysgrifennydd to form ysgrifenyddes changes the pronunciation of the second "y". This is because the pronunciation of "y" depends on whether or not it is in the final syllable.