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利用者:Sarandora/試訳中記事4

ハドリアヌス
Hadrianus
ローマ皇帝
ハドリアヌス胸像
全名 プブリウス・アエリウス・ハドリアヌス（出生時）
Publius Aelius Hadrianus
カエサル・プブリウス・アエリウス・トラヤヌス・ハドリアヌス・アウグストゥス（即位時）
Caesar Publius Aelius Traianus Hadrianus Augustus
出生 76年1月24日
イタリカ
死去 138年7月10日（62歳没）
バイアエ（イタリア本土）
継承 アントニヌス・ピウス
配偶者 ウィビア・サビナ
子女 なし
家名 ネルウァ・トラヤヌス家
王朝 ネルウァ＝アントニヌス朝
父親 ハドリアヌス・アフェル
母親 パウリナ
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プブリウス・アエリウス・トラヤヌス・ハドリアヌス (ラテン語: Publius Aelius Trajanus Hadrianus Augustus[1][2][3] 76年1月24日 - 138年7月10日)は第14代ローマ皇帝で、ネルウァ＝アントニヌス朝の第3代君主。自らの名で呼ばれるハドリアヌスの長城を始めとして、パンテオンやウェヌス・ローマ神殿の再建など数多くの建築事業を遺した。また優れた教養家で古代ギリシャの文化に精通していた事でも知られている。

ハドリアヌスは先帝であり、ネルウァ＝アントニヌス朝の第2代（実質的には初代といえる）であるトラヤヌス帝の従兄弟ハドリアヌス・アフェルを父として生まれた[4]。先帝の数少ない血縁者として前皇妃ポンペイア・プロティナは急死したトラヤヌスが従甥ハドリアヌスを後継者に指名したと主張し、周囲の貴族もこれに同調した。彼らの後押しを利用してハドリアヌスは従伯父の帝位を引き継ぐ事ができた[5]。

皇帝としては文化政策に勤しんで上述の様な建築事業を推し進め、同時に広大化した帝国領内を巡察する事に時間を費やし続けた。その為に殆ど帝都や本土に留まらなかった事から元老院や民衆からは馴染みの薄い存在であり、私生活でも同性愛に耽溺して跡継ぎを残せなかった。しかし一方で巡察の努力によって統治の行き届いていなかった地域に今度の備えを残し、また属州では軍隊と生活を共にして彼らからの信頼を勝ち取っていた。最終的にハドリアヌスの帝国再編は従伯父が遠征で勝ち取った地域の殆どを放棄し、かつ長大な要塞線を建築する事に繋がった。

晩年は病に苦しめられ、後継者の不在から政治的混乱も発生した。死に瀕したハドリアヌスは側近アントニヌスを後継者に指名したが、その条件は彼の妻である大ファウスティナの甥マルクス・アウレリウスを皇子とする事であった。アントニヌスが甥の後見人となるのを了承した直後、ハドリアヌスは病没した[6]。

生い立ち

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出自

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プブリウス・アエリウス・ハドリアヌスは属州ヒスパニア・バエディカの殖民市イタリカ[7]（ローマ説あり[8]）で、イタリア本土の都市ピケヌムに出自を持つアエリウス氏族ハドリアヌス家に生まれた。

ハドリアヌスが属州育ちである事は全ての歴史家が一致する認識であるが、出身地については『ローマ皇帝群像』が実際にはローマ生まれで後にイタリカへ移住したと主張している。しかしハドリアヌス家が親族のトラヤヌス家と共に何代も前から属州支配に従事していたのなら、ハドリアヌスだけが唐突にローマ生まれとなるのは明らかに不自然である。ハドリアヌスが自らの出自（当時のローマでは属州民は当然のこと、属州開拓の本国民すら下に見る傾向があった）を高めようとした可能性はある[9]。

父プブリウス・アエリウス・ハドリアヌス・アフェルは元老院議員で、法務官の経歴を持つ貴族であった[10]。ハドリアヌス家は先に述べた様にピケヌムに出自を持つが、それ以前はより南にある都市ハドリアに居住していたという。ポエニ戦争後に属州ヒスパニア・バエディカが成立すると最初期の移民として開拓に出向き、イタリカ市に所領を得た。同じくイタリカ開拓に関わったトラヤヌス家とは婚姻を通じて親族関係を結び、特に父ハドリアヌス・アフェルは後に皇帝となるトラヤヌスにとって従兄弟にあたる。母大パウリナはカディスに領地を持つ一族の出身であった。姉小パウリナは執政官ルキウス・ユリウス・ウルスス・セルウィアヌスと結婚している。

両親を相次いで失う不幸により、10歳の時から従伯父トラヤヌスとプブリウス・アキリウス・アッティクスという人物に引き取られて養育された[11]。貴族の子として少年期から古代ギリシャ哲学や言語を学んでいたが、余りに傾倒し過ぎた事から周囲にグラエクルス（Graeculus、ギリシャかぶれ）と揶揄されていたという。14歳の時、従伯父から帝都ローマへと呼び出されて以降、ハドリアヌスは二度とイタリカへと戻る事は無かった[12]。

即位までの経緯

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98年、初めての公職として軍団幕僚に就任し、第2軍団『アディウトリクス』へ派遣された。後に第1軍団『ミネルウァ』に転属となり、ゲルマニアへと赴任した。同年にネルウァ帝が病没してトラヤヌスが後継者競争を勝ち抜き、ネルウァ＝アントニヌス朝が成立した。

