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利用者:Akira YL/sandbox/トラウマトリガー

トラウマトリガーとは、過去に経験した心的外傷（トラウマ）の記憶を呼び起こすきっかけとなる心理学的な刺激。過去のトラウマを刺激するトリガー（引き金）は、過去の体験と類似した状況など、直接的な場合もあれば、匂いや洋服などのように間接的にトラウマを思い起こすことでフラッシュバックを引き起こす場合もある[1]。

フラッシュバックとは、過去の体験の記憶が、後に強烈に突如思い出され、多くの場合はその強烈さから過去の記憶としてではなく、再体験しているかのように感じる心理学的な現象を指す[2]。


トリガーは些細な場合もあり、安易には予期できない場合もある[3][4]。 トラウマトリガーはトラウマ関連刺激[5]やトラウマ想起刺激[6]などとも呼ばれる。

過去のトラウマ体験を想起させるトリガーを避けようとする行動は、PTSDの典型的な症状の一つとして知られる。トリガーは、強烈な精神症状や身体症状を引き起こすこともあるが、治療によって緩和することができる[7]。適切な治療をせずに長期的にトリガーを避け続けることはPTSDの慢性化を引き起こす可能性がある[8] 。トラウマを想起させる刺激を特定し、認識することはPTSDの治療において重要だと考えられている[9]。

Avoiding a trauma trigger is a classic behavioral symptom of (PTSD), a treatable and usually temporary condition in which people sometimes experience overwhelming emotional or physical symptoms when something reminds them of, or "triggers" the memory of, a traumatic event. Long-term avoidance of triggers increases the likelihood that the affected person will develop a disabling level of PTSD. Identifying and addressing trauma triggers is an important part of treating PTSD.[9]

トリガー警告とは、本や映画などのメディアの内容にトラウマを想起させる可能性のあるトリガーが含まれる場合に、提示する警告文のことを指す。

A trigger warning is a message presented to an audience about the contents of a book or other media, to warn them that it contains potentially distressing content.

Recent evidence supports the view that trigger warnings are not helpful for trauma survivors, but instead countertherapeutically reinforce survivors’ view of their trauma as central to their identity. [10]

Triggers

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The trigger can be anything that provokes fear or distressing memories in the affected person, and which the affected person associates with a traumatic experience. Some common triggers are:

  • certain times of day[8][11] – for example, sunset or sunrise[1]
  • certain times of year or specific dates – for example, autumn weather that resembles the affected person's experience of the weather during the September 11 attacks[12], or the anniversary of a traumatic experience[9]
  • sights[11] – for example, a fallen tree or a light shining at a particular angle[9]
  • places[8] – for example, a bathroom, or all bathrooms[13]
  • a person,[11] especially a person who was present during a traumatic event or resembles someone involved in that event in some respect[8]
  • an argument[8]
  • a particular odor[8][11] – such as freshly mown grass, the fragrance of an aftershave product, or perfume[9]
  • a particular taste[9] – such as the food eaten during or shortly before a traumatic experience
  • a particular sound[8][11] – such as a helicopter or a song[1]
  • a particular texture[1][12]
  • a sensation on the skin[9] – such as the feeling of a wristwatch resembling the feeling of handcuffs, or sexual touching for victims of sexual assault[9]
  • the position of the body[14]
  • physical pain[9][14]
  • emotions – such as feeling overwhelmed, vulnerable, or not in control[1][12]
  • a particular situation – for example, being in a crowded place[1]

The trigger is usually personal and specific. However, it need not be closely related to the actual experience. For example, after the Gulf War, some Israelis experienced the sound of an accelerating motorbike as a trigger, which they associated with the sound of sirens they heard during the war, even though the resemblance between the two sounds is limited.[15]

It has been suggested that the realistic portrayal of graphic violence in visual media may expose some affected people to triggers while watching movies or television.[1][16]

Trigger warnings

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曖昧さ回避 この項目では、Trigger warning (disambiguation)について説明しています。Trigger warning (disambiguation)のその他の用法については「利用者:Akira YL/sandbox/トラウマトリガー (曖昧さ回避)」をご覧ください。

