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| ポルトガル、ブラジル及びアルガルヴェ連合王国 | ||||||
| Reino Unido de Portugal, Brasil e Algarves | ||||||
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 The United Kingdom of Portugal, Brazil and the Algarves with its colonies
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| 首都 | リオデジャネイロ (1815年–1821年) リスボン (1821年–1825年) | |||||
| 言語 | ポルトガル語ほか | |||||
| 宗教 | ローマカトリック教会 | |||||
| 政府 | 絶対君主制 | |||||
| Monarch | ||||||
| • | 1815年–1816年 | マリア1世 | ||||
| • | 1816年–1825年 | ジョアン6世 | ||||
| 議会 | コルテス (1820年–1823年) | |||||
| 歴史 | ||||||
| • | 創立 | 1815年 | ||||
| • | 解体 | 1822年/1825年 | ||||
| 通貨 | レアル | |||||
The United Kingdom of Portugal, Brazil and the Algarves was a pluricontinental monarchy formed by the elevation of the Portuguese colony named State of Brazil to the status of a kingdom and by the simultaneous union of that Kingdom of Brazil with the Kingdom of Portugal and the Kingdom of the Algarves, constituting a single state consisting of three kingdoms.
The United Kingdom of Portugal, Brazil and the Algarves was formed in 1815, following the Transfer of the Portuguese Court to Brazil, and it continued to exist for about one year after the return of the Court to Europe, being dissolved de facto in 1822, when Brazil proclaimed its independence. The dissolution of the United Kingdom was accepted by Portugal and formalized de jure in 1825, when Portugal recognized the independent Empire of Brazil.
During its period of existence the United Kingdom of Portugal, Brazil and the Algarves did not correspond to the whole of the Portuguese Empire: rather, the united kingdom was the transatlantic metropolis that controlled the Portuguese colonial empire, with its overseas possessions in Africa and Asia.
Thus, from the point of view of Brazil, the elevation to the rank of a kingdom and the creation of the United Kingdom represented a change in status, from that of a colony to that of an equal member of a political union. In the wake of the liberal revolution of 1820 in Portugal, attempts to compromise the autonomy and even the unity of Brazil led to the breakdown of this united kingdom.
歴史
[編集]設立
[編集]ポルトガル・ブラジル及びアルガルヴェ連合王国はフランスとの戦争をきっかけに成立した。 1808年、ポルトガル王国の摂政王子ジョアン（のちのジョアン6世）は無能な母マリア1世と宮廷をブラジル植民地に移転させた。
1815年にナポレオンが没落すると、ポルトガル王家の帰還の要請がリスボンであった。摂政王子はリオデジャネイロでの暮らしを満喫し、そこでは王室は人気があり、王子も自由を満喫しており、ポルトガルへの帰還には乗り気ではなかった。しかしリスボンへの宮廷の帰還の提唱者は、ブラジルは植民地であり、ポルトガルには植民地からの統治権はないと主張した。他方で、本国国民と同じ地位を得られるように、ブラジルの廷臣はブラジルの植民地からの地位向上を後押ししていた。ブラジルのナショナリストはまた運動を支援した。その運動はブラジルはもはやポルトガルの利益に従順ではないが、大西洋をまたがる王国の中での対等な地位であることを指摘したからである。
摂政王子による法律の制定により、1815年12月16日に、ブラジル植民地は王国の地位に格上げとなった。同法で、分離されていたポルトガル、ブラジル、アルガルヴェスは単一の国家ポルトガル・ブラジル・アルガルヴェス連合王国として統合された。
この連合王国には歴史上のアルガルヴェ王国も含まれている。この王国は今日のポルトガルの一地方であるあり、事実上の州であるが、それにアルガルヴェ海外領、かつてのモロッコにあるポルトガルの領域も含まれる。それゆえにアルガルヴェ「ス」なのである。
ポルトガルの王族の称号もこの大西洋をまたがる王国の創設を反映して変更された。女王と摂政はポルトガル・ブラジル・アルガルヴェス連合王国女王、同連合王国摂政となった。 ポルトガル王の推定相続人の称号であった「ブラジル公」は1817年に格下げされて、ポルトガル・ブラジル・アルガルヴェス連合王国プリンス・ロイヤル(Príncipe Real)、単にプリンス・ロイヤルに変わった。新しい国家の国旗と国章も制定された。
ジョアン6世
[編集]
1816年マリア1世がリオデジャネイロで崩御した。ジョアン王子がジョアン6世となった。連合王国の王としては2代目になるが、ポルトガル王の代数が保持された。服喪ののち、1818年2月6日いくつかの新国王の即位を祝賀する催しがリオデジャネイロで開催された。
即位の日、ジョアン6世はヴィラ・ヴィソサの無原罪の御宿り勲章を創設し、連合王国の時代にふさわしい爵位を創設した。 この勲章は、古くからのポルトガル騎士団勲章、塔と剣勲章、騎士団由来の勲章と併用された。これら昔の勲章は休眠状態だったが、宮廷がブラジルに移転した1808年に復活した。 連合王国解消後も、ブラジルブラジルの騎士団勲章の支流は創設されたので、剣の聖ヤコブ勲章、アヴィス勲章、聖ベネディクトゥス勲章、キリスト勲章は残った（キリスト勲章は教皇庁によって維持され、われらの主、イエス・キリスト至高勲章とされた）が、逆に新しい勲章（塔と剣勲章、ヴィラ・ヴィソサの無原罪の御宿り勲章）はポルトガルの勲章としてのみ残った。