皇帝となったトラヤヌス帝の命令によって属州上パンノニアの軍団司令官と属州総督に任命され、短期間ではあるもののアテネ市の自治長官にも就任している[13]。

以降、トラヤヌスの死没まで以下の役職を歴任している。

ハドリアヌスは第5軍団「マケドニカ」の軍団長としてダキアの戦いに軍功を上げてトラヤヌス帝から賞賛されたとされているが、軍事的な資質や貢献については記録に乏しい部分がある。

トラヤヌス帝の東方遠征軍の一員として出陣したハドリアヌスは[15]属州メソポタミアの反乱に直面し、また途中からは属州シリアの総督代理として派遣された[16]。やがて重病を患ったトラヤヌス帝がローマ帰還を決定してもハドリアヌスは属州シリアに留まっていたが、皇帝はローマに辿り着く前にキリキアで病没した。子を儲けていなかったトラヤヌス帝の後継者に血縁者であるハドリアヌスを立てようとする動きは既に存在したが、生前の従伯父から家督を譲られた訳ではなかった。しかし後になってトラヤヌス帝が生前に従甥を養子として家督を継がせるという文書を残していたと前皇妃ポンペイア・プロティナが証言して即位を後押しした。この文章が本当にトラヤヌス本人が記したかどうかは議論がある[17]。

治世

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125年時点の帝国領

即位

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即位したハドリアヌス帝はまず軍の掌握を優先し、ユダヤ総督ルシウス・クィエトゥスを除く将軍達から支持を集めた[18]。ハドリアヌス帝は先の偽書と思われる大叔父の遺言書を名分として元老院に提出して、元老院はこれを承認した。仮に偽書であるとの疑いが同時代にあったとしても、素早く軍と元老院を掌握した彼の即位は動かし難かったと考えられている。

即位したハドリアヌスは直ちに帝都には赴かず、トラヤヌス時代からのユダヤ反乱の沈静化やドナウ川流域の領地整備を行っていた。帝都の元老院に対しては養父プブリウス・アキリウス・アッティクスを代理人として派遣した。アッティクスは反ハドリアヌス派議員の反乱が計画されていると通告し、ルシウス・クィエトゥスら4名の議員が処刑されたが、ハドリアヌス帝は自分の与り知らぬ事であると主張した。論者の中には彼らがトラヤヌス帝時代の重臣であった事から疎まれたのだと推測する意見もある[19]。

軍事政策

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軍指揮官としての確固たる業績を持つにも関わらず、ハドリアヌス帝の治世下では第二次ユダヤ戦争を除いて軍事行動は避けられる傾向にあった。トラヤヌス帝時代に築き上げられた属州メソポタミアなどの領域も将来的に維持が難しくなると考え、最終的に撤兵を決断している。西暦121年にパルティアと再度戦争が起きた際にも遠征ではなく、敵国との交渉による外交的解決を図っている。

彼の防衛方針は国境防衛線の再構築へと繋がり、その中でも最も知られているのがハドリアヌスの長城となる。この計画でブリタニアからライン川、ドナウ川に至るまでの国境線で要塞、木造の砦、前哨拠点、櫓などによる防御陣地を建設し、輸送路や地方の治安組織を整備している。また駐屯する部隊の士気低下や反乱を防ぐ為に徹底した訓練を義務付け、自ら巡察を行った。彼の時代に発行された貨幣にも平和な内容の物と同じほどに軍を象徴する物が発行され、彼の治世も力による平和を通して穏当に推移している[20]。

文化政策

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アンティノス

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アンティノウス

ハドリアヌス帝は恐らく属州ビテュニア出身のアンティノウスというギリシャ系の青年と同性愛関係にあったと考えられている[21]。エドワード・ギボンによる『ローマ帝国衰亡史』は同性愛行為への差別感情を交え、「この時代までに存在した15名の皇帝達で、性的に正常であったのはクラウディウスのみである」と評している[22]。

西暦130年、アンティノウスはナイル川で溺死したと伝えられる。ハドリアヌス帝は愛人の死を嘆き悲しみ、遂にはアンティノポリスという都まで建設させている。更にアンティノウスを神の化身として民衆に崇拝させようとしたが、多神教のローマでも皇帝などの有力貴族でもない一般人を神格化させたのは異例の行為であった。結果としてギリシャ文化圏ではアンティノウス崇拝は大きな影響力を有するに至った[23]。『ローマ皇帝群像』は以下の様に記している。

…ナイル川の旅においてアンティノウスが死ぬと、寵愛する青年を失ったハドリアヌスは女の様に泣き喚いた。この出来事については色々な噂が飛び交い、アンティノウスがハドリアヌスの為に死を捧げたという話もある。どうあれギリシャ系の住民達はハドリアヌスの要求でアンティノウスを神格化し、神託も捧げられた。だが実態としてはハドリアヌスによる創作であったと見なされている[24]。

他にアンティノウスの神格化はギリシャ文化圏との融和策の一環であったと見る向きもある[25]。

傾向

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この胸像は長年に亘ってハドリアヌスの古代ギリシャ文化への傾倒を示すと考えられてきた[26]