Trigger warnings are warnings that a work contains writing, images, or concepts that may be distressing to some people.[17] The term and concept originated at feminist websites that were discussing violence against women, and then spread to other areas, such as print media and university courses.[17] Although it is widely recognized that any sight, sound, smell, taste, touch, feeling or sensation could be a trigger, trigger warnings are most commonly presented on a relatively narrow range of material, especially content about sexual abuse and mental illness (such as suicide, eating disorders, and self-injury).[18]

In cautioning university faculty against the widespread use of trigger warnings, Richard McNally, a professor of psychology at Harvard University, noted that "Trigger warnings are designed to help survivors avoid reminders of their trauma, thereby preventing emotional discomfort. Yet avoidance reinforces PTSD. Conversely, systematic exposure to triggers and the memories they provoke is the most effective means of overcoming the disorder."[19] Similarly, Metin Basoglu, a psychiatrist specializing in trauma research, said that "instead of encouraging a culture of avoidance, [the media] should be encouraging exposure. Most trauma victims avoid situations that remind them of the experience. Avoidance means helplessness and helplessness means depression. That's not good."[20] Similarly, clinical psychologist Edna Foa has cautioned that, "If we act as though they cannot handle distressing ideas, we communicate the unhelpful message that they are not strong".[21] Psychologist Darby Saxbe has warned that trigger warnings “send the message that language itself is going to damage you, and that’s simply not true”.[21]

In a study directly assessing the effects of the provision of trigger warnings, it was found that, among people who were not currently experiencing effects of trauma, the provision of trigger warnings somewhat increased the participants' anxiety after reading a passage of text that included potentially disturbing content, but only for those who endorsed the belief that words can cause psychological harm. The warnings also reduced the participants' perception of their own and other people's natural psychological resilience (the idea that, despite the near-universality of traumatic experiences and the potential of a short-term acute stress reaction, the person experiencing trauma will be okay in the end).[22] A second study[10]similarly found no evidence that trigger warnings were helpful for trauma survivors, for participants who self-reported a posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) diagnosis, or for participants who qualified for probable PTSD, while substantial evidence was found that trigger warnings countertherapeutically reinforce survivors’ view of their trauma as central to their identity (consistent with previous evidence that a low belief in personal psychological resilience is a risk factor for developing PTSD in the future.[22]).

Journalist and novelist Jay Caspian Kang accused these warnings of "reducing a work of literature to its ugliest plot points".[23] Amanda Marcotte criticized trigger warnings as "less about preventive mental health care and more about social signaling of liberal credentials"[24]

In higher education

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The American Association of University Professors has issued a report critical of trigger warnings in university contexts, stating that "The presumption that students need to be protected rather than challenged in a classroom is at once infantilizing and anti-intellectual."[25] Angus Johnston, a history professor of American student activism and social movements at the City University of New York, said that trigger warnings can be a part of "sound pedagogy", noting that students encountering potentially triggering material are "coming to it as whole people with a wide range of experiences, and that the journey we're going on together may at times be painful. It's not coddling them to acknowledge that. In fact, it's just the opposite."[26] Joan Bertin, director of the National Coalition Against Censorship has argued that " trigger warnings are counterproductive to the educational process".

In 2014, students at UC Santa Barbara passed a resolution in support of mandatory trigger warnings for classes that could contain potentially upsetting material. Professors would be required to alert students of such material and allow them to skip classes that could make them feel uncomfortable.[18] A professor at Texas A&M University argues "the purpose of trigger warnings is not to cause students to avoid traumatic content, but to prepare them for it, and in extreme circumstances to provide alternate modes of learning."[27]

In 2016, the University of Chicago sent a letter welcoming new undergraduates; affirming its commitment to diversity, civility, and respect; and informing them the college's "commitment to academic freedom means we do not support so-called 'trigger warnings'," do not cancel controversial speakers, and do not "condone the creation of intellectual 'safe spaces' where individuals can retreat from thoughts and ideas at odds with their own".[28][29]

