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利用者:加藤勝憲/郵便料金計器

フランキングは、郵便サービスを受ける資格を有するあらゆる種類の郵便物に適用されるすべての装置、マーキング、またはそれらの組み合わせ（「フランクス」）から構成されます。フランキングの種類には、消印のない郵便切手と消印のある郵便切手（粘着式と郵便用箋に印刷されたものの両方）、郵便料金計器で貼る印影（いわゆる「郵便料金証明システム」）、公用「ペナルティ」フランクス、ビジネス返信郵便（BRM）、その他の許可印（Indicia）、原稿とファクシミリの「フランキング特権」署名、「軍人郵便」マーキング、その他世界郵便連合加盟国の郵便当局が認めた形式がある[1]。

Franking comprises all devices, markings, or combinations thereof ("franks") applied to mails of any class which qualifies them to be postally serviced. Types of franks include uncanceled and precanceled postage stamps (both adhesive and printed on postal stationery), impressions applied via postage meter (via so-called "postage evidencing systems"), official use "Penalty" franks, Business Reply Mail (BRM), and other permit Imprints (Indicia), manuscript and facsimile "franking privilege" signatures, "soldier's mail" markings, and any other forms authorized by the 192 postal administrations that are members of the Universal Postal Union.[1]

種類と使用方法

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An 1832 stampless single-sheet "Liverpool Ship Letter" pen franked "Paid 5" by a U.S. postal clerk in Philadelphia, PA

郵便サービスを受けるために郵便物に貼付される切手やその他の印はすべてフランキングであるが、すべての種類や種類の郵便物にすべての種類や方法のフランキングが行われるわけではない。万国郵便連合（UPU）に加盟する192カ国[3]の郵便制度は、自国の郵便制度に適用されるフランキングの具体的な方法や基準を定め、規制している[2]。万国郵便連合（UPU）に加盟する192カ国[3]の郵便制度が自国の郵便物にフランクを付ける方法を適用し、規制する方法には違いがあるが、ほとんどの郵便物の種類は、以下の4つの主要な種類のいずれか（場合によってはそれ以上）に分類される。

While all affixed postage stamps and other markings applied to mail to qualify it for postal service is franking, not all types and methods are used to frank all types or classes of mails. Each of the world's national and other postal administrations establishes and regulates the specific methods and standards of franking as they apply to domestic operations within their own postal systems.[2] Although there are differences in the manner that the postal systems of the 192 nations[3] that belong to the Universal Postal Union (UPU) apply and regulate the way their mails are franked, most mail types fall under one (and sometimes more) of four major types and/or methods of franking: postage (stamps, etc.), privilege, official business, and business reply mail.

Modern postal clerk script franking with CDS (Ukraine)

これらの様々な郵便規則および／または慣行の相違に起因する、複数の行政機関によってサービ スされる郵便タイプのフランキングに影響するあらゆる紛争は、国際郵便交換の規則と技術基準を定 める国連の専門機関であるUPUによって調停される。UPUは、国際郵便の送達と交換を可能にするため、加盟国の郵便制度の規制（フランキングに関するものも含む）の適用を調整する。1874年にUPUが設立される以前は、世界の郵便事業が国際郵便物を発送する際に、発送国のフランキングのみを付けることに世界的に合意するまでは、国際郵便物に混合フランキング（複数の国のフランキングを付けること）が付けられることがあった。

Any and all conflicts that might arise affecting the franking of mail types serviced by multiple administrations which result from differences in these various postal regulations and/or practices are mediated by the UPU, a specialized agency of the United Nations which sets the rules and technical standards for international mail exchanges.[4][5] The UPU co-ordinates the application of the regulations of postal systems of its member nations, including as they relate to franking, to permit the servicing and exchange of international mail.[6] Prior to the establishment of the UPU in 1874, international mails sometimes bore mixed franking (the application of franking of more than one country) before the world's postal services universally agreed to deliver international mails bearing only the franking of the country of origin.