Hadrian wrote poetry in both Latin and Greek; one of the few surviving examples is a Latin poem he reportedly composed on his deathbed (see below). He also wrote an autobiography – not, apparently, a work of great length or revelation, but designed to scotch various rumours or explain his various actions. Hadrian was a passionate hunter from the time of his youth according to one source.[27] In northwest Asia, he founded and dedicated a city to commemorate a she-bear he killed.[28] It is documented that in Egypt he and his beloved Antinous killed a lion.[28] In Rome, eight reliefs featuring Hadrian in different stages of hunting decorate a building that began as a monument celebrating a kill.[28]

Another of Hadrian's contributions to "popular" culture was the beard, which symbolised his philhellenism. Since the time of Scipio Africanus it had been fashionable among the Romans to be clean-shaven. Also all Roman Emperors before Hadrian, except for Nero (also a great admirer of Greek culture), were clean shaven. Most of the emperors after Hadrian would be portrayed with beards. Their beards, however, were not worn out of an appreciation for Greek culture but because the beard had, thanks to Hadrian, become fashionable. This new fashion lasted until the reign of Constantine the Great[29] and was revived again by Phocas at the start of the 7th century.[30]

As a cultural Hellenophile Hadrian was familiar with the work of the philosophers Epictetus, Heliodorus and Favorinus. At home he attended to social needs. Hadrian mitigated but did not abolish slavery, had the legal code humanized and forbade torture. He built libraries, aqueducts, baths and theaters. Hadrian is considered by many historians to have been wise and just: Schiller called him "the Empire's first servant", and British historian Edward Gibbon admired his "vast and active genius", as well as his "equity and moderation". In 1776, he stated that Hadrian's era was part of the "happiest era of human history".


巡察

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経緯

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ファイル:Aureus - Adriano - RIC 0144.jpg
This aureus by Hadrian celebrates the games held in honour of the 874th birthday of Rome.

The Emperor travelled broadly, inspecting and correcting the legions in the field. Even prior to becoming emperor, he had travelled abroad with the Roman military, giving him much experience in the matter. More than half his reign was spent outside of Italy. Other emperors often left Rome simply to go to war, returning soon after conflicts concluded. A previous emperor, Nero, once travelled through Greece and was condemned for his self indulgence. Hadrian, by contrast, travelled as a fundamental part of his governing, and made this clear to the Roman Senate and the people. He was able to do this because at Rome he possessed a staunch supporter within the upper echelons of Roman society, a military veteran by the name of Marcius Turbo. Also, there are hints within certain sources that he also employed a secret police force, the frumentarii, to exert control and influence in case anything should go wrong while he journeyed abroad. [要出典]

His visits were marked by handouts which often contained instructions for the construction of new public buildings. His intention was to strengthen the Empire from within through improved infrastructure, as opposed to conquering or annexing perceived enemies. This was often the purpose of his journeys; commissioning new structures, projects and settlements. His almost evangelical belief in Greek culture strengthened his views: like many emperors before him, Hadrian's will was almost always obeyed. His travelling court was large, including administrators and likely architects and builders. The burden on the areas he passed through were sometimes great. While his arrival usually brought some benefits it is possible that those who had to bear the burden were of different class to those who reaped the benefits. For example, huge amounts of provisions were requisitioned during his visit to Egypt, this suggests that the burden on the mainly subsistence farmers must have been intolerable, causing some measure of starvation and hardship.[31]

At the same time, as in later times all the way through the European Renaissance, kings were welcomed into their cities or lands, and the financial burden was completely on them, and only indirectly on the poorer class. Hadrian's first tour came in 121 and was initially aimed at covering his back to allow himself the freedom to concern himself with his general cultural aims. He travelled north, towards Germania and inspected the Rhine-Danube frontier, allocating funds to improve the defences. However it was a voyage to the Empire's very frontiers that represented his perhaps most significant visit; upon hearing of a recent revolt, he journeyed to Britannia. [要出典]

ブリタニカ

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Hadrian's Wall (Vallum Hadriani), a fortification in Northern England (viewed from Vercovicium)
Hadrian's Gate, in Antalya, southern Turkey was built to honour Hadrian who visited the city in 130 CE.

Prior to Hadrian's arrival on Great Britain there had been a major rebellion in Britannia from 119 to 121.[32] In 122 he initiated the construction of Hadrian's Wall. The wall was built, "to separate Romans from barbarians," according to the Historia Augusta.[33] It deterred attacks on Roman territory and controlled cross border trade and immigration.[34] Unlike the Germanic limes, built of wood palisades, the lack of suitable wood in the area required a stone construction.[35] The western third of the wall, from modern-day Carlisle to the River Irthing, was built of turf because of the lack of suitable building stone. This problem also led to the narrowing of the width of the wall, from the original 12 feet to 7.[36]

Under him, a shrine was erected in York to Britain as a Goddess, and coins that introduced a female figure as the personification of Britain, labeled BRITANNIA, were struck.[37] By the end of 122 he had concluded his visit to Britannia, and from there headed south by sea to Mauretania.