ジョアン6世のヨーロッパへの帰還
[編集]1820年自由主義革命ののち、王はブラジルを離れ、連合王国のヨーロッパ地域に帰還した。 出発の前に、王はブラジルの廷臣らの要求に応じ、推定存続人であるペドロ皇太子を連合王国プリンス・ロイヤルを残して行くことにした。王はペドロに「ブラジルの摂政」の称号を授け、彼に連合王国のアメリカ地域（ブラジル王国）の統治をゆだねた。
それに応じて、植民地時代は副王のもとでの連合統治であり、マリア1世、ジョアン6世がアメリカ大陸にいたときは国王政府による直接的な連合統治であったが、ペドロ王太子のブラジルの摂政の任命によって、王とポルトガル宮廷のヨーロッパ帰還後も、リオデジャネイロ中央政府のもとでの連合統治は維持された
ペドロ王子の摂政府はひとつの政府の元でのブラジル人民の連合を確かなものにしただけでなく、連合王国のvis-à-visな自治政府の高度な地位を満喫した。 連合王国の自治のを終了させ、ブラジルを弱体化させる試みは、連合をブラジルの独立の布告へと連合王国の解消へと導いた。
連合王国の解消
[編集]解消の始まり
[編集]
The Cortes (the Parliament) assembled in Lisbon in the wake of the Constitutional Revolution of 1820 to draft a Constitution for the United Kingdom was composed of mostly Portuguese delegates. This was so because the Revolution was Portuguese in origin, so that the members of the Cortes were elected in Portugal, and only later a Brazilian delegation was elected and the Brazilian delegates crossed the Atlantic to join the on-going deliberations. Also, Brazilian representatives were often mistreated and persecuted in the streets by Portuguese citizens who resented the end of colonial rule. On top of that, Brazilians were under-represented in the Cortes.
As for the King, upon his arrival in Lisbon, he behaved as though he accepted the new political settlement that resulted from the Liberal Revolution (a posture he would maintain until mid-1823), but the powers of the Crown were severely limited. A Council of Regency that had been elected by the Cortes to govern Portugal in the wake of the Revolution - and that replaced by force the previous governors that administered the European portion of the United Kingdom by royal appointment - handed back the reins of government to the Monarch on his arrival in Lisbon, but the King was now limited to the discharge of the Executive branch, and had no influence over the drafting of the Constitution or over the actions of the Cortes.
The Constituent Cortes, dominated by a Portuguese majority, included provisions in the Constitution being drafted that referred to the people of the United Kingdom as "the Portuguese Nation". The draft Constitution spoke of "Portuguese citizens of both hemispheres". Apart from including in the Constitution language that was seen as hostile and offensive to Brazilians, the United Kingdom Cortes assembled in Lisbon included in the proposed Constitution that was being drafted provisions that would undermine and that could even lead to the dissolution of the central Brazilian Government based in Rio de Janeiro. The draft Constitution would have maintained the Regency of the Kingdom of Brazil, but it contained provision allowing the United Kingdom Legislature to exclude Brazilian provinces from the jurisdiction of the Regency. Thus, the Government of the United Kingdom in Lisbon would have the power to sever the links between a Brazilian province and the central Brazilian government, submitting this province directly to the Lisbon Government. If enacted, those deliberations of the Cortes would not only undermine Brazilian Home Rule, but they would also endanger the unity of the Brazilian people, as Brazilians would no longer have a central government, a situation that did not exist even in the last centuries of the colonial period. The Portuguese Cortes also demanded the immediate return of the Crown Prince to Europe.
