利用者:Lin Xiangru/userinfo
| サーサーン朝領アルメニア | |||||
| Պարսկահայաստան | |||||
| |||||
| 首都 | ドビン | ||||
| 言語 | |||||
| 宗教 | |||||
| 政府 | 君主政 | ||||
| 歴史 | |||||
| • | 創設 | 252年 | |||
| • | ニシビスの和約 （ローマ帝国による征服） |
299年 | |||
| • | アルメニア分割 | 387年（384年） | |||
| • | マルズバーン時代 | 428年 | |||
| • | 正統カリフ時代のイスラム帝国による征服 | 646年 | |||
サーサーン朝領アルメニア（アルメニア語：Պարսկահայաստան）はサーサーン朝がアルメニアの宗主権を握っていた、またはサーサーン朝の直轄領となっていた時代のアルメニアを指す。具体的には、シャープール1世によるアルメニア征服から、ナルセ1世時代のアルメニア喪失までの期間と、387年のアルメニア王国のアルメニア分割以降、西アルメニアの属国化から、428年のアルメニア王廃止を経て、646年にムスリム教徒による征服までの期間を指す。
In 428, Armenian nobles petitioned Bahram V to depose Artaxias IV (r. 422);[1] Bahram V (r. 420–438) abolished the Kingdom of Armenia and appointed Veh Mihr Shapur as marzban (governor of a frontier province, "margrave") of the country, which marked the start of a new era known as the Marzpanate period (スクリプトエラー: 関数「langx」は存在しません。 – Marzpanakan Hayastan), a period when marzbans, nominated by the Sasanian emperor, governed eastern Armenia, as opposed to the western Byzantine Armenia which was ruled by several princes, and later governors, under Byzantine suzerainty. The Marzpanate period ended with the Arab conquest of Armenia in the 7th century, when the Principality of Armenia was established. An estimated 3,000,000 Armenians were under the influence of the Sasanian marzpans during this period.[2]
The marzban was invested with supreme power, even imposing death sentences; but he could not interfere with the age-long privileges of the Armenian nakharars. The country as a whole enjoyed considerable autonomy. The office of Hazarapet, corresponding to that of Minister of the Interior, public works and finance, was mostly entrusted to an Armenian, while the post of Sparapet (commander-in-chief) was entrusted only to an Armenian. Each nakharar had his own army, according to the extent of his domain. The "National Cavalry", or "Royal Force", was under the commander-in-chief. The tax collectors were all Armenians. The courts of justice and the schools were directed by the Armenian clergy. Several times, an Armenian nakharar became marzpan, as did Vahan Mamikonian in 485 after a period of rebellion against the Iranians.
Three times during the Marzpanic period, Iranian kings launched persecutions against Christianity in Armenia. The Iranians had tolerated the invention of the Armenian alphabet and the founding of schools, which they thought would encourage the spiritual separation of Armenia from the Byzantines, but on the contrary, the new cultural movement among the Armenians proved to be conducive to closer relations with Byzantium.
歴史
[編集]サーサーン朝による統治 (252年〜299年)
[編集]サーサーン朝は226年にアルダシール1世によって建国された。それ以前にイランを統治していたアルサケス朝を滅ぼしたが、アルメニアでは依然としてアルサケス朝による統治が残っていた。アルメニア王ティリダテス2世は、226年から始まったアルダシール1世による侵攻に抵抗し、およそ12年にわたる戦闘の末撤退させた[3]。しかし、252年の段階でシャープール1世は軍事的にアルメニアを征服していり、息子のホルミズド・アルダシールをアルメニアの大王にした[4][5]。ホルミズドは270年までアルメニア王として君臨し、シャープール1世の後を継ぎサーサーン朝の皇帝（ホルミズド1世）となった[6][7]。
ホルミズドの治世は1年で終わり、弟のギーラーン王バハラームとサカスターン王ナルセによる皇位継承の争いが起きた。ここでナルセはアルメニアの大王位へと昇格することを条件にバハラームに王位を明け渡した[8][9]。王位継承を制したバハラーム1世、彼の子供バハラーム2世の統治を経て、バハラーム3世が即位すると貴族たちの反発により、293年にナルセは国王に担ぎ上げられる[10][11]。ナルセの統治下の対ローマ戦役では戦いを優位に進めたものの、最終的に敗北した[12]。これらの戦役の和平条約であるニシビスの和約により、サーサーン朝のアルメニア喪失が確定した。アルメニアはローマの庇護のもと、ティリダテス3世によるアルサケス朝の支配が復活した（彼自身は287年頃に即位している[13]）。なおこのティリダテス3世の時代に、啓蒙者グレゴリウスより国王をはじめ、キリスト教徒の洗礼を受けて、さらにキリスト教をアルメニアの国教とした[14]。ローマによるキリスト教の国教化に先立つこと79年前、世界最初のキリスト教国の誕生であった[15]。
サーサーン朝では、他の皇族王たちが「シャー（王に相当する）」を名乗っていたのに対して、アルメニア王は「ウズルグ・シャー（大王）」を名乗っていた[5]。シャープール1世の長男であったホルミズド1世と後に国王となるナルセ1世といった有力な皇族王が封じられていたことからも[12]、サーサーン朝におけるアルメニア王国の重要性が伺える[5]。
東アルメニア王国時代
[編集]History
[編集]Marzbanate (428–646)
[編集]In 428, Armenian nobles, nakharar, dissatisfied with the rule of Artaxias IV petitioned emperor Bahram V to depose him.[1] Bahram V abolished the Kingdom of Armenia and appointed Veh Mihr Shapur as marzban (governor of a frontier province, "margrave") of the country.