ペルシャとアナトリア

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In 123, he arrived in Mauretania where he personally led a campaign against local rebels.[38] However this visit was to be short, as reports came through that the Eastern nation of Parthia was again preparing for war; as a result, Hadrian quickly headed eastwards. On his journey east it is known that at some point he visited Cyrene during which he personally made available funds for the training of the young men of well bred families for the Roman military. This might well have been a stop off during his journey East. Cyrene had already benefited from his generosity when he in 119 had provided funds for the rebuilding of public buildings destroyed in the recent Jewish revolt.[39]

When Hadrian arrived on the Euphrates, he characteristically solved the problem through a negotiated settlement with the Parthian king Osroes I. He then proceeded to check the Roman defences before setting off West along the coast of the Black Sea.[40] He probably spent the winter in Nicomedia, the main city of Bithynia. As Nicomedia had been hit by an earthquake only shortly prior to his stay, Hadrian was generous in providing funds for rebuilding. Thanks to his generosity he was acclaimed as the chief restorer of the province as a whole. It is more than possible that Hadrian visited Claudiopolis and there espied the beautiful Antinous, a young boy who was destined to become the emperor's beloved. Sources say nothing about when Hadrian met Antinous; however, there are depictions of Antinous that shows him as a young man of 20 or so. As this was shortly before Antinous's drowning in 130, Antinous would most likely have been a youth of 13 or 14.[41] It is possible that Antinous may have been sent to Rome to be trained as a page to serve the emperor, and only gradually did he rise to the status of imperial favourite.[42]

After meeting Antinous, Hadrian travelled through Anatolia. The route he took is uncertain. Various incidents are described, such as his founding of a city within Mysia, Hadrianutherae, after a successful boar hunt. (The building of the city was probably more than a mere whim — low-populated wooded areas such as the location of the new city were already ripe for development). Some historians dispute whether Hadrian did in fact commission the city's construction at all. At about this time, plans to build a temple in Asia Minor were written up. The new temple would be dedicated to Trajan and Hadrian, built with dazzling white marble.[43]

ギリシャ

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Temple of Zeus in Athens
The Pantheon was rebuilt by Hadrian

The climax of this tour was the destination that the hellenophile Hadrian must all along have had in mind, Greece. He arrived in the autumn of 124 in time to participate in the Eleusinian Mysteries. By tradition, at one stage in the ceremony the initiates were supposed to carry arms; but, this was waived to avoid any risk to the emperor. At the Athenians' request, he conducted a revision of their constitution — among other things a new phyle (tribe) was added bearing his name.[44]

During the winter he toured the Peloponnese. His exact route is uncertain; however, Pausanias reports of tell-tale signs, such as temples built by Hadrian and the statue of the emperor built by the grateful citizens of Epidaurus in thanks to their "restorer". He was especially generous to Mantinea; this supports the theory that Antinous was in fact already Hadrian's lover because of the strong link between Mantinea and Antinous's home in Bithynia.[45]

By March 125, Hadrian had reached Athens. presiding over the festival of Dionysia. The building program that Hadrian initiated was substantial. Various rulers had done work on building the Temple of Olympian Zeus over a timespan of more than five centuries — it was Hadrian and the vast resources he could command that ensured that the job would be finished. He also initiated the construction of several public buildings on his own whim and even organized the building of an aqueduct.[46]

本土帰還

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On his return to Italy, Hadrian made a detour to Sicily. Coins celebrate him as the restorer of the island, though there is no record of what he did to earn this accolade.[47]

Back in Rome, he was able to see for himself the completed work of rebuilding the Pantheon. Also completed by then was Hadrian's villa nearby at Tibur, a pleasant retreat by the Sabine Hills for whenever Rome became too much for him. At the beginning of March 127. Hadrian set off for a tour of Italy. Once again, historians are able to reconstruct his route by evidence of his hand-outs rather than the historical records. For instance, in that year he restored the Picentine earth goddess Cupra in the town of Cupra Maritima. At some unspecified time he improved the drainage of the Fucine lake. Less welcome than such largesse was his decision to divide Italy into 4 regions under imperial legates with consular rank. Being effectively reduced to the status of mere provinces did not go down well and this innovation did not long outlive Hadrian.[48]

Hadrian fell ill around this time, though the nature of his sickness is not known. Whatever the illness was, it did not stop him from setting off in the spring of 128 to visit Africa. His arrival began with the good omen of rain ending a drought. Along with his usual role as benefactor and restorer, he found time to inspect the troops; his speech to the troops survives to this day.[49] Hadrian returned to Italy in the summer of 128 but his stay was brief, as he set off on another tour that would last three years.[50]

ギリシャ・アシア・エジプト

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In September 128, Hadrian again attended the Eleusinian mysteries. This time his visit to Greece seems to have concentrated on Athens and Sparta — the two ancient rivals for dominance of Greece. Hadrian had played with the idea of focusing his Greek revival round Amphictyonic League based in Delphi, but he by now had decided on something far grander. His new Panhellenion was going to be a council that would bring Greek cities together wherever they might be found. The meeting place was to be the new temple to Zeus in Athens. Having set in motion the preparations — deciding whose claim to be a Greek city was genuine would in itself take time — Hadrian set off for Ephesus.[51]

In October 130, while Hadrian and his entourage were sailing on the Nile, Antinous drowned for unknown reasons; accident, suicide, murder or religious sacrifice have all been postulated. The emperor was grief stricken. He ordered Antinous deified, and cities were named after the boy, medals struck with his effigy, and statues erected to him in all parts of the empire. Temples were built for his worship in Bithynia, Mantineia in Arcadia. In Athens, festivals were celebrated in his honour and oracles delivered in his name. The city of Antinopolis or Antinoe was founded on the ruins of Besa, where he died.[52]

ギリシャ・ユダヤ・イリュリクム

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Hadrian’s movements subsequent to the founding of Antinopolis on October 30, 130 are obscure. Whether or not he returned to Rome, he spent the winter of 131–32 in Athens and probably remained in Greece or further East because of the Jewish rebellion which broke out in Judaea in 132 (see below). Inscriptions make it clear that he took the field in person against the rebels with his army in 133; he then returned to Rome, probably in that year and almost certainly (judging again from inscriptions) via Illyricum.[53]

第二次ユダヤ戦争

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→「Bar Kokhba revolt」も参照

In 130, Hadrian visited the ruins of Jerusalem, in Judaea, left after the First Roman-Jewish War of 66–73. He rebuilt the city, renaming it Aelia Capitolina after himself and Jupiter Capitolinus, the chief Roman deity. Hadrian placed the city's main Forum at the junction of the main Cardo and Decumanus Maximus, now the location for the (smaller) Muristan. Hadrian built a large temple to the goddess Venus on top of what early Christians venerated as the tomb of Christ in order to suppress Christian worship there; later this site was rebuilt as the Church of the Holy Sepulchre after the Christian Empress Helena ordered the temple of Venus to be demolished.[54] A new temple dedicated to the worship of Jupiter was built on the ruins of the old Jewish Second Temple, which had been destroyed in 70.[55] In addition, Hadrian abolished circumcision, which was considered by Romans and Greeks as a form of bodily mutilation and hence barbaric.[56]

These anti-Jewish policies of Hadrian triggered in Judaea a massive Jewish uprising, led by Simon bar Kokhba and Akiba ben Joseph. [要出典] Following the outbreak of the revolt, Hadrian called his general Sextus Julius Severus from Britain, and troops were brought from as far as the Danube. Roman losses were very heavy, and it is believed that an entire legion, the XXII Deiotariana was destroyed.[57] Indeed, Roman losses were so heavy that Hadrian's report to the Roman Senate omitted the customary salutation "I and the legions are well".[58] However, Hadrian's army eventually put down the rebellion in 135, after three years of fighting. According to Cassius Dio, during the war 580,000 Jews were killed, 50 fortified towns and 985 villages razed. The final battle took place in Beitar, a fortified city 10 km. southwest of Jerusalem. The city only fell after a lengthy siege, and Hadrian only allowed the Jews to bury their dead after a period of six days. According to the Babylonian Talmud,[59] after the war Hadrian continued the persecution of Jews.

He attempted to root out Judaism, which he saw as the cause of continuous rebellions, prohibited the Torah law, the Hebrew calendar and executed Judaic scholars (see Ten Martyrs). The sacred scroll was ceremonially burned on the Temple Mount. In an attempt to erase the memory of Judaea, he renamed the province Syria Palaestina (after the Philistines), and Jews were forbidden from entering its rededicated capital. When Jewish sources mention Hadrian it is always with the epitaph "may his bones be crushed" (שחיק עצמות or שחיק טמיא, the Aramaic equivalent[60]), an expression never used even with respect to Vespasian or Titus who destroyed the Second Temple.

晩年

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後継者問題

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Bust of Hadrian, National Archaeological Museum of Athens

Hadrian spent the final years of his life at Rome. In 134, he took an Imperial salutation or the end of the Second Jewish War (which was not actually concluded until the following year). In 136, he dedicated a new Temple of Venus and Roma on the former site of Nero's Golden House.

About this time, suffering from poor health, he turned to the problem of the succession. In 136 he adopted one of the ordinary consuls of that year, Lucius Ceionius Commodus, who took the name Lucius Aelius Caesar. He was the son-in-law of Gaius Avidius Nigrinus, one of the "four consulars" executed in 118, but was himself in delicate health. Granted tribunician power and the governorship of Pannonia, Aelius Caesar held a further consulship in 137, but died on January 1, 138.[61]

Following the death of Aelius Caesar, Hadrian next adopted Titus Aurelius Fulvus Boionius Arrius Antoninus (the future emperor Antoninus Pius), who had served as one of the four imperial legates of Italy (a post created by Hadrian) and as proconsul of Asia. On 25 February 138 Antoninus received tribunician power and imperium. Moreover, to ensure the future of the dynasty, Hadrian required Antoninus to adopt both Lucius Ceionius Commodus (son of the deceased Aelius Caesar) and Marcus Annius Verus (who was the grandson of an influential senator of the same name who had been Hadrian’s close friend; Annius was already betrothed to Aelius Caesar’s daughter Ceionia Fabia). Hadrian’s precise intentions in this arrangement are debatable.