Template:History of Brazil Brazilian Nationalists reacted, interpreting the actions of the Cortes as an attempt to "divide and conquer". They alleged that once the provisions approved by the Cortes were enacted and enforced, Brazil, although formally remaining a part of the transatlantic monarchy, would be in reality returned to the condition of a Colony. Brazilians feared the breakup of Brazil, with the creation of provinces directly subject to the Lisbon Government.
Also, language in the draft Constitution that would have the effect of including colonies of the Portuguese colonial empire in Africa and Asia as part of the territory of the United Kingdom seemed to confirm that the intention of the Cortes was indeed to reduce Brazil to the position of a colony once again: it was clear that the territories in Africa and Asia would continue to be colonies, and to be subject to economic exploitation and domination by means of restrictions in foreign trade, etc.; but those colonies would now be declared parts of the United Kingdom, meaning that, with the inclusion of the whole of the Portuguese Empire in the United Kingdom, the definition of the United Kingdom itself would change: the United Kingdom would cease to correspond to a transatlantic State that included no colonies but that controlled colonies overseas, and would instead become a State that included colonies in its bosom. This would provide the legal framework for the reintroduction of trade restrictions in Brazil that had been lifted since the arrival of the Royal Family in Brazilian shores.
Notably, several Portuguese politicians wanted to re-introduce to Brazil restrictions in foreign trade that in the previous colonial era had been dubbed euphemistically as the colonial pact: a mercantilist system in which Brazilian products could only be exported to Portugal, and in which Brazilians could only import products from Portugal. This system, which enabled the economic exploitation of the Portuguese Colonies by Metropolitan Portugal, had been abolished in Brazil even before the creation of the United Kingdom. Indeed, the abolition of all the restrictions on foreign trade, and the exclusion of Brazil from the imperialist policy of the colonial pact, had taken place already in 1808, as soon as the Royal Family arrived in Brazil: the first act signed by the Prince Regent after his arrival in Brazil was the decree on the opening of the Brazilian ports to friendly Nations, that enabled Brazilians to import goods from Nations other than Portugal, and to export Brazilian products to the foreign Nations maintaining diplomatic ties with the Portuguese Empire. Now, with the measures being voted by the Cortes assembled in Lisbon, that economic freedom was under threat.
Faced with that scenario, Brazilian independentists managed to convince Prince Pedro to stay in Brazil against the orders of the Cortes, that demanded his immediate return. He thus continued leading a central Brazilian Government as Regent, and further established that no laws, decrees or instructions issued by the Portuguese Cortes or by the central government of the United Kingdom would be obeyed in Brazil without his fiat.
The Prince's decision not to obey the decrees of the Cortes that demanded this return, and instead to stay in Brazil as its Regent was solemnly announced on 9 January 1822, in reply to a formal petition from the city council of Rio de Janeiro. In February 1822 Prince Pedro decided to create an advisory council, composed of representatives elected to represent the several provinces of Brazil, summoning elections to that council. Its first meeting was held on 2 June 1822. Prince Regent Pedro's decree to the effect that laws, decrees and orders from Lisbon would only be carried out in Brazil with his fiat was published in May 1822.
By agreeing to defy the Cortes and stay in Brazil, Prince Pedro assumed the leadership of the Brazilian cause; as a recognition of his leading role, Brazilian independentists offered Pedro on 13 May 1822 the title of "Perpetual Protector and Defender of Brazil"; he rejected the title of Protector, arguing that Brazil didn't need one, but assumed the title of "Perpetual Defender of Brazil". By defying explicit orders that demanded his return to Europe, Pedro escalated the events that would lead to the separation of Brazil from the United Kingdom, and hastened the crucial moment of the Proclamation of Independence. As the situation between Brazilians and Portuguese deteriorated, the United Kingdom was doomed to dissolution.
