利用者:加藤勝憲/反ファシスト人民自由連盟（更新のための翻訳）
反ファシスト人民自由連盟（AFPFL）[n 1]は、1945年から1958年までビルマで支配的な統一戦線組織であった。政党と大衆・階級組織で構成されていた。
日本占領下の1944年8月にビルマ共産党（CPB）、ビルマ国軍、社会主義人民革命党（PRP）によって設立された反日抵抗組織「反ファシスト組織（AFO）」から発展したリーグである。AFOは1945年3月にAFPFLと改称されました。
アウン・サン率いるAFPFLの代表団は、1947年1月にロンドンで独立交渉を主導した。1947年4月の憲法制定議会の選挙に勝利したAFPFLの指導者は、主権国家ビルマのための新憲法を起草した。
AFPFLは、1958年6月にクリーンAFPFLとステイブルAFPFLの2派に分裂するまで、ビルマ独立後の政治と政策を決定しました。
The Anti-Fascist People's Freedom League (AFPFL)[n 1] was the dominant political alliance in Burma from 1945 to 1958. It consisted of political parties and mass and class organizations.
同連盟は、日本占領下の1944年8月にビルマ共産党（CPB）、ビルマ国民軍、社会主義人民革命党（PRP）によって設立された反日抵抗組織、反ファシスト組織（AFO）から発展した。AFOは1945年3月にAFPFLと改称された。
The league evolved out of the anti-Japanese resistance organization Anti-Fascist Organisation (AFO) founded in August 1944 during the Japanese occupation by the Communist Party of Burma (CPB), the Burma National Army and the socialist People's Revolutionary Party (PRP). The AFO was renamed AFPFL in March 1945.
アウン・サン率いるAFPFL代表団は、1947年1月にロンドンで独立交渉を主導した。1947年4月の憲法制定議会選挙に勝利したAFPFL指導部は、主権国家ビルマのための新憲法を起草した。当初はタキン・タン・トゥン率いるマルクス主義派も含まれていたが、1948年10月に党から粛清された。
An AFPFL delegation under the leadership of Aung San led the negotiations for independence in London in January 1947. After winning the elections of April 1947 for a Constitutional Assembly, the AFPFL leadership drafted the new constitution for a sovereign Burma. It initially included a Marxist faction led by Thakin Than Tun, but they were purged from the party in October 1948.[1]
AFPFLは1958年6月に「クリーンAFPFL」と「安定AFPFL」の2派に分裂するまで、ビルマ独立後の政治と政策を決定づけた。
The AFPFL determined Burma's post-independence politics and policies until June 1958, when the party split into two factions, the Clean AFPFL and the Stable AFPFL.
History
[編集]独立闘争
[編集]同連盟の起源は、1944年8月にタキン・ソー率いるビルマ共産党（CPB）、アウン・サン率いるビルマ国軍（BNA）、人民革命党（PRP）の3人の社会主義者、キョー・ニン、タキン・チット、バ・スエによって設立された秘密反日抵抗組織AFOにさかのぼる。AFOは、1945年3月1日から3日にかけて開かれた会議で、反ファシスト人民自由連盟と改称された。この名称変更は、組織の目的がビルマを日本軍から解放し、独立を達成することであることを示していた。
The origins of the league go back to the clandestine anti-Japanese resistance organization AFO that was founded by the Communist Party of Burma (CPB) led by Thakin Soe, the Burma National Army (BNA) led by Aung San, and three socialists from the People's Revolutionary Party (PRP), Kyaw Nyein, Thakin Chit, and Ba Swe in August 1944.[2] The AFO was renamed Anti-Fascist People's Freedom League at a meeting held from 1–3 March 1945.[3] The name change indicated that the aim of the organization was both to liberate Burma from the Japanese and achieve independence.[4]
The communist leaders Thakin Soe and Thakin Than Tun served as first president respectively general secretary of the league. Personal issues led to Thakin Soe's ouster from the CPB and consequently to his absence at the first post-war conference of the AFPFL held at the Naythurain theater on the Kandawgyi Lake from 16 to 19 August 1945 in Rangoon. Aung San chaired the conference and eventually superseded Thakin Soe as president of the AFPFL.[5]
Dissent and ideological rifts with the communists over leadership and strategy in the independence struggle began soon to emerge within the league. Thakin Soe, after splitting from the CPB and forming the Red Flag Communist Party, started a rebellion in 1946. Though the CPB, dubbed the White Flag Communists, continued to co-operate with the AFPFL, its leader Thakin Than Tun resigned as general secretary in July 1946 after contentions with Aung San and other AFPFL leaders, and was replaced by the socialist Kyaw Nyein.[6] When Aung San accepted in September 1946 the British governor's invitation to lead the Executive Council and became the de facto premier of Burma, the communists accused him of having sold out to the British and settled for a "sham independence". In November, the CPB was officially expelled from the AFPFL.[7]
In January 1947, Aung San and other AFPFL leaders such as Thakin Mya, Tin Tut, and Kyaw Nyein negotiated in London the independence for Burma. The British however made independence contingent upon the agreement of Burma's major ethnic minorities. Therefore, Aung San and other AFPFL colleagues among them Aung Zan Wai, Pe Khin, Bo Hmu Aung, Sir Maung Gyi, Myoma U Than Kywe and Sein Mya Maung took part in the Panglong Conference in February 1947 and convinced representatives from the Shan, Kachin, Chin and Kayah to support the negotiations for independence and join the future independent state of Burma.
General elections for a constitutional assembly were held in April 1947, which the AFPFL won amidst an election boycott by the opposition, taking 173 of the 210 seats and running unopposed in over fifty constituencies. Aung San headed the constitutional assembly and was set to become Burma's prime minister, but was assassinated together with six other members of his cabinet on 19 July, a date commemorated as Martyrs' Day. U Nu succeeded Aung San as leader of the AFPFL and Premier of Burma.
Independence and civil war
[編集]Burma declared independence from Britain in January 1948, and the CPB went underground the following March after U Nu ordered the arrest of its leaders for inciting rebellion. Other groups also soon dropped out of the AFPFL to join the rebellion, not only the White-band faction of the People's Volunteer Organisation (PVO) formed by Aung San as a paramilitary force out of the demobbed veterans, but also a large part of the Burma Rifles led by communist commanders calling themselves the Revolutionary Burma Army (RBA). The AFPFL government had plunged into civil war with not only Burman insurgent groups but also ethnic minorities including the Karen National Union (KNU), Mon, Pa-O, nationalist Rakhine and the Mujahideen of Rakhine Muslims.
The first post-independence general elections were held over several months in 1951 and 1952, with the AFPFL and its allies winning 199 of the 250 seats in the Chamber of Deputies.
Parliamentary rule and split
[編集]Although the AFPFL was returned to office again in the 1956 elections, the results came as a shock as the opposition left-wing coalition, known as the National United Front (NUF) and led by Aung Than, older brother of Aung San, won 37% of the vote and 48 seats in the Chamber of Deputies.
By 1958, despite an economic recovery and the unexpected success of U Nu's "Arms for Democracy" offer that saw the surrender of a large number of insurgents, most notably the PVO, the AFPFL had become riven with internal splits, which worsened following the party's congress in January 1958. In July 1958 it formally split, with one group led by Prime Minister U Nu, which he named the "Clean AFPFL"; the other was led by Kyaw Nyein and Ba Swe and was known as the Stable AFPFL.[8]
The majority of AFPFL MPs were supporters of the Stable faction, but U Nu was able to narrowly escape defeat in parliamentary motion of no-confidence by only eight votes with the support of the opposition NUF. Still dogged by the "multicoloured insurgency", the army hardliners feared the communists being allowed to rejoin mainstream politics through Nu's need for continued support by the NUF, and was compounded by the Shan Federal Movement lobbying for a loose federation. The volatile situation culminated in a military caretaker government under General Ne Win that presided over the 1960 general elections, which were won by U Nu's Clean AFPFL.
Following the restoration of multi-party democracy after the 8888 Uprising, two new parties were established using the AFPFL name, the AFPFL (founded 1988) and the AFPFL (Original). Both contested the 1990 elections, but received less than 0.05% of the vote and failed to win a seat.
Policies
[編集]The league with its different political parties and mass and class organizations was held together by the common leadership of first Aung San and then U Nu.[9] During its time in office, the AFPFL pursued a nationalist policy based on unity and consensus, upheld parliamentary democracy and presided over a mixed economy comprising both state and private enterprise. It spent most of this period in its history fighting several communist, socialist and ethnic separatist rebel groups for control over the future of the country. It also fought a successful war against Nationalist Chinese (KMT) forces who occupied the far north of the country for several years after the KMT's defeat by the Chinese Communist Party. Its foreign policy followed strict neutrality supporting the Bandung Conference of 1955, shunning the South-East Asia Treaty Organisation (SEATO) on account of the American support of the KMT on one hand, and facing the communist insurgencies on the other.[10]
Leadership
[編集]President
[編集]General secretary
[編集]- General Secretary Thakin Than Tun (1945–1946)
- General Secretary Kyaw Nyein (1946–1956)
- General Secretary Thakin Kyaw Tun (1956–1958)
Election results
[編集]| Election | Party leader | Votes | % | Seats | +/– | Position | Government |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1947 | Aung San | 1,755,000 | 173 / 210 |
 173
|
1st
|
Supermajority government | |
| 1951–1952 | U Nu | 199 / 250 |
26
|
 1st
|
Supermajority government | ||
| 1956 | 1,844,614 | 47.7% | 148 / 250 |
 51
|
1st
|
Majority government |
| Portal:政治学 - 政党の一覧 - ミャンマー（ビルマ）の政治 |
References
[編集]Bibliography
[編集]- Cavendish, Marshall (2007). World and Its Peoples: Eastern and Southern Asia. Marshall Cavendish Corporation. ISBN 978-0-7614-7631-3
- Fleischmann, Klaus (1989). Documents on communism in Burma, 1945-1977. Institut für Asienkunde. ISBN 978-3-88910-057-3
- Fukui, Haruhiro (1985). Political parties of Asia and the Pacific. Santa Barbara: Greenwood Press
- Johnstone, William Crane (1963). Burma's foreign policy: a study in neutralism. Harvard University Press
- U Maung Maung (1990). Burmese Nationalist Movements 1940-1948. Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press
- "Setting the Stage for the Final Struggle. The Naythurain Conference". End of Empire. 100 Days in 1945 that Changed Asia and the World.
{{cite encyclopedia}}: 不明な引数|editors=は無視されます。（もしかして：|editor=） (説明) - Seekins, Donald M. (2006). Historical Dictionary of Burma (Myanmar). Scarecrow Press
- Thomson, John Seabury (1960). “Marxism in Burma”. In Trager, Frank N. Marxism in South East Asia. Stanford University Press. ISBN 978-0-8047-0592-9
External links
[編集]- Woodman, Dorothy (28 February 1948). "Burma - free and socialist". New Statesman Archived 6 July 2008 at the Wayback Machine.
- "The House on Stilts". Time magazine cover story, 30 August 1954
[[Category:1945年設立の政党・政治団体]] [[Category:1958年廃止の政党・政治団体]] [[Category:日本占領下のミャンマー]] [[Category:未査読の翻訳があるページ]]
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- ^ Ba, Maw (1968). Breakthrough in Burma Memoirs of a Revolution, 1939-1946. pp. 434
- ^ U Maung Maung 1990, pp. 120–122.
- ^ Fukui 1985, pp. 108–109.
- ^ Seekins 2006, pp. 75–76.
- ^ Prager-Nyein & Nyein 2016, pp. 85–87.
- ^ Thomson 1960, p. 34.
- ^ Johnstone 1963, p. 27.
- ^ “Tatmadaw's future role history has bequeathed”. New Light of Myanmar. (3 April 1995) 5 November 2009閲覧。[リンク切れ]
- ^ Cavendish 2007, p. 626.
- ^ Fleischmann 1989, p. 244.