利用者:Namemiso/sandbox/タイ・ルー語

タイ・ルー; Tai Lü;
	ᦅᧄᦺᦑᦟᦹᧉ; Kam Tai Lue
話される国	主:中華人民共和国; 他:ビルマ; ラオス; タイ; ベトナム
創案時期	2000–2013
地域	雲南省
民族	ルー人 (英語版)
話者数	55万人
言語系統	Kradai Tai 南西タイ語 (英語版) 北タイ語タイ・ルー; Tai Lü; ; ; ;
表記体系	ラーンナー文字, タイ文字, 新タイ・ルー文字(英語版)
言語コード
ISO 639-3	khb
Glottolog	luuu1242
Indic script	この項目にはインド系文字があります。環境によっては、フォントをインストールしていても、母音記号の位置が乱れたり結合文字が分かれたりします (詳細)。
	注意: この表にはユニコードで記述されたIPA発音記号が含まれているかもしれません。
	注意: この表にはユニコードで記述されたIPA発音記号が含まれているかもしれません。
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タイ・ルー (Tai Lü: ᦅᧄᦺᦑᦟᦹᧉ, kam tai lue, [kâm.tâj.lɯ̀]) or Tai Lɯ, Tai Lue, Thai Lue, Tai Le; Xishuangbanna Dai (; タイ語: ภาษาไทลื้อ, phasa thai lue, 発音 [pʰāː.sǎː.tʰāj.lɯ́ː]; ベトナム語: Lự or Lữ) is a Tai language of the Lu people, spoken by about 700,000 people in Southeast Asia. This includes 280,000 people in China (Yunnan), 200,000 in Burma, 134,000 in Laos, 83,000 in Thailand, and 4,960 in Vietnam.^[2] The language is similar to other Tai languages and is closely related to Kham Mueang or Tai Yuan, which is also known as Northern Thai language. In Yunnan, it is spoken in all of Xishuangbanna Dai Autonomous Prefecture, as well as Jiangcheng Hani and Yi Autonomous County in Pu'er City.

In Vietnam, Tai Lü speakers are officially recognised as the Lự ethnic minority, although in China they are classified as part of the Dai people, along with speakers of the other Tai languages apart from Zhuang.

音韻論

Tai Lü has 21 syllable-initial consonants, 91 syllable finals and six tones (three different tones in checked syllables, six in syllables).

子音

Initials

		唇音	歯茎音	硬口蓋音	軟口蓋音	声門音
Nasal		[m]	[n]		[ŋ]
Plosive	tenuis	[p]	[t]		[k]	[ʔ]
	aspirated	[pʰ]	[tʰ]
	voiced	[b]	[d]
	labialized				[kʷ]
Affricate			[ts]
Fricative	voiceless	[f]	[s]		[x]	[h]
	voiced	[v]
	labialized				[xʷ]
Approximant			[l]	[j]

The initials [ts]- and s- are palatalised before front vowels which in the language are i, e, and [ɛ] and become [tɕ]- and [ɕ]-, respectively. For example, /tsíŋ/ "hard" and /si᷄p/ "ten" are pronounced as [tɕiŋ˥] and [ɕip˧˥] respectively.

Finals

	唇音	歯茎音	硬口蓋音	軟口蓋音	声門音
鼻音	[m]	[n]		[ŋ]
破裂音	[p]	[t]		[k]	[ʔ]
破擦音	[w]		[j]

Vowels

Front	Central-Back	Back
/i/	/ɨ/~/ɯ/	/u/
/e/	/ə/~/ɤ/	/o/
/ɛ/	/a/ /aː/	/ɔ/

Tones

Contrastive tones in unchecked syllables

The table below presents six phonemic tones in unchecked syllables, i.e. closed syllables ending in sonorant sounds such as [m], [n], [ŋ], [w], and [j] and open syllables. There are six tones for unchecked syllables, although only three are allowed in checked syllables (those ending with -p, -t or -k).

Description	Contour	Transcription	Example	New Tai Lue script	Meaning
high	55	á	/ká/	ᦂᦱ	crow
high rising	35	[a᷄]	/ka᷄/	ᦂᦱᧈ	to go
low rising	13	[a᷅]	/ka᷅/	ᦂᦱᧉ	rice shoots
falling	51	â	/kâ/	ᦅᦱ	to be stuck
mid	33	a (not marked)	/ka/	ᦅᦱᧈ	price
low	11	à	/kà/	ᦅᦱᧉ	to do business

Contrastive tones in checked syllables

The table below presents two phonemic tones in checked syllables, i.e. closed syllables ending in a glottal stop [ʔ] and obstruent sounds which are [p], [t], and [k].

Tone	Example	Phonemic	gloss
high-risinɡ	ᦜᧅ	/la᷄k/	post
mid	ᦟᧅ	/lāk/	steal
high-risinɡ	ᦜᦱᧅ	/la᷄ːk/	differ from others
mid	ᦟᦱᧅ	/lāːk/	draɡ, pull

Grammar

Word order is usually subject–verb–object; modifiers (e.g. adjectives) follow nouns.

Vocabulary

As in Thai and Lao, Tai Lü has borrowed many Sanskrit and Pali words and affixes. Among the Tai languages in general, Tai Lü has limited intelligibility with Shan and Tai Nua and shares much vocabulary with, the other Southwestern Tai languages. Tai Lü has 95% lexical similarity with Northern Thai (Lanna), 86% with Central Thai, 93% with Shan, and 95% with Khun.^[3]

Below, Thai words are shown on the left and Tai Lü language words, written in Thai script, are shown on the right.