Brazilian independentists argued that Brazil's future should be decided by Brazilians and not by the Lisbon Cortes, and they accordingly demanded the summoning of a National Constituent Assembly for Brazil, separate from the Constituent Cortes assembled in Portugal. Prince Pedro yealded to those demands, and issued a decree on 13 June 1822 summoning elections for a Brazilian Constituent Assembly. Due to the further escalation of tensions between Brazil and Portugal, the elections to that Constituent Assembly would only take place after the Prince himlself had proclaimed the independence of Brazil (the Assembly would only convene in 1823, and the independence of Brazil was declared in September 1822, with the establishment of the Empire of Brazil in October 1822).
The Cortes sent troops to Brazil to compel the dissolution of the Prince's Government and to force his return to Portugal as ordered, but, on arrival those troops were commanded by the Crown Prince to return to Portugal. The Portuguese troops in Rio de Janeiro obeyed the Crown Prince and returned to Europe, but in other Provinces fighting erupted between Brazilians and Portuguese.
独立の布告
[編集]News of further attempts of the Portuguese Cortes aimed at dissolving Prince Pedro's Regency led directly to the Brazilian Proclamation of Independence. Accordingly, in 1822, the Regent of the Kingdom of Brazil, Prince Pedro, the son of John VI, declared the independence of Brazil, as a reaction against the attempts of the Cortes to terminate Brazilian home rule, and became Emperor Pedro I of Brazil, which spelled the end of this United Kingdom.
The independence of Brazil was proclaimed by Prince Pedro on 7 September 1822. Less than a month later, on 23 September 1822 the Lisbon Cortes, still unaware of the Brazilian declaration of independence, approved the Constitution of the United Kingdom, that was promulgated by King John VI. In a solemnity that marked the entry into force of the new Constitution, on 1 October 1822, the Portuguese King swore before the Cortes an oath to uphold the Constitution. Due to the Brazilian secession from the United Kingdom, that Constitution was never recognized in Brazil and was only effective in Portugal.
That the newly independent Brazilian Nation would adopt a constitutional monarchy as its form of Government and that Prince Pedro would be the new State's monarch were obvious facts to all the leaders involved in the process of Brazilian emancipation, but still, for a little more than one month after the 7 September 1822 Proclamation of Independence, Prince Pedro initially continued to use the title of Prince Regent, as he did not want to declare himself monarch, preferring instead to accept the new country's Crown as an offer. This led several local councils to adopt motions and addresses asking the Prince Regent to assume the title of King, or of Emperor (there were no legislatures in the provinces, and also no national legislature existed at that time; the municipal councils were the only existing legislatures, and since the colonial era they had substantial authority). The municipal council of the city of Rio de Janeiro and the other municipal councils of the province of Rio de Janeiro then organized a ceremony of acclamation, with the support of the Prince Regent's Government. The municipal council of Rio de Janeiro voted to instruct its president to offer Prince Pedro the title of Emperor. Then, the Prince's Advisory Council, composed of representatives elected from all Provinces of Brazil (a body that was known as Conselho de Procuradores das Províncias do Brasil or Council of the Representatives of the Provinces of Brazil), advised the Prince Regent to acceed to the several requests already presented and to assume the imperial title. On October 12, 1822, Prince Pedro accepted the offer of the new Brazilian Throne and was acclaimed the first Emperor of the independent Empire of Brazil. His coronation took place on 1 December 1822.
独立の承認
[編集]The Brazilian declaration of independence and foundation of the Empire of Brazil led to a War of Independence. The Portuguese initially refused to recognize Brazil as a sovereign State, treating the whole affair as a rebellion and attempting to preserve the United Kingdom. However, military action was never close to Rio de Janeiro, and the main battles of the independence war took place in the Northeastern region of Brazil. The independentist Brazilian forces outpowered the Portuguese forces as well as the few local forces that were still loyal to Portugal, and the last Portuguese troops surrendered in November 1823. Compared to the wars of independence waged by Spanish colonies during the decolonization of the Americas, the Brazilian Independence War did not result in significant bloodshed, although land and naval battles were fought.
The Portuguese military defeat, however, was not followed by swift recognition of the new country's independence. Instead, from 1822 to 1825 the Portuguese Government engaged in heavy diplomatic efforts to avoid the recognition of Brazil's independence by the European Powers, invoking the principles of the Congress of Vienna and subsequent European alliances. Those foreign Nations, however, were keen on establishing trade and diplomatic ties with Brazil. Under British pressure, Portugal eventually agreed to recognize Brazil's independence in 1825, thus allowing the new country to establish diplomatic ties with other European powers shortly thereafter.