Postage (stamps, etc)

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1840 (UK)
Postally franked German Air Mail cover (Berlin-Buenos Aires via D-LZ127 Graf Zeppelin (1934))

「郵便」フランキングとは、郵便切手、または郵便制度もしくはサービスを提供する制度が認め、受 け入れているその他の印を物理的に貼り付けることである。1840年（「ペニー・ブラック」）と1841年（「ペニー・レッド」）に英国で世界初の郵便切手が導入される以前は、プリペイド・フランキングは、原稿または手書きスタンプによる「Paid」の表示と徴収された料金額によってのみ適用されていた[7]。米国初の切手は、1847年に発行された赤茶色の5セント・フランクリン（SC-1）である。

"Postage" franking is the physical application and presence of postage stamps, or any other markings recognized and accepted by the postal system or systems providing service, which indicate the payment of sufficient fees for the class of service which the item of mail is to be or had been afforded. Prior to the introduction to the world's first postage stamps in Britain in 1840 ("Penny Black") and 1841 ("Penny Red"), pre-paid franking was applied exclusively by a manuscript or handstamped "Paid" marking and the amount of the fee collected.[7] The first US postage stamp was the red brown Five cent Franklin (SC-1) issued in 1847.

1847 (US)
Machine printed postal frank (India)

切手に加えて、郵便料金のフランキングは、認可された形式で作成され、フランキング・マシーン、 郵便料金メーター、コンピュータ生成されたフランキング・ラベル、またはその他の類似の方法（「郵便料金証 明システム」）[8]によって直接貼付される印刷またはスタンプの印影、郵便サービスの許可証によっ て認可されたあらゆる形式の印刷済み「郵便料金支払い済み」通知（「Indicia」）[9]、または適切な料金の前払い の証明として郵便サービスによって認められ、その規則によって指定されたその他のマーキング方法の 形態とすることができる。ポスタル・フランキングには、「Postage Due」切手や、配達時に徴収されるべき郵便料金の不足分や不足分を指定する郵便事業によって貼付されるマーキングも含まれる[10]。2013年に導入されたオランダのPostzegelcodesのように、差出人が郵便物に手書きできるワンタイムコードをオンラインで購入できる国もある[11]。

In addition to stamps, postage franking can be in the form of printed or stamped impressions made in an authorized format and applied directly by a franking machine, postage meter, computer generated franking labels or other similar methods ("Postage Evidencing Systems"),[8] any form of preprinted "postage paid" notice authorized by a postal service permit ("Indicia"),[9] or any other marking method accepted by the postal service and specified by its regulations, as proof of the prepayment of the appropriate fees. Postal franking also includes "Postage Due" stamps or markings affixed by a postal service which designate any amount of insufficient or omitted postage fees to be collected on delivery.[10]

Some countries allow senders to purchase one-time codes online that can be hand-written onto the piece of mail, such as the Netherlands' Postzegelcodes introduced in 2013.[11]

Franking privilege

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Machine cancelled U.S. Congressional frank

「特権」フランキングとは、特定の政府高官（特に議員）や、法律または郵便規則で指定された「フランキン グ特権」を有する人物[12]の直筆署名または印刷されたファクシミリ署名をいう。これにより、郵便切手を貼らずに書簡や小包を送ることができる。米国では、これは「議会フランク」と呼ばれ、「公務」郵便にのみ使用できる[13][14]。

"Privilege" franking is a personally pen-signed or printed facsimile signature of a person[12] with a "franking privilege" such as certain government officials (especially legislators) and others designated by law or Postal Regulations. This allows the letter or other parcel to be sent without the application of a postage stamp. In the United States this is called the "Congressional frank" which can only be used for "Official Business" mail.[13][14]

WWI pen franked "Soldier Mail"

この種のフランキング特権に加え、時折（特に戦時中）、政府および／または郵便当局は、現役 の軍属やその他の指定された個人に対し、有料の郵便フランキングの代わりに、郵便物に「無料」ま たは「兵隊郵便」（またはそれに相当するもの）と書くか、適切な無料のフランキング付き郵便用箋を使 用することにより、無料で郵便物を送ることを認めている。米国では、別段の指定がない限り、このような郵便物は、軍と民間の郵便システムの両方がファーストクラスの書簡郵便として受け付けている。

In addition to this type of franking privilege, from time to time (especially during wartimes) governments and/or postal administrations also authorize active duty service members and other designated individuals to send mail for free by writing "Free" or "Soldier's Mail" (or equivalent) on the item of mail in lieu of paid postal franking, or by using appropriate free franked postal stationery. In the United States, unless otherwise designated, such mail is serviced by both the military and civil postal systems that accept them as First Class letter mail.[15]