In 465, Adhur Gushnasp was appointed by the Sasanian emperor Peroz I (r. 459–484) as the marzban of Armenia, replacing Adhur Hormizd.[16] In 475, the Mamikonian princess Shushanik, was murdered by her husband Prince Varsken, a recent convert to Zoroastrianism, because she refused to convert and wanted to stay Christian. Varsken was then executed by Vakhtang I, king of Iberia.
Peroz I, eager to avenge Varsken, sent his general Shapur Mihran to Iberia. Vakhtang then appealed to the Huns and the Armenian nobles, citing solidarity between Christians. After carefully weighing the decision, the Mamikonian prince Vahan Mamikonian agreed to revolt against the Sasanians. He defeated and killed Adhur Gushnasp, and thereafter declared Sahak II Bagratuni as the new marzban. He also kept repelling several Sasanian counter-attacks.
In 482, Shapur Mihran began to become a big threat to the security of Iberia, which made Vakhtang request Armenian aid. Vahan and Sahak shortly arrived to Iberia at the head of a big army, but were defeated in Akesga, where Sahak was killed. Vahan fled with the remnants of the Armenian army into the mountains, where he led guerrilla actions against the Sasanians, while Shapur Mihran managed to regain control of Armenia. However, Shapur Mihran was shortly ordered to return to the Sasanian capital of Ctesiphon. Vahan quickly used the opportunity to regain control of Armenia.
In the spring of 484, however, Shapur Mihran returned as the head of a new army and forced Vahan to flee to refuge near the Byzantine frontier, at Tao and Taron.[17] During the same period, the Sasanian noble Zarmihr Karen from the Karenid family, was successful in another campaign against the Armenians, and managed to capture several of them, including noblemen from the Kamsarakan family. Zarmihr shortly delivered the Armenian captives to Shapur Mihran, who delivered them to Izad Gushnasp, promising the Armenian captives to make Peroz spare them.[18]
However, an unexpected event changed the course of events: the death of the Sasanian king Peroz I in 484 in war against the Hephthalites, causing the withdrawal of the Sasanians in Armenia and recovery of Dvin and Vagharshapat. Struggling to suppress the revolt of his brother Zarir, Peroz's successor, Balash (r. 484-488), needed the help of the Armenians: in exchange for military support, he agreed to sign the Nvarsak Treaty, which granted religious freedom to the Christians and the prohibition of Zoroastrianism in Armenia, including much greater autonomy for the nakharar. Vahan was also recognized as sparapet and the property of the Mamikonian family and its allies were returned.
Between 515-516, several Hunnic tribes kept making incursions into Armenia—the Armenian nobleman Mjej I Gnuni then decided to organize a counter-attack, where he successfully managed to repel them. As a reward, Kavadh I appointed him as the marzban of Armenia in 518. During this governorship, Mjej maintained religious peace. In 527, he repelled several other Hunnic invasions. In 548, he was succeeded by Gushnasp Bahram.
Chihor-Vishnasp, a member of the Suren family[19] and a relative of Khosrow I himself,[19][20] was in 564 appointed as marzban.[20] During this period, the Armenian aristocracy was split between two parties, the national one which was headed by a member of the Mamikonian family, and a pro-Sasanian one, which was headed by a member of the Siunia family.