In 1824, in the wake of the adoption of the Constitution of the Empire of Brazil on March 25 of that year, the United States of America became the first Nation to recognize the independence of Brazil and the consequential disbandment of the United Kingdom.
Portugal recognized the sovereignty of Brazil only in 1825. Since a coup d'etát on 3 June 1823 the Portuguese King John VI had already abolished the Constitution of 1822 and dissolved the Cortes, thus reversing the Liberal Revolution of 1820. On 4 January 1824 King John VI issued a Charter of Law confirming as in force the "traditional laws of the Portuguese Monarchy", thus confirming the restoration of the absolutist régime in Portugal.
There were two Portuguese acts of recognition of Brazilian independence. The first was unilateral and purporting to be constitutive of such independence, the second was bilateral and declaratory.
The first act of recognition was materialized in Letters Patent issued on May 13, 1825, by which the Portuguese King "voluntarily ceded and transferred the sovereignty" over Brazil to his son, the Brazilian Emperor, and thus recognized, as a result of this concession, Brazil as an "Independent Empire, separate from the Kingdoms of Portugal and Algarves".
The second act of recognition was materialized in a Treaty of Peace signed in Rio de Janeiro on August 29, 1825, by means of which Portugal again recognized the independence of Brazil. This Treaty was ratified by the Emperor of Brazil on August 30, 1825, and by the King of Portugal on November 15, 1825, and entered into force in international Law also on November 15, 1825 upon the exchange of the instruments of ratification in Lisbon. On the same date of the signature of the Portuguese instrument of ratification and of the exchange of the ratification documents between the representatives of the two Nations, the Portuguese King also signed a Charter of Law, a statute, ordering the execution of the Treaty as part of the domestic Law of Portugal. The Treaty was incorporated as part of the domestic Law of Brazil by a Decree of Emperor Pedro I signed on April 10, 1826.
The reason why there were two separate acts of recognition of the independence of Brazil is this: in the wake of the Brazilian victory in the War of Independence, the Portuguese King initially attempted to recognize Brazilian independence unilaterally so as to ignore the fact of the Portuguese defeat and transmit the impression that Portugal was being magnanimous. By means of such unilateral concession, Portugal intended to avoid the humiliation of Peace negotiations with its former Colony. King John VI wanted to "save face" by giving the impression that Portugal was voluntarily conceding independence to Brazil, and not just recognizing a fait accompli. Thus the Letters Patent issued on May 13, 1825 ignored the proclamation of 1822 and "granted independence to Brazil" as if it were a concession, that was laced with conditions. Thus, Brazilian independence would result not from the events of 1822, but from the 1825 Letters Patent.
However, such unilateral, constitutive recognition was not accepted by Brazilians, who demanded a declarative recognition of the independence as proclaimed and existing since 1822. The new Brazilian Government therefore made the establishment of peaceful relations and diplomatic ties with Portugal conditional on the signature of a bilateral treaty between the two Nations. Portugal eventually agreed, and a treaty to that effect was signed with British mediation. The treaty between the Empire of Brazil and the Kingdom of Portugal on the recognition of Brazilian independence, signed in Rio de Janeiro on August 29, 1825, finally entered into force on November 15, 1825, upon the exchange of the instruments of ratification in Lisbon.
The Portuguese, however, only accepted to sign the Independence treaty on condition that Brazil agreed to pay reparations for the properties of the Portuguese State that were seized by the new Brazilian State. Brazil desperately needed to establish normal diplomatic relations with Portugal, because other European Monarchies had already made clear that they would only recognize the Empire of Brazil after the establishment of normal relations between Brazil and Portugal. Thus, by a separate convention that was signed on the same occasion as the Treaty on the Recongition of Independence, Brazil agreed to pay Portugal two million pounds in damages. The British, who had mediated the Peace negotiations, granted Brazil a loan of the same value, so that Brazil could pay the agreed sum. The new Nation, therefore, achieved international recognition at a heavy price. As a result of this agreement, Brazil became plunged in debt to Britain, but was able to achieve universal international recognition, both de facto and de jure as an independent State.
Upon recognizing the independence of Brazil from the United Kingdom of Portugal, Brazil and Algarves, King John VI issued letters patent changing back the name of the Portuguese State and the Royal Titles to "Kingdom of Portugal" and "King of Portugal and the Algarves" respectively. The title of the Portuguese heir apparent was changed to "Prince Royal of Portugal" by the same letters patent.
The recognition of Brazilian independence completed the dissolution of the United Kingdom.
By a provision of the Letters Patent of May 13, 1825 that was confirmed by the Treaty on the Recognition of Independence, in spite of the secession of Brazil from the Portuguese Monarchy, the Portuguese King, John VI, was allowed to use for the remainder of his life the honorary title of "Emperor of Brazil", with the caveat that this title was honorary and ceremonial only, and that Pedro I and his successors in the independent Brazilian Crown were the only actual Emperors of Brazil. This honorary title ceased to have effect upon the demise of King John VI on March 10, 1826.
News of the separate convention appended to the Independence Treaty, by which Brazil agreed to pay Portugal financial compensation, angered many Brazilians, who saw this payment as a result of a bad negotiation, especially in view of the Brazilian military victory in the independence war. The grant of the honorary imperial title to the Portuguese King was also not popular with Brazilians. Furthermore, the declaratory language of the Independence Treaty was sufficiently ambiguous, so that Brazilians could claim that the independence declared in 1822 was being recognized, but mention was also made of the 13 May 1825 Letters Patent, so that the Portuguese could claim that the recognition was based on the previous concession. The preamble of the treaty mentioned the concession made by means of the Letters Patent of 13 May 1825; it stated that, by that Letters Patent, the Portuguese King had "recognized Brazil as an independent Empire, and his son Dom Pedro as Emperor", but also stated that, in so doing, the Portuguese monarch was "ceding and transferring of his free will the sovereignty of the said Empire". In the treaty's second article, it was the Brazilian Emperor who agreed that his father, the Portuguese King, should take for himself the honorary life title of Emperor. In the first article of the treaty it was declared that the King of Portugal recognized Brazil as an independent Empire, and as a Nation separate from the Kingdoms of Portugal and the Algarves, and also recognized his son Dom Pedro as Emperor of Brazil, ceding "of his own free will" to the Brazilian Emperor and his legitimate successors all claims of sovereignty over Brazil. Peace was established between the countries of Brazil and Portugal by the fourth Article.
In spite of the unpopular clauses, and especially of the harsh financial agreement, Brazilian Emperor Pedro I agreed to ratify the treaty negotiated with Portugal as he was keen on resolving the recognition of independence question before the opening of the first legislative session of the Brazilian Parliament (Assembléia Geral or General Assembly) elected under the Constitution adopted in 1824. The first meeting of the new Legislature was set to take place on 3 May 1826, and after a brief delay, that Parliament was indeed opened on 6 May 1826. By that time, the independence question was indeed resolved, as the Independence treaty had been ratified in November 1825 and as the Emperor, still yielding the fulness of legislative authority (that he was to lose upon the first meeting of the Parliament), ordered the execution of the agreement as part of the law of Brazil on 10 April 1826.
その後
[編集]With the death of the Portuguese King John VI on 10 March 1826, his heir apparent, Brazilian Emperor Pedro I, inherited the Portuguese Crown, and reigned briefly as King Pedro IV. On 20 March 1826 the proclamation of the Brazilian Emperor's accession to the Portuguese Throne was made public by the Portuguese Council of Regency (that had been instituted by King John VI during his final illness). With this union of Crowns, the monarchies of Portugal and Brazil were once again briefly united, but there was no thought of a reunification of the two separate States. Accordingly, this brief union of Crowns in the person of Pedro I and IV remained always a personal union only, and not a real union or a rebirth of the United Kingdom.
News of the death of King John VI and of the proclamation of the Brazilian Emperor as King of Portugal reached the Brazilian province of Bahia on 18 April, and official news to that effect reached the Emperor of Brazil and new King of Portugal in Rio de Janeiro on 24 April 1826, shortly after the final settlement of the Brazilian independence question (the decree publishing the text of the Treaty on the Recognition of Independence and ordering its execution as part of the Law of Brazil had just been made public on 10 April 1826). The existence even of the personal union only was seen by Brazilian politicians as dangerous, since it could come to affect the effectiveness of the newly formed country's sovereignty.