See also

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ウィクショナリーに関連の辞書項目があります。

References

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  1. ^ a b c d e f g “Post traumatic stress disorder (PTSD)”. vvaa.org.au. Vietnam Veterans Association of Australia (2015年). 2021年2月17日閲覧。
  2. ^ Brewin, C.; Gregory, J.; Lipton, M. & Burgess, N. (2010). “Intrusive Images in Psychological Disorders: Characteristics, Neural Mechanisms, and Treatment Implications”. Psychological Review 117 (1): 210–232. doi:10.1037/a0018113. PMC 2834572. PMID 20063969. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2834572/. 
  3. ^ Kolk, Bessel van der (1994). “The body keeps the score: memory and the evolving psychobiology of posttraumatic stress”. Harvard Review of Psychiatry (Lippincott Williams & Wilkins) 1 (5): 253–65. doi:10.3109/10673229409017088. PMID 9384857. http://www.trauma-pages.com/a/vanderk4.php. 
  4. ^ Staff writer (2015年). “Post traumatic stress disorders in rape survivors”. survive.org.uk. UK: Survive. 16 October 2015時点のオリジナルよりアーカイブ。 Template:Cite webの呼び出しエラー：引数 accessdate は必須です。
  5. ^ 松本, 昇「PTSD の記憶障害――意図的想起と無意図的想起における問題とその介入」『心理学評論』第58巻第4号、2015年、451-484頁。 
  6. ^ 金, 吉晴「PTSDの概念とDSM-5に向けて」『精神経誌』第114巻第9号、2012年。 
  7. ^ Foa, Edna B.; Keane, Terence M.; Friedman, Matthew J.; Cohen, Judith A. (2008-10-24) (英語). Effective Treatments for PTSD, Second Edition: Practice Guidelines from the International Society for Traumatic Stress Studies. Guilford Press. pp. 274. ISBN 9781606237922. https://books.google.com/books?id=MFyEg007YEIC 
  8. ^ a b c d e f g Lahad, Mooli; Doron, Miki (2010) (英語). Protocol for Treatment of Post Traumatic Stress Disorder: SEE FAR CBT Model : Beyond Cognitive Behavior Therapy. IOS Press. pp. 18–19. ISBN 9781607505747. https://books.google.com/books?id=4iFlPSVxmqcC&pg=PA18 
  9. ^ a b c d e f g h i Goulston, Mark (2011-02-09) (英語). Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder For Dummies. John Wiley & Sons. pp. 39–41. ISBN 9781118050903. https://books.google.com/books?id=BlHgzUBOzbEC&pg=PA40 
  10. ^ a b Jones, Payton; Bellett, Benjamin; McNally, Richard (2020). “Helping or Harming? The Effect of Trigger Warnings on Individuals With Trauma Histories”. Clinical Psychological Science 8. doi:10.1177/2167702620921341. https://osf.io/download/5d25f79f1c5b4a001c9d1868/. 
  11. ^ a b c d e Foa, Edna B.; Keane, Terence M.; Friedman, Matthew J.; Cohen, Judith A. (2008-10-24) (英語). Effective Treatments for PTSD, Second Edition: Practice Guidelines from the International Society for Traumatic Stress Studies. Guilford Press. pp. 107. ISBN 9781606237922. https://books.google.com/books?id=MFyEg007YEIC&pg=PA107 
  12. ^ a b c Cori, Jasmin Lee (2007) (英語). Healing from Trauma: A Survivor's Guide to Understanding Your Symptoms and Reclaiming Your Life. Da Capo Press. pp. 30. ISBN 9781600940613. https://books.google.com/books?id=D3XB0b_l2q0C&pg=PA30 
  13. ^ Foa, Edna B.; Keane, Terence M.; Friedman, Matthew J.; Cohen, Judith A. (2008-10-24) (英語). Effective Treatments for PTSD, Second Edition: Practice Guidelines from the International Society for Traumatic Stress Studies. Guilford Press. pp. 224. ISBN 9781606237922. https://books.google.com/books?id=MFyEg007YEIC&pg=PA224 
  14. ^ a b Follette, Victoria M.; Briere, John; Rozelle, Deborah; Hopper, James W.; Rome, David I. (2017-09-28) (英語). Mindfulness-Oriented Interventions for Trauma: Integrating Contemplative Practices. Guilford Publications. pp. 304. ISBN 9781462533848. https://books.google.com/books?id=y20sDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA304 
  15. ^ Lahad, Mooli; Doron, Miki (2010) (英語). Protocol for Treatment of Post Traumatic Stress Disorder: SEE FAR CBT Model : Beyond Cognitive Behavior Therapy. IOS Press. pp. 9. ISBN 9781607505747. https://books.google.com/books?id=4iFlPSVxmqcC&pg=PA9 
  16. ^ Ephron, Dan (1 October 2006). “Battlefield flashbacks”. Newsweek (Newsweek LLC). http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_kmnew/is_200610/ai_n16942632 20 December 2007閲覧。 [リンク切れ]
  17. ^ a b “Trigger warnings: What do they do?”. Ouch blog (BBC). (25 February 2014). https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/blogs-ouch-26295437 25 February 2014閲覧。 
  18. ^ a b Jarvie, Jenny (3 March 2014). “Trigger happy”. The New Republic (Chris Hughes). https://newrepublic.com/article/116842/trigger-warnings-have-spread-blogs-college-classes-thats-bad 
  19. ^ McNally, Richard (20 May 2014). “Hazards Ahead: The Problem with Trigger Warnings, According to the Research: Five studies you should read before you deploy a trigger warning.”. Pacific Standard. https://psmag.com/education/hazards-ahead-problem-trigger-warnings-according-research-81946 7 August 2018閲覧。. 
  20. ^ Waters, Florence (4 October 2014). “Trigger warnings: more harm than good?”. The Telegraph (Telegraph Media Group). https://www.telegraph.co.uk/culture/books/11106670/Trigger-warnings-more-harm-than-good.html 4 February 2016閲覧。 
  21. ^ a b Waldman, Katy (2016年9月5日). “The Trapdoor of Trigger Words” (英語). Slate. ISSN 1091-2339. http://www.slate.com/articles/double_x/cover_story/2016/09/what_science_can_tell_us_about_trigger_warnings.html 2020年2月14日閲覧。 
  22. ^ a b Bellet, Benjamin W.; Jones, Payton J.; McNally, Richard J. (2018). “Trigger warning: Empirical evidence ahead”. Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry 61: 134–141. doi:10.1016/j.jbtep.2018.07.002. ISSN 0005-7916. PMID 30077703. 
  23. ^ Caspian Kang, Jay (May 2014). “Trigger warnings and the novelists mind”. The New Yorker (Condé Nast). http://www.newyorker.com/online/blogs/books/2014/05/trigger-warnings-and-the-novelists-mind.html 
  24. ^ Marcotte, Amanda (2015年5月21日). “Why Are People So Triggered by Trigger Warnings?” (英語). Slate Magazine. 2020年2月14日閲覧。
  25. ^ “On Trigger Warnings”. American Association of University Professors (August 2014). Template:Cite webの呼び出しエラー：引数 accessdate は必須です。
  26. ^ Johnston, Angus (May 2014). “Trigger warnings: a professor explains why he's pro-trigger warnings”. Slate (The Slate Group). オリジナルの2014年10月6日時点におけるアーカイブ。. https://web.archive.org/web/20141006092924/http://www.slate.com/articles/life/inside_higher_ed/2014/05/hostos_community_college_professor_angus_johnston_explains_why_trigger_warnings.2.html 2014年9月30日閲覧。 
  27. ^ Lockhart, Elanor Amaranth (28 Sep 2016). “Why trigger warnings are beneficial, perhaps even necessary”. First Amendment Studies 50 (2): 59–69. doi:10.1080/21689725.2016.1232623. 
  28. ^ University Of Chicago Tells Freshmen It Does Not Support 'Trigger Warnings'
  29. ^ Students were directed to https://freeexpression.uchicago.edu/ for more information.
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