Though the consensus is that he wanted Annius Verus (who would later become the Emperor Marcus Aurelius) to succeed Antoninus, it has also been argued that he actually intended Ceionius Commodus, the son of his own adopted son, to succeed, but was constrained to show favour simultaneously to Annius Verus because of his strong connections to the Hispano-Narbonensian nexus of senatorial families of which Hadrian himself was a part. It may well not have been Hadrian, but rather Antoninus Pius — who was Annius Verus’s uncle – who advanced the latter to the principal position. The fact that Annius would divorce Ceionia Fabia and re-marry to Antoninus' daughter Annia Faustina points in the same direction. When he eventually became Emperor, Marcus Aurelius would co-opt Ceionius Commodus as his co-Emperor (under the name of Lucius Verus) on his own initiative.[62]

The ancient sources present Hadrian's last few years as marked by conflict and unhappiness. The adoption of Aelius Caesar proved unpopular, not least with Hadrian's brother-in-law Lucius Julius Ursus Servianus and Servianus' grandson Gnaeus Pedanius Fuscus Salinator. Servianus, though now far too old, had stood in line of succession at the beginning of the reign; Fuscus is said to have had designs on the imperial power for himself, and in 137 he may have attempted a coup in which his grandfather was implicated. Whatever the truth, Hadrian ordered that both be put to death.[63] Servianus is reported to have prayed before his execution that Hadrian would "long for death but be unable to die".[64] The prayer was fulfilled; as Hadrian suffered from his final, protracted illness, he had to be prevented from suicide on several occasions.[65]

病没

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Hadrian died in 138 on the 10th of July, in his villa at Baiae at the age of 62. The cause of death is believed to have been heart failure. Dio Cassius and the Historia Augusta record details of his failing health.

He was buried first at Puteoli, near Baiae, on an estate which had once belonged to Cicero. Soon after, his remains were transferred to Rome and buried in the Gardens of Domitia, close by the almost-complete mausoleum. Upon completion of the Tomb of Hadrian in Rome in 139 by his successor Antoninus Pius, his body was cremated, and his ashes were placed there together with those of his wife Vibia Sabina and his first adopted son, Lucius Aelius, who also died in 138. Antoninus also had him deified in 139 and given a temple on the Campus Martius.

家系図

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Template:Nerva-Antonine family tree