Accordingly, steps were taken to put an end to the personal union: Pedro I & IV agreed to abdicate the Portuguese Throne in favour of his eldest daughter, but he also wanted to ensure that her rights would be respected, and he further wanted to restore constitutional monarchy to Portugal. In order to put an end to the Portuguese absolute monarchy, the Emperor-King commissioned the drafting of a new Constitution for Portugal, that was widely based on the Brazilian Constitution. This document was finalized in less than a week.
After issuing a new Constitution for Portugal on 29 April 1826, and as already announced in that document, Emperor-King Pedro abdicated the Portuguese Crown in favour of his daughter, Princess Maria da Glória, on 2 May 1826. Princess Maria da Glória thus became Queen Maria II of Portugal. The document by which the Brazilian Emperor abdicated the Portuguese Crown was signed on the very eve of the first meeting of the Parliament established by the Brazilian Constitution of 1824, that assembled on 3 May 1826. Before his abdication, on 26 April, King Pedro confirmed the Regency of Portugal that had been established by his father during his final illness, and that was led by the Infanta Isabel Maria; as the new Queen Maria II was still a minor, Portugal would need to be led by Regents during her minority. On 30 April, King Pedro IV set the date for the first legislative elections under the new Portuguese Constitution and appointed Peers of the Realm.[1][2]
On 12 May 1826, British envoy Charles Stuart left Rio de Janeiro for Portugal carrying with him the acts signed by the Brazilian Emperor as King of Portugal, including the new Portuguese Constitution and his deed of abdication of the Portuguese Crown. On that same date Carlos Matias Pereira left Rio de Janeiro for Lisbon in another ship carrying a second copy of the same documents. The original deed of abdication was confirmed on 28 May 1826.
The 1826 abdication led to the separation of the Brazilian and Portuguese monarchies, since the Portuguese Crown was inherited by Queen Maria II and her successors, and the Brazilian Crown came to be inherited by Pedro I's Brazilian heir apparent, Prince Pedro de Alcantara, who would become the future Emperor Pedro II of Brazil. Prince Pedro de Alcantara had no rights to the Portuguese Crown because, having been born in Brazil on December 2, 1825, after the Portuguese recognition of the independence of Brazil, he was not a Portuguese national and under the Portuguese Constitution and Laws a foreigner could not inherit the Portuguese Crown.
Thus, the abdication of the Portuguese Crown by Brazilian Emperor Pedro I terminated the brief 1826 personal union, separated the monarchies of Portugal and Brazil, and broke the last remaining ties of political union between the two nations, securing the preservation of the independence of Brazil and putting to an end all hopes of the rebirth of a Luso-Brazilian United Kingdom.
Monarchs of the United Kingdom
[編集]| 君主名 | 生没年月日 | 即位 | 退位 | 補足 | 家系 | 画像 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Maria I | 1734年12月17日 - 1816年3月20日（81歳没） | 16 December 1815 | 20 March 1816 | Brazil elevated to the status of kingdom united with Portugal | Braganza |  |
| John VI | 1767年5月13日 - 1826年3月10日（58歳没） | 20 March 1816 | 7 September 1822 | Son of Maria I | Braganza |  |
See also
[編集]- Kingdom of Portugal
- Kingdom of the Algarve
- Portuguese Empire
- History of Portugal (1777-1834)
- Empire of Brazil
Bibliography
[編集]- Gomes, Laurentino (2007). 1808 — How a mad queen, a coward prince and a corrupt court fooled Napoleon and changed the History of Portugal and Brazil. Planeta
- Monarchy in Brazil Ministry of External Relations, accessed on 8 June 2008.
- Elevação do Brasil a Reino Unido a Portugal e Algarves Secretary of Education of Rio de Janeiro, accessed on 8 June 2008.
- Reino Unido (1815–1822) Chamber of Deputies of Brazil, accessed on 8 June 2008.
References
[編集]- ^ http://www.arqnet.pt/portal/portugal/liberalismo/lib1826.html
- ^ http://www.geneall.net/P/forum_msg.php?id=89634#lista
External links
[編集]Template:Portuguese Monarchy Topics Template:Portuguese overseas empire Template:Brazil topics 座標: 南緯22度54分 西経43度14分 / 南緯22.900度 西経43.233度