"Official Business"

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"Penalty Mail Stamp"
"Official Business" franking from Great Britain (c. 1978)

"Official Business" franking is any frank printed on or affixed to mail which is designated as being for official business of national governments (i.e. governments which also have postal administrations) and thus qualify for postal servicing without any additional paid franking.[16] In Commonwealth countries the printed frank reads "Official Paid" and is used by government departments on postmarks, stationery, adhesive labels, official stamps, and handstruck or machine stamps.

In Canada, the monarch, the Governor General, members of the Senate of Canada, members of the House of Commons, the Clerk of the House of Commons, Parliamentary Librarian, Associate Parliamentary Librarian, officers of parliament, and the Senate Ethics Officer all have franking privilege, and mail sent to or from these people are sent free of charge. Bulk mail from members of the House of Commons is limited to four mailings per year and to the member's own electoral district. Individuals may send letters to any of the above office-holders without charge.[17]

In the United States such mails are sent using postal stationery or address labels that include a "Penalty" frank ("Penalty For Private Use To Avoid Payment of Postage $300")[18] printed on the piece of mail, and/or is franked with Penalty Mail Stamps (PMS) of appropriate value.[19] Such mails are generally serviced as First Class Mail (or equivalent) unless otherwise designated (such as "bulk" mailings).

"Business Reply Mail"

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BRM franking (US)

"Business Reply Mail" (BRM) franking is a preprinted frank with a Permit number which authorizes items so marked to be posted as First Class Mail with the authorizing postal service without advance payment by the person posting the item. (International Reply Mail may specify Air Mail as the class of service.) Postage fees for BRM are paid by the permit holder upon its delivery to the specified address authorized by the permit and preprinted on the item of business reply mail. Governments also use BRM to permit replies associated with official business purposes.[20]

History of the "franking privilege"

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A limited form of franking privilege originated in the British Parliament in 1660, with the passage of an act authorizing the formation of the General Post Office. By 1772, the abundance of franked letters represented lost revenue of more than one third the total collections of the Post Office.[21] In the 19th century, as use of the post office [22] increased significantly in Britain, it was expected that anybody with a Parliament connection would get his friends' mail franked.

In the United States, the franking privilege predates the establishment of the republic itself, as the Continental Congress bestowed it on its members in 1775. The First United States Congress enacted a franking law in 1789 during its very first session. Congress members would spend much time "inscribing their names on the upper right-hand corner of official letters and packages" until the 1860s for the purpose of sending out postage free mail. Yet, on January 31, 1873, the Senate abolished "the congressional franking privilege after rejecting a House-passed provision that would have provided special stamps for the free mailing of printed Senate and House documents." Within two years, however, Congress began to make exceptions to this ban, including free mailing of the Congressional Record, seeds, and agricultural reports. Finally, in 1891, noting that its members were the only government officials required to pay postage, Congress restored full franking privileges. Since then, the franking of congressional mail has been subject to ongoing review and regulation.

The phrase franking is derived from the Latin word "francus" meaning free. Another use of that term is speaking "frankly", i.e. "freely". Because Benjamin Franklin was an early United States Postmaster General, satirist Richard Armour referred to free congressional mailings as the "Franklin privilege."

A U.S. Congressional franked mailing

The use of a franking privilege is not absolute but is generally limited to official business, constituent bulk mails, and other uses as prescribed by law, such as the "Congressional Frank" afforded to Members of Congress in the United States. This is not "free" franking, however, as each member is appropriated a budgeted amount to compensate the USPS for servicing the mail.

A six-member bipartisan Commission on Congressional Mailing Standards, colloquially known as the "Franking Commission," is responsible for oversight and regulation of the franking privilege in the Congress.[23] Among the Commission's responsibilities is to establish the "Official Mail Allowance" for each Member based proportionally on the number of constituents they serve. Certain other persons are also accorded the privilege such as Members-elect and former presidents and their spouse or widow as well. A president who is convicted in the Senate as a result of an impeachment trial would not have a franking privilege after being forced to leave office. The sitting president does not have personal franking privileges but the vice president, who is also President of the Senate, does.

In Italy, mail sent to the President was free of charge until this franking privilege was abolished in 1999.[24]

In New Zealand, individuals writing to a Member of Parliament can do so without paying for postage.[25]

参照

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脚注・参考文献

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外部リンク

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[[Category:郵便]] [[Category:未査読の翻訳があるページ]]

  1. ^ “Postage Payment Methods U.S. Postal Service”. Pe.usps.gov. 2012年10月25日閲覧。
  2. ^ “"Status and Structures of Postal Administrations" Universal Postal Union (June, 2006)”. Upu.int. 2012年10月25日閲覧。
  3. ^ “Member Countries”. Upu.int. 2020年11月11日閲覧。
  4. ^ “The UPU”. Universal Postal Union. 2016年11月10日閲覧。
  5. ^ “UPU Technical Standards”. Upu.int. 2012年10月25日閲覧。
  6. ^ “Universal Postal Union Standards for effective postal operations and interconnecting the global postal network”. Upu.int. 2012年10月25日閲覧。
  7. ^ Miller, Rick The evolution of franking: different ways to indicate postage was paid Archived 2008-06-24 at the Wayback Machine. Linn's Stamp News
  8. ^ “"Postage Evidencing Systems" USPS Domestic Mail Manual”. Pe.usps.gov. 2012年10月25日閲覧。
  9. ^ “Permit Imprint (Indicia) USPS Domestic Mail Manual”. Pe.usps.gov. 2012年10月25日閲覧。
  10. ^ “Insufficient or Omitted Postage USPS Domestic Mail Manual”. Pe.usps.gov. 2012年10月25日閲覧。
  11. ^ “Postzegel niet meer nodig met app” (オランダ語). NOS. (2013年5月23日). https://nos.nl/artikel/509787-postzegel-niet-meer-nodig-met-app 2023年8月29日閲覧。 
  12. ^ “Official Mail (Franking Privilege) USPS Domestic Mail Manual”. Pe.usps.gov (2012年1月1日). 2012年10月25日閲覧。
  13. ^ “"Franking Privilege: Historical Development and Options for Change" U.S. Congressional Research Service Report RL34247, December, 2007” (PDF). 2012年10月25日閲覧。
  14. ^ 合衆国法典第39編第3210条 39 U.S.C. § 3210
  15. ^ “39 U.S.C. 3401(a) U.S. Postal Service Armed Forces & Free Postage”. Frwebgate.access.gpo.gov. 2012年10月25日閲覧。
  16. ^ “Official Business (Penalty) USPS Domestic Mail Manual”. Frwebgate.access.gpo.gov. 2012年10月25日閲覧。
  17. ^ “Government Mail Free of Postage”. Canada Post (2009年5月15日). 2009年6月21日閲覧。
  18. ^ “"Penalty" USPS Domestic Mail Manual”. Pe.usps.gov (2012年1月1日). 2012年10月25日閲覧。
  19. ^ “Penalty Mail: Stamps used for official government mail.”. USPS (2012年). October 25, 2012閲覧。
  20. ^ “Business Reply Mail USPS Domestic Mail Manual”. Pe.usps.com. 2012年10月25日閲覧。
  21. ^ ウィキソース出典  (英語) The History of British Commerce, ウィキソースより閲覧。 
  22. ^ “Brief History of the Royal mail”. 2014年8月6日時点のオリジナルよりアーカイブ。2014年8月4日閲覧。
  23. ^ “Regulations on the Use of the CONGRESSIONAL FRANK By Members of the House of Representatives and RULES OF PRACTICE IN PROCEEDINGS Before the House Commission on Congressional Mailing Standards”. House of Representatives Commission on Congressional Mailing Standards. pp. VII-VIII (June 1998). 6 January 2010時点のオリジナルよりアーカイブ。25 October 2012閲覧。
  24. ^ Attuazione della direttiva 97/67/CE concernente regole comuni per lo sviluppo del mercato interno dei servizi postali comunitari e per il miglioramento della qualità del servizio Archived March 29, 2009, at the Wayback Machine.
  25. ^ “Contact an MP - New Zealand Parliament” (英語). www.parliament.nz. 2021年4月11日閲覧。
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