Different words

Many words differ from Thai greatly:

ยี่สิบ → ซ่าว (/jîː sìp/ → /sâːw/, twenty)
พูด → อู๋ (/pʰûːt/ → /ʔu᷅ː/, to speak)
พี่ชาย → อ๋าย (/pʰîː tɕʰaːj/ → /ʔa᷅ːj/, older brother)

Similar words

Some words differ in tone only:

หนึ่ง → นึง (/nɯŋ/, one)
หก → ฮก (/hók/, six)
เจ็ด → เจ๊ด (/tɕét/, seven)
สิบ → ซิบ (/síp/, ten)
กิน → กิ๊น (/kín/, to eat)

Some words differ in a single sound and associated tone. In many words, the initial ร (/r/) in Thai is ฮ (/h/) in Tai Lü, as is also the case in Lao and Tai Yuan:

ร้อน → ห่อน (/rɔ́n/ → /hɔ̀n/, hot)
รัก → หัก (/rák/ → /hak/, to love)
รู้ → หู่ (/rúː/ → /hùː/, to know)

Aspirated consonants in the low-class consonant group(อักษรต่ำ /ʔàk sɔ̌n tàm/) become unaspirated:

เชียงราย → เจ้งฮ่าย (/tɕʰiaŋ raːj/ → /tɕêŋ hâːj/, Chiang Rai city and province)
คิด → กึด (/kʰít/ → /kɯt/, to think)
พ่อ → ปอ (/pʰɔ̂/ → /pɔ/, father)
ทาง → ต้าง (/tʰaːŋ/ → /tâːŋ/, way)

(Note that the vowels also differ greatly between Tai Lü and Thai in many words, even though they are etymologically related and share the same root.)

Though many aspirated consonants often become unaspirated, when an unaspirated consonant is followed by ร (/r/) the unaspirated consonant becomes aspirated:

ประเทศ → ผะเตด (/praʔtʰêːt/ → /pʰaʔtêːt/, country)

Other differences:

ให้ → หือ (/hâj/ → /hɯ᷅/, to give, let)

Numbers

1	2	3	4	5	6	7	8	9	10	100	10,000	100,000	1,000,000
[nɯŋ]	[sɔ́ŋ]	[sám]	[si᷄ː]	[ha᷅ː]	[hók]	[tɕét]	[pɛ᷄t]	[ka᷅w]	[síp]	[hɔ̀i]	[mɯ᷄n]	[sɛ́n]	[làn]

Writing systems

Tai Lü is written in three different alphabets. One is Fak Kham script, a variety of Thai script of Sukhottai. The second is Tham script and was reformed in the 1950s, but is still in use and has recently regained government support. The new alphabet is a simplified version of the old script.

Fak Kham

An ancient script, also used in Kengtung, Northern Thailand and Northern Laos centuries ago.

Tham

Tham script is called 老傣文 lao dai wen (Old Tai script) in China. Readable by the most people and used in Burma, Laos, Thailand and Vietnam.

New Tai Lü

New Tai Lü is a modernisation of the Lanna alphabet (also known as Tai Tham script), similar to the Thai alphabet, and consists of 42 initial consonant signs (21 high-tone class, 21 low-tone class), seven final consonant signs, 16 vowel signs, two tone letters and one vowel shortening letter (or syllable-final glottal stop). Vowels signs can be placed before or after the syllable initial consonant.

Similar to the Thai alphabet, the pronunciation of the tone of a syllable depends on the class the initial consonant belongs to, syllable structure and vowel length, and the tone mark.

Unicode range ("New Tai Lue"): U+1980 – U+19DF

Related varieties

The Bajia people (八甲人), who number 1,106 individuals in Mengkang Village (勐康村), Meng'a Town (勐阿镇), Menghai County, Yunnan, speak a language closely related to Tai Lü.^[4] There are 225 Bajia people living in Jingbo Township 景播乡, Menghai County (You 2013:270).^[5] The Bajia are also known as the Chinese Dai 汉傣.

脚注

^ Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin et al., eds (2016). “Lu”. Glottolog 2.7. Jena: Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History
^ http://www.ethnologue.com/show_language.asp?code=khb
^ 引用エラー: 無効な <ref> タグです。「e18」という名前の注釈に対するテキストが指定されていません
^ http://www.baike.com/wiki/%E5%85%AB%E7%94%B2%E8%AF%AD
^ You Weiqiong [尤伟琼]. 2013. Classifying ethnic groups of Yunnan [云南民族识别研究]. Beijing: Ethnic Publishing House [民族出版社].

Dāo Shìxūn 刀世勋: Dǎi-Hàn cídiǎn 傣汉词典 (Dai–Chinese Dictionary; Kunming, Yúnnán mínzú chūbǎnshè 云南民族出版社 2002). This is a dictionary of Tai Lü in unreformed spelling.
Yu Cuirong (喻翠荣), Luo Meizhen (罗美珍): Daile-Han cidian 傣仂汉词典 (Tai Lü - Chinese Dictionary; Beijing, Minzu chubanshe 2004).
Hanna, William J: Dai Lue-English Dictionary ; Chiang Mai: Silkworm Books. 2012. ISBN 978-6162150319

外部リンク

[Glottolog-1] Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin et al., eds (2016). “Lu”. Glottolog 2.7. Jena: Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History

[ethnologue-2] ttp://www.ethnologue.com/show_language.asp?code=khb

[e18-3] 引用エラー: 無効な <ref> タグです。「e18」という名前の注釈に対するテキストが指定されていません

[4] ttp://www.baike.com/wiki/%E5%85%AB%E7%94%B2%E8%AF%AD

[You2013-5] You Weiqiong [尤伟琼]. 2013. Classifying ethnic groups of Yunnan [云南民族识别研究]. Beijing: Ethnic Publishing House [民族出版社].

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音韻論

子音