Notes

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  1. ^ 古典ラテン語では「PVBLIVS AELIVS TRAIANVS HADRIANVS AVGVSTVS」
  2. ^ Inscription in Athens, year 112 AD: CIL III, 550 = InscrAtt 3 = IG II, 3286 = Dessau 308 = IDRE 2, 365: P(ublio) Aelio P(ubli) f(ilio) Serg(ia) Hadriano / co(n)s(uli) VIIviro epulonum sodali Augustali leg(ato) pro pr(aetore) Imp(eratoris) Nervae Traiani / Caesaris Aug(usti) Germanici Dacici Pannoniae inferioris praetori eodemque / tempore leg(ato) leg(ionis) I Minerviae P(iae) F(idelis) bello Dacico item trib(uno) pleb(is) quaestori Imperatoris / Traiani et comiti expeditionis Dacicae donis militaribus ab eo donato bis trib(uno) leg(ionis) II / Adiutricis P(iae) F(idelis) item legionis V Macedonicae item legionis XXII Primigeniae P(iae) F(idelis) seviro / turmae eq(uitum) R(omanorum) praef(ecto) feriarum Latinarum Xviro s(tlitibus) i(udicandis) //...(text in greek)
  3. ^ 皇帝としては「Imperator Caesar Divi Traiani filius Traianus Hadrianus Augustus」と記録された
  4. ^ Eutr. VIII. 6: "...nam eum (Hadrianum) Traianus, quamquam consobrinae suae filium..." and SHA, Vita Hadr. I, 2: ...pater Aelius Hadrianus cognomento Afer fuit, consobrinus Traiani imperatoris.
  5. ^ After A. M. Canto, in UCM.es, specifically pp. 322, 328, 341 and footnote 124, where she stands out SHA, Vita Hadr. 1.2: pro filio habitus (years 93); 3.2: ad bellum Dacicum Traianum familiarius prosecutus est (year 101) or, principally, 3.7: quare adamante gemma quam Traianus a Nerva acceperat donatus ad spem successionis erectus est (year 107).
  6. ^ Royston Lambert, 1984, p. 175
  7. ^ Alicia M. Canto, "Itálica, patria y ciudad natal de Adriano (31 textos históricos y argumentos contra Vita Hadr. His father died in AD 86 when Hadrian was at the age of 10. 1, 3", Athenaeum vol. 92.2, 2004, pp. 367–408 UNIPV.it
  8. ^ As Canto states, it exists only one ancient quote of Hadrian's birth in Rome (SHA, Vita Hadr 2,4, probably interpolated), opposite to 25 ancient authors who affirm that he was born in Italica. Among these ancient sources is included his own imperial horoscope, which remained in the famous Antigonus of Nicaea's collection (end of the 2nd. century). This horoscope was well studied by prominent authors as F. H. Cramer, Astrology in Roman Law and Politics, Mem.Amer.Philos.Soc. nr. 37 , Philadelphia, 1954 (repr. 1996), see for Hadrian p. 162–178, fn. 121b and 122, etc.: "...Hadrian - whose horoscope is absolutely certain - surely was born in southern Spain... (in) SHA, Hadrian, 2, 4, the birth was erroneously assigned to Rome instead of Italica, the actual birth-place of Hadrian...", or O. Neugebauer and H. B. Van Hoesen in their magisterial compilation Greek Horoscopes, Mem.Amer.Philos.Soc. nr. 48, Philadelphia, 1959, nr. L76, see now here, ed. 1987 pp. 80, 90–1, and his footnote 19. They came also to the conclusion that the astronomic parallel of the Hadrian’s birth is situated in the Baetica, today Andalusia: “...L40 agrees exactly with the geographical latitude of southern Spain, the place of origin of Hadrian and his family...”.. "since Hadrian was born in Italica (southern Spain, near Seville, latitude about 37° 30)...".
  9. ^ Historia Augusta, 'Hadrian', I-II, here explicitly citing the autobiography. This is one of the passages in the Historia Augusta where there is no reason to suspect invention. But see now the Canto's 31 contrary arguments in the op.cit. supra; among them, in the same Historia Augusta and, from the same author, Aelius Spartianus, Vita Sev. 21: Falsus est etiam ipse Traianus in suo municipe ac nepote diligendo, see also es:Adriano#cite note-nacimiento-0, and, characterizing him as a man of provinces (Canto, ibid.): Vita Hadr. 1,3: Quaesturam gessit Traiano quater et Articuleio consulibus, in qua cum orationem imperatoris in senatu agrestius pronuntians risus esset, usque ad summam peritiam et facundiam Latinis operam dedit
  10. ^ On the numerous senatorial families from Spain residing at Rome and its vicinity around the time of Hadrian’s birth see R.Syme, 'Spaniards at Tivoli', in Roman Papers IV (Oxford, 1988), pp. 96–114. Tivoli (Tibur) was of course the site of Hadrian’s own imperial villa
  11. ^ Royston Lambert, Beloved And God, pp.31–32.
  12. ^ Aul.Gell., Noct.Att. XVI, 13, 4, and some inscriptions in the city with C(olonia) A(elia) A(ugusta) I(talica)
  13. ^ The inscription in footnote 1
  14. ^ H. W. Benario in Roman-emperors.org
  15. ^ Anthony Birley, Hadrian the Restless Emperor, p. 68
  16. ^ Anthony Birley, p. 75
  17. ^ Elizabeth Speller, p. 25
  18. ^ Royston Lambert, p. 34
  19. ^ Elizabeth Speller.
  20. ^ Elizabeth Speller, p. 69
  21. ^ Lambert, Royston, Beloved and God, New York: Viking, 1984, pp. 1-14 passim.
  22. ^ Edward Gibbon, The Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire, Modern Library Edition, V. 1, p. 68, n. 49.
  23. ^ "Antinous’s mysterious death in the Nile led to a Graeco-Egyptian hero-cult to surpass all others in the Greek-speaking world, and busts of the young man are now among the most common from antiquity." (MacGregor, Neil, "There’s more to Hadrian than wall-building", Times" of London, July 6, 2008.
    Dyson, Stephen L.,     Rome: A Living Portrait of an Ancient City, p. 195.
  24. ^ Historia Augusta (c. 395) Hadr. 14.5-7
  25. ^ "The public taking of Antinous the Greek as a lover makes more sense as a deliberate political manoeuvre designed to ingratiate himself with the Greek-speakers who still made up 50% of the empire." (Januszczak, Waldemar, "Hadrian - Empire and Conflict at the British Museum", Times of London, July 20, 2008)
    Lambert, op. cit. p. 185.
  26. ^ Kennedy, Maev (2008年6月9日). “How Victorian restorers faked the clothes that seemed to show Hadrian's softer side”. Guardian.co.uk. http://arts.guardian.co.uk/art/heritage/story/0,,2284520,00.html 2008年6月9日閲覧。 
  27. ^ Historia Augusta, Hadrian 2.1.
  28. ^ a b c Fox, Robin The Classical World: An Epic History from Homer to Hadrian Basic Books. 2006 pg 574
  29. ^ Conway, A. E. (1914). “?”. The Burlington Magazine for Connoisseurs 25 (138): 346–349. JSTOR 859783. 
  30. ^ http://web2.airmail.net/uthman/byzantine.html
  31. ^ Elizabeth Speller, pp. 74–81
  32. ^ The Historia Augusta notes that 'the Britons could not be kept under Roman control; Pompeius Falco was sent to Britain to restore order (Birley 123) and coins of 119–120 refer to this.
  33. ^ Scriptores Historiae Augustae, Hadrian, xi, 2
  34. ^ Breeze, David J., and Brian Dobson, "Hadrian's Wall: Some Problems", Britannia, Vol. 3, (1972), pp. 182-208
  35. ^ Birley, pp. 131–3
  36. ^ Breeze and Dobson (2000) pp. 15–7
  37. ^ “Britannia on British Coins”. Chard. 2006年6月25日閲覧。
  38. ^ Royston Lambert, pp. 41–2
  39. ^ Anthony Birley, pp. 151–2
  40. ^ Anthony Birley, pp. 153–5
  41. ^ Anthony Birley, pp. 157–8
  42. ^ Royston Lambert, pp. 60–1
  43. ^ Anthony Birley, pp. 164–7
  44. ^ Anthony Birley, pp. 175–7
  45. ^ Anthony Birley, pp. 177–80
  46. ^ Anthony Birley, pp. 182–4
  47. ^ Anthony Birley, pp. 189–190
  48. ^ Anthony Birley, pp. 191–200
  49. ^ Royston Lambert, pp. 71–2
  50. ^ Anthony Birley, pp. 213–4
  51. ^ Anthony Birley, pp. 215–20
  52. ^ Cassius Dio, LIX.11; Historia Augusta, Hadrian
  53. ^ Ronald Syme, "Journeys of Hadrian" (1988), pp. 164–9
  54. ^ Virgilio Corbo, The Holy Sepulchre of Jerusalem (1981)
  55. ^ Cassius Dio, Roman history 69.12.1
  56. ^ Historia Augusta, Hadrian14.2
  57. ^ livius.org account(Legio XXII Deiotariana)
  58. ^ Cassius Dio 69, 14.3
  59. ^ Gittin 57a-58b; Lamentations Rabbah 2.2 §4;
  60. ^ The Aramaic version, "שחיק טמיא", is used, e.g., in Genesis Rabbah 78:1. This is referenced by Rashi in his comment on the phrase, "טמא לנפש", in his commentary on Numbers 5:2. The other two locations in Genesis Rabbah referenced in Rashi's comment, 10:3 and 28:3, use the Hebrew version, "שחיק עצמות"
  61. ^ Anthony Birley, pp. 289–292.
  62. ^ The adoptions: Anthony Birley, pp. 294–5; T.D. Barnes, 'Hadrian and Lucius Verus', Journal of Roman Studies (1967), Ronald Syme, Tacitus, p. 601. Antoninus as a legate of Italy: Anthony Birley, p. 199
  63. ^ Anthony Birley, pp. 291–2
  64. ^ Dio 69.17.2
  65. ^ Anthony Birley, p. 297

References

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Primary sources

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Inscriptions:

  • Smallwood, E.M, Documents Illustrating the Principates of Nerva Trajan and Hadrian, Cambridge, 1966.

Secondary sources

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  • Barnes, T. D. (1967). “Hadrian and Lucius Verus”. Journal of Roman Studies 57 (1/2): 65–79. doi:10.2307/299345. JSTOR 299345. 
  • Birley, Anthony R. (1997). Hadrian. The restless emperor. London: Routledge. ISBN 0-415-16544-X 
  • Canto, Alicia M. (2004). “Itálica, patria y ciudad natal de Adriano (31 textos históricos y argumentos contra Vita Hadr. 1, 3”. Athenaeum 92.2: 367–408. http://dobc.unipv.it/dipscant/athenaeum/athenaeum.html.  [リンク切れ]
  • Dobson, Brian (2000). Hadrian's Wall. London: Penguin 
  • Gibbon, Edward, The Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire, vol. I, 1776. The Online Library of Liberty “Online Library of Liberty – The History of the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire, vol. 1”. Oll.libertyfund.org. 2010年3月13日閲覧。
  • Lambert, Royston (1997). Beloved and God: the story of Hadrian and Antinous. London: Phoenix Giants. ISBN 1-85799-944-4 
  • Speller, Elizabeth (2003). Following Hadrian: a second-century journey through the Roman Empire. London: Review. ISBN 0-7472-6662-X 
  • Syme, Ronald (1997) [1958]. Tacitus. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-814327-3 
  • Syme, Ronald (1988). “Journeys of Hadrian” (PDF). Zeitschrift für Papyrologie und Epigraphik 73: 159–170. http://www.uni-koeln.de/phil-fak/ifa/zpe/downloads/1988/073pdf/073159.pdf 2006年12月12日閲覧。.  Reprinted in Syme, Ronald (1991). Roman Papers VI. Oxford: Clarendon Press. pp. 346–357. ISBN 0-19-814494-6 
  • Yourcenar, Marguerite (2005) [1951]. Memoirs of Hadrian. New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux. ISBN 0-374-52926-4 

Further reading

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  • Boatwright, Mary T. (2003). Hadrian and the cities of the roman empire.. Princeton: Princeton Univ Press. ISBN 0691094934 
  • Danziger, Danny; Purcell, Nicholas (2006). Hadrian's empire : when Rome ruled the world. London: Hodder & Stoughton. ISBN 0340833610 
  • Everitt, Anthony (2009). Hadrian and the triumph of Rome. New York: Random House. ISBN 9781400066629 
  • Gray, William Dodge (1919). “A Study of the life of Hadrian Prior to His Accession”. Smith College Studies in History 4: 151–209. 
  • Gregorovius, Ferdinand (1898). The Emperor Hadrian: A Picture of the Greco-Roman World in His Time. Mary E. Robinson, trans. London: Macmillan. http://books.google.com/books?id=D20G5zMpPfUC 
  • Henderson, Bernard W. (1923). Life and Principate of the Emperor Hadrian. London: Methuen 
  • Ish-Kishor, Sulamith (1935). Magnificent Hadrian: A Biography of Hadrian, Emperor of Rome. New York: Minton, Balch and Co 
  • Perowne, Stewart (1960). Hadrian. London: Hodder and Stoughton 
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Sarandora/試訳中記事4

24 JanuaryAD 76 - 10 JulyAD 138

公職
先代
Trajan 		Roman Emperor
117–138 		次代
Antoninus Pius
先代
Quintus Aquilius Niger and Marcus Rebilus Apronianus 		Consul of the Roman Empire
118–119 		次代
Lucius Catilius Severus Iulianus Claudius Reginus and Antoninus Pius

Template:Roman Emperors ja:ハドリアヌス

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