Chihor Vishnasp harshly treated the Christian Armenians who were suspected of secretly siding with the Byzantines, and he also did the same with the rest of the Christian Armenian population. Claiming to exploit on the command of the king, he persecuted the Christian Armenians and even built a fire-temple in Dvin.[19] These actions soon resulted in a massive uprising in late 571 or early 572, which was led by Vardan III Mamikonian. On 23 February 572, the Armenian rebels seized Dvin, and had Chihor-Vishnasp killed.[19]
Vardan Mamikonian
[編集]Sasanian king Yazdegerd II began to view Christianity in the Northern lands as a political threat to the cohesiveness of the Iranian empire. The dispute appears to be based on Iranian military considerations of the time given that according to Acts 2:9 in the Acts of the Apostles there were Persians, Parthians and Medes (all Iranian tribes) among the first new Christian converts at Pentecost and Christianity has had a long history in Iran as a minority religion, dating back to the very early years of the faith. Nevertheless, the conversion to Christianity by Armenians in the North was of particular concern to Yazdegerd II. After a successful invasion of the Eastern Roman Empire, Yazdegerd began summoning Armenian nobles to Ctesiphon and reconverted them to Zoroastrianism (a faith many Armenians shared with Iranians prior to Christianity). This upset the Armenian population,[要出典] and under the leadership of Vardan Mamikonian an army of 66,000 Armenians rebelled against the Sasanian empire. Yazdegerd quickly subdued the rebellion at the Battle of Avarayr.
Nvarsak Treaty
[編集]The military success of the Iranians ensured that Armenia would remain part of the Sasanian empire for centuries to come. However, Armenian objections did not end until the Nvarsak Treaty, which guaranteed Armenia more freedom and freedom of religion (Christianity)[要説明] under Sasanian rule.
文化
[編集]硬貨の生産
[編集]サーサーン朝はアルメニアで金貨や銀貨、青銅貨など硬貨を鋳造していた。アルメニアの34の地域で、計813枚の硬貨が発見された[21]。そのうちの大半が、ドビンとギュムリで見つかり、銀貨であった。
Viceroys
[編集]アルメニア大王
[編集]| 在位 | 大王 | 概説 |
|---|---|---|
| 252年3月~272年 | ホルミズド1世 | 父王シャープール1世によってアルメニア大王に封じられる。後にサーサーン朝皇帝となる。 |
| 272年~293年 | ナルセ1世 | シャープール1世の息子。兄王バハラーム1世の即位に伴いアルメニア大王へ昇格した。後にサーサーン朝皇帝となる。 |
Marzbans of Armenia
[編集]| Tenure | Marzban | Notes |
|---|---|---|
| 428-442 | Veh Mihr Shapur | Iranian grandee, nominated by Bahram V. |
| 442-451 | Vasak, prince of Syunik | Armenian nobleman, nominated by Yazdgerd II. |
| 451-465 | Adhur Hormizd (in Armenian sources: Adrormizd) | Iranian grandee, nominated by Yazdgerd II. |
| 465-481 | Adhur Gushnasp (in Armenian sources: Arderveshnasp) | Iranian grandee, nominated by Peroz I. |
| 481-482 | Sahak II Bagratuni | Armenian nobleman, elected by the rebellious Armenian nobles. Killed at the Battle of Akesga. |
| 482-482 | Shapur Mihran | Iranian military occupation. |
| 482-483 | Vahan I Mamikonian | Head of provisional government. |
| 483-483 | Zarmihr Karen | Iranian military occupation. |
| 483-484 | Shapur of Ray | Iranian grandee, nominated by Peroz I. Cyril Toumanoff suggests a marzpan named Andigan for the same period.[22] |
| 484-505/510 | Vahan I Mamikonian (2nd term) | Armenian nobleman, nominated by Peroz I. |
| 505-509 or 510-514 | Vard Mamikonian ("Vard the Patrician") | Brother of Vahan I, recognized as marzpan by Kavadh I. |
| 11 years | Several Iranian marzpans perses | According to Samuel of Ani : "After the patrician Vard, brother of Vahan, Iranian marzpans governed Armenia for 11 years ... The government of Armenia passed then to Mjej of the Gnuni family, who exercised it for 30 years".[23] |
| 518-548 | Mjej I Gnuni | Mentioned by Cyril Toumanoff[22] and Gérard Dédéyan,[24] but not included by René Grousset. |
| 548-552[22] or 552-554[25] | Gushnasp Bahram | |
| 552-560[22] or 554-560[25] | Tan-Shapur | |
| 560-564 | Varazdat | |
| 564-572 | Chihor-Vishnasp | |
| 572-573 | Vardan III Mamikonian | Leader of anti-Iranian rebellion.[25] |
| 572-574 | Golon Mihran | Iranian general tasked by Khosrau I with subduing the revolt.[25] Cyril Toumanoff substitutes him and Vardan with Vardan-Gushnasp.[22] |
| 573-577 | Vardan III Mamikonian | Under Byzantine protectorate.[25] For the same period, Krikor Jacob Basmadjian a Cyril Toumanoff have Philip, prince of Syunik. |
| 577-580 | Tamkhosrau | Iranian grandee, nominated by Khosrau I. |
| 580-581 | Varaz Vzur | Iranian grandee, nominated by Hormizd IV |
| 581-582/588 | Pahlav | Iranian grandee, nominated by Hormizd IV. |
| 582/588-588/589 | Frahat | Iranian grandee, nominated by Hormizd IV. |
| 588/589-590 | Hrartin (Fravardin) | Iranian grandee, nominated by Hormizd IV. |
| 590-591 | Musel II Mamikonian | Installed by the Byzantines. |
| 592-605 | Vindatakan | These five marzpans are mentioned by Cyril Toumanoff. |
| Nakhvefaghan | ||
| Merakbout | ||
| Yazden | ||
| Boutmah | ||
| 604-611 or 616 | Smbat IV Bagratuni | Christian Settipani records him as marzpan from 599 to 607.[26] He is not mentioned as marzpan by Toumanoff. René Grousset holds that Khosrau II named him marzpan following his victories in Hyrcania, ca. 604, and adds that he possibly continued in office until his death in 616-617.[27] However, he also mentions three other marzpans over the same period (see following).[28] |
| 611-613 | Shahrayeanpet | Marzpan at Dvin, in eastern Armenia, along with Shahin Vahmanzadegan as pahghospan in western (former Byzantine) Armenia |
| 613-613 | Parshenazdat | Iranian grandee, nominated by Khosrau II. |
| 616-619 | Namdar-Gushnasp | Iranian grandee, nominated by Khosrau II. |
| 619-624 | Shahraplakan (Sarablagas) | Iranian grandee, nominated by Khosrau II. |
| 624-627 | Rotshvehan | Iranian grandee, nominated by Khosrau II. |
| 627-628 | A large part of Armenia reverted to Byzantine control. | |
| ca. 628 | Varaztirots II Bagratuni | Armenian nobleman, named marzpan by Kavadh II for the portions of Armenia remaining under Iranian rule. Following the onset of the Muslim conquest of Iran, Varaztirots aligned himself with the Byzantines. |
| 630-635 | Mjej II Gnuni | Armenian nobleman, named governor of Armenia by the Byzantine emperor Heraclius. |
| 635-638 | David Saharuni | Armenian nobleman, he murdered Mjej and proclaimed himself governor. He was recognized by Heraclius, who named him kouropalates and ishkhan of Armenia. |
| 638-643 | No central authority. | |
| 643-645 | Theodore Rshtuni | |
| 645/646 | Varaztirots II Bagratuni | Following the complete collapse of Iran, he was named Prince of Armenia by the Byzantines, but died before being formally invested |
脚注
[編集]- ^ a b Introduction to Christian Caucasian History:II: States and Dynasties of the Formative Period, Cyril Toumanoff, Traditio, Vol. 17, 1961, Fordham University, 6.
- ^ Yeremyan, Suren. «Մարզպանական Հայաստան» (Marzpan Armenia). Soviet Armenian Encyclopedia. vol. vii. Yerevan: Armenian Academy of Sciences, 1981, pp. 313-315.
- ^ Chahin, The Kingdom of Armenia: A History, p.217
- ^ Shayegan 2004, pp. 462–464.
- ^ a b c 青木 2020 p,144,145
- ^ Al-Tabari 1985–2007, v. 5: pp. 39, 43.
- ^ Shahbazi 2005.
- ^ Daryaee 2009, p. 11.
- ^ Weber 2016.
- ^ Henning p. 403
- ^ Neusner p. 3
- ^ a b 青木 2020 p,163
- ^ “チリダテス3世”. コトバンク. 2024年11月29日閲覧。
- ^ 藤野 (1991) 45頁
- ^ 佐藤 (1988) 107-108頁
- ^ (Grousset 1947, p. 213).
- ^ Grousset (1947), p. 223
- ^ Pourshariati (2008), p. 74
- ^ a b c d Chaumont 1986, pp. 418–438.
- ^ a b Greatrex & Lieu 2002, p. 138.
- ^ History and coin finds in Armenia, Coins from Duin, Capital of Armenia (4-13th c.), Inventory of Byzantine and Sasanian Coins in Armenia (6th-7th c.). Moneta. (2000). pp. 216. ISBN 90-74623-23-9
- ^ a b c d e (Toumanoff 1990, pp. 506–507).
- ^ (Settipani 2006, p. 133, n.4).
- ^ (Dédéyan 2007, p. