利用者:Akira YL/sandbox
忘備録・特集
- リリアン・フェダマン『レズビアンの歴史』富岡 明美 (翻訳), 原 美奈子 (翻訳)、筑摩書房、1996年。ISBN 4-480-85733-8。OCLC 675221947。
- ジェローム・ポーレン『LGBTヒストリーブック 絶対に諦めなかった人々の100年の闘い』北丸雄二 (翻訳)、サウザンブックス社、2019年。ISBN 4909125183。
- ジュディス・バトラー『ジェンダー・トラブル―フェミニズムとアイデンティティの攪乱』竹村 和子 (翻訳)、青土社、1999年。ISBN 4791757033。
美輪明宏
トランスジェンダーに関する用語の偏移
[編集]コロンビア大学の精神科医、ジョン・F・オリヴァンが1965年に出版した医療専門家用マニュアルで「トランスジェンダー」という用語を使ったものがはじめとされている[1]。その中で、一次性のトランスヴェスタイティズムにセクシュアリティは重要ではないことから、「トランスセクシュアリズム」は用語としては誤解を招き、トランスジェンダリズムと称するのが語意に沿っているとした[注 1][2][3]。
トランスジェンダーという用語はトランスジェンダー、トランスセクシャル、トランスヴェスタイトのコミュニティで使われ始め、1969年にはヴァージニア・プリンスが自身の発刊した全米流通の雑誌で使用した。1970年代半ばには、
Evolution of terminology
[編集]Psychiatrist John F. Oliven of Columbia University coined the term transgender in his 1965 reference work Sexual Hygiene and Pathology,[1] writing that the term which had previously been used, transsexualism, "is misleading; actually, 'transgenderism' is meant, because sexuality is not a major factor in primary transvestism."[2][3] The term transgender was then popularized with varying definitions by various transgender, transsexual, and transvestite people, including Virginia Prince,[4] who used it in the December 1969 issue of Transvestia, a national magazine for cross dressers she founded.[5] By the mid-1970s both trans-gender and trans people were in use as umbrella terms,[note 1] and transgenderist was used to refer to people who wanted to live cross-gender without sex reassignment surgery (SRS).[6] By 1976, transgenderist was abbreviated as TG in educational materials.[7]
By 1984, the concept of a "transgender community" had developed, in which transgender was used as an umbrella term.[8] In 1985, Richard Elkins established the "Trans-Gender Archive" at the University of Ulster.[5] By 1992, the International Conference on Transgender Law and Employment Policy defined transgender as an expansive umbrella term including "transsexuals, transgenderists, cross dressers", and anyone transitioning.[9] Leslie Feinberg's pamphlet, "Transgender Liberation: A Movement Whose Time has Come", circulated in 1992, identified transgender as a term to unify all forms of gender nonconformity; in this way transgender has become synonymous with queer.[10]
Between the mid-1990s and the early 2000s, the primary terms used under the transgender umbrella were "female to male" (FtM) for men who transitioned from female to male, and "male to female" (MtF) for women who transitioned from male to female. These terms have now been superseded by "trans man" and "trans woman", respectively, and the terms "trans-masculine" or "trans-feminine" are increasingly in use.[11] This shift in preference from terms highlighting biological sex ("transsexual", "FtM") to terms highlighting gender identity and expression ("transgender", "trans woman") reflects a broader shift in the understanding of transgender people's sense of self and the increasing recognition of those who decline medical reassignment as part of the transgender community.[11]
Health-practitioner manuals, professional journalistic style guides, and LGBT advocacy groups advise the adoption by others of the name and pronouns identified by the person in question, including present references to the transgender person's past.[12][13] Many also note that transgender should be used as an adjective, not a noun (for example, "Max is transgender" or "Max is a transgender man", not "Max is a transgender"), and that transgender should be used, not transgendered.[14][15][16]
In contrast, people whose sense of personal identity corresponds to the sex and gender assigned to them at birth – that is, those who are neither transgender nor non-binary or genderqueer – are called cisgender.[17]
その他参考
[編集]性別違和を有する者の性別移行と心理的成長に関する研究
Ref
[編集]- ^ a b Oliven, John F. (1965) (英語). Sexual hygiene and pathology: a manual for the physician and the professions. Lippincott
- ^ a b c Oliven, John F. (1965). “Sexual Hygiene and Pathology”. The American Journal of the Medical Sciences 250 (2): 235. doi:10.1097/00000441-196508000-00054.: "Where the compulsive urge reaches beyond female vestments, and becomes an urge for gender ("sex") change, transvestism becomes "transsexualism." The term is misleading; actually, "transgenderism" is what is meant, because sexuality is not a major factor in primary transvestism. Psychologically, the transsexual often differs from the simple cross-dresser; he is conscious at all times of a strong desire to be a woman, and the urge can be truly consuming.", p. 514
- ^ a b Rawson, K. J.; Williams, Cristan (2014). “Transgender: The Rhetorical Landscape of a term”. Present Tense: A Journal of Rhetoric in Society 3 (2). オリジナルの2017-05-15時点におけるアーカイブ。 2017年5月18日閲覧。.
- ^ 引用エラー: 無効な
<ref>タグです。「Bevan」という名前の注釈に対するテキストが指定されていません - ^ a b Elkins, Richard; King, Dave (2006). The Transgender Phenomenon. Sage. pp. 13–14. ISBN 978-0-7619-7163-4. オリジナルの2015-09-26時点におけるアーカイブ。
- ^ Stryker, S. (2004), "... lived full-time in a social role not typically associated with their natal sex, but who did not resort to genital surgery as a means of supporting their gender presentation ..." in Transgender Archived 2006-03-21 at the Wayback Machine. from the GLBTQ: an encyclopedia of gay, lesbian, bisexual, transgender and queer culture. Retrieved 2007-04-10.
- ^ The Radio Times (1979: 2 June)
- ^ Peo, TV-TS Tapestry Board of Advisors, Roger E. (1984年). “The 'Origins' and 'Cures' for Transgender Behavior”. The TV-TS Tapestry (2). オリジナルの7 April 2012時点におけるアーカイブ。 28 May 2012閲覧。
- ^ “First International Conference on Transgender Law and Employment Policy (1992)”. organizational pamphlet. ICTLEP/ (1992年). 30 March 2012時点のオリジナルよりアーカイブ。28 May 2012閲覧。 “Transgendered persons include transsexuals, transgenderists, and other crossdressers of both sexes, transitioning in either direction (male to female or female to male), of any sexual orientation, and of all races, creeds, religions, ages, and degrees of physical impediment.”
- ^ Stryker, Susan. "Transgender History, Homonormativity, and Disciplinarity". Radical History Review, Vol. 2008, No. 100. (Winter 2008), pp. 145–157
- ^ a b Myers, Alex (14 May 2018). “Trans Terminology Seems Like It's Changing All the Time. And That's a Good Thing.” (英語). Slate Magazine. オリジナルの15 May 2018時点におけるアーカイブ。 15 May 2018閲覧。
- ^ Glicksman, Eve (April 2013). “Transgender terminology: It's complicated”. Vol 44, No. 4: American Psychological Association. p. 39. 2013年9月25日時点のオリジナルよりアーカイブ。2013年9月17日閲覧。 “Use whatever name and gender pronoun the person prefers”
- ^ “Meeting the Health Care Needs of Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, and Transgender (LGBT) People: The End to LGBT Invisibility” (PowerPoint Presentation). The Fenway Institute. p. 24. 2013年10月20日時点のオリジナルよりアーカイブ。2013年9月17日閲覧。 “Use the pronoun that matches the person's gender identity”
- ^ Gay and Lesbian Alliance Against Defamation. "GLAAD's Transgender Resource Page" Archived 2012-10-06 at the Wayback Machine., "GLAAD", USA. Retrieved 2011-02-24. "Problematic: "transgendered". Preferred: transgender. The adjective transgender should never have an extraneous "-ed" tacked onto the end. An "-ed" suffix adds unnecessary length to the word and can cause tense confusion and grammatical errors. It also brings transgender into alignment with lesbian, gay, and bisexual. You would not say that Elton John is "gayed" or Ellen DeGeneres is "lesbianed," therefore you would not say Chaz Bono is "transgendered."
- ^ Dan Savage, Savage Love: Gayed, Blacked, Transgendered (Creative Loafing, 11 January 2014) Archived 25 January 2016 at the Wayback Machine.
- ^ Guardian and Observer style guide Archived 2017-07-09 at the Wayback Machine.: use transgender [...] only as an adjective: transgender person, trans person; never "transgendered person" or "a transgender"
- ^ “New words notes June 2015”. Oxford English Dictionary. Oxford University Press. 14 August 2015時点のオリジナルよりアーカイブ。2 August 2015閲覧。
- ^ 英: "[transsexualism] is misleading; actually, 'transgenderism' is meant, because sexuality is not a major factor in primary transvestism."[2]
- ^ *In April 1970, TV Guide published an article which referenced a post-operative transsexual movie character as being "transgendered."(“Sunday Highlights”. TV Guide. (April 26, 1970). オリジナルの4 June 2012時点におけるアーカイブ。 28 May 2012閲覧. "[R]aquel Welch (left), moviedom's sex queen soon to be seen as the heroine/hero of Gore Vidal's transgendered "Myra Breckinridge"...")
- In the 1974 edition of Clinical Sexuality: A Manual for the Physician and the Professions, transgender was used as an umbrella term and the Conference Report from the 1974 "National TV.TS Conference" held in Leeds, West Yorkshire, UK used "trans-gender" and "trans.people" as umbrella terms.(Oliven, John F. (1974). Clinical sexuality: A Manual for the Physician and the Professions (3rd ed.). University of Michigan (digitized Aug 2008): Lippincott. pp. 110, 484–487. ISBN 978-0-397-50329-2. オリジナルの2015-12-05時点におけるアーカイブ。. ""Transgender deviance" p 110, "Transgender research" p 484, "transgender deviates" p 485, Transvestites not welcome at "Transgender Center" p 487"), (2006). The Transgender Phenomenon (Elkins, Richard; King, Dave (2006). The Transgender Phenomenon. Sage. p. 13. ISBN 978-0-7619-7163-4. オリジナルの2015-09-26時点におけるアーカイブ。)
- However A Practical Handbook of Psychiatry (1974) references "transgender surgery" noting, "The transvestite rarely seeks transgender surgery, since the core of his perversion is an attempt to realize the fantasy of a phallic woman."(Novello, Joseph R. (1974). A Practical Handbook of Psychiatry. University of Michigan, digitized August 2008: C. C. Thomas. p. 176. ISBN 978-0-398-02868-8. オリジナルの2015-09-19時点におけるアーカイブ。)