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利用者:OskNe/sandbox

en:Voodoo Science, ブードゥー・サイエンス

ブードゥー・サイエンス（原題：Voodoo Science: The Road from Foolishness to Fraud）[1]は2000年に物理学者ロバート・L・パークによって書かれた本。


critical of research that falls short of adhering to the scientific method. Other authors have used the term "voodoo science",[2][3] but it remains most closely associated with Park.[4] The book is critical of, among other things, homeopathy, cold fusion and the International Space Station.[5]

Categories

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Park uses the term voodoo science (see the quote section below, Page 10) as covering four categories which evolve from self-delusion to fraud:

  • pathological science, wherein genuine scientists deceive themselves
  • junk science, speculative theorizing which bamboozles rather than enlightens
  • pseudoscience proper, work falsely claiming to have a scientific basis, which may be dependent on supernatural explanations
  • fraudulent science, exploiting bad science for the purposes of fraud

Park criticizes junk science as the creature of "scientists, many of whom have impressive credentials, who craft arguments deliberately intended to deceive or confuse."[6]

Examples cited

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Perpetual motion machines are precluded by the laws of thermodynamics. Despite intensive research, cold fusion has never been successfully demonstrated.
Perpetual motion machines are precluded by the laws of thermodynamics.
Despite intensive research, cold fusion has never been successfully demonstrated.
The view inside Biosphere 2. Stanford torus space habitat concept art.
The view inside Biosphere 2.
Stanford torus space habitat concept art.
Strategic Defense Initiative (SDI): 1984-1993 International Space Station (ISS): 1998-present
Strategic Defense Initiative (SDI): 1984-1993
International Space Station (ISS): 1998-present
Zener cards were created for extrasensory perception (ESP) experiments. Aqueous homeopathic dilutions above 13C (26X) are unlikely to have any atoms of the original material remaining.
Zener cards were created for extrasensory perception (ESP) experiments.
Aqueous homeopathic dilutions above 13C (26X) are unlikely to have any atoms of the original material remaining.
Maharishi Mahesh Yogi in 2007. Electric power transmission does not cause cancer.
Maharishi Mahesh Yogi in 2007.
Electric power transmission does not cause cancer.
Office of Technology Assessment (OTA): 1972-1995 National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine (NCCAM), formerly the Office of Alternative Medicine (OAM): 1991-present
Office of Technology Assessment (OTA): 1972-1995
National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine (NCCAM), formerly the Office of Alternative Medicine (OAM): 1991-present

Park also discusses the Daubert standard for excluding junk science from litigation.

Quotes

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  • I came to realize that many people choose scientific beliefs the same way they choose to be Methodists, or Democrats, or Chicago Cubs fans. They judge science by how well it agrees with the way they want the world to be. (Pages VIII-IX)
  • [P]ractitioners [of pseudoscience] may believe it to be science, just as witches and faith healers may truly believe they can call forth supernatural powers. What may begin as an honest error, however, has a way of evolving through almost imperceptible steps from self-delusion to fraud. The line between foolishness and fraud is thin. Because it is not always easy to tell when that line is crossed, I use the term voodoo science to cover them all: pathological science, junk science, pseudoscience and fraudulent science. This book is meant to help the reader to recognize voodoo science and to understand the forces that seem to conspire to keep it alive. (Page 10)
  • The integrity of science is anchored in the willingness of scientists to test their ideas and results in direct confrontation with their scientific peers. (Page 16)
  • America's astronauts have been left stranded in low-Earth orbit, like passengers waiting beside an abandoned stretch of track for a train that will never come, bypassed by the advance of science. (Page 91)
  • Few scientists or inventors set out to commit fraud. In the beginning, most believe they have made a great discovery. But what happens when they finally realize that things are not behaving as they believed? (Page 104)
  • [T]he uniquely American myth of the self-educated genius fighting against a pompous, close-minded establishment. (Page 112)
  • They are betting against the laws of thermodynamics. No one has ever won that wager. (Page 138)

Warning signs

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Drawing on examples used in Voodoo Science, Park outlined seven warning signs that a claim may be pseudoscientific in a 2003 article for The Chronicle of Higher Education:[8]

  1. Discoverers make their claims directly to the popular media, rather than to fellow scientists.
  2. Discoverers claim that a conspiracy has tried to suppress the discovery.
  3. The claimed effect appears so weak that observers can hardly distinguish it from noise. No amount of further work increases the signal.
  4. Anecdotal evidence is used to back up the claim.
  5. True believers cite ancient traditions in support of the new claim.
  6. The discoverer or discoverers work in isolation from the mainstream scientific community.
  7. The discovery, if true, would require a change in the understanding of the fundamental laws of nature.

See also

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Books

Specific Examples

References

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  1. ^ Park, Robert L (2000), Voodoo Science: The road from foolishness to fraud, Oxford, U.K. & New York: Oxford University Press, ISBN 0-19-860443-2, http://books.google.com/books?id=xzCK6-Kqs6QC&printsec=frontcover&dq=%22voodoo+science%22&src=bmrr#v=onepage&q&f=false 14 November 2010閲覧。 
  2. ^ Oversight Hearing on the Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency. United States Congress. (1984). http://books.google.com/books?ei=l5OaTrT4NOf50gHowIieBA&ct=result&id=XoZJ8SP-44oC&dq=%22Voodoo+science%22 16 October 2011閲覧。 
  3. ^ W. Booth, "Voodoo Science", Science 1988 Apr 15; 240(4850):274-7
  4. ^ Voodoo Science, The Skeptics Dictionary
  5. ^ There's One Born Every Minute, Ed Regis, The New York Times, June 4, 2000
  6. ^ Park, R.L. (2000), p.171
  7. ^ Michael Maiello (6 June 2005). “Power Failure”. Forbes. 16 October 2011閲覧。
  8. ^ Seven Warning Signs of Bogus Science Robert L. Park, The Chronicle of Higher Education, Jan 31, 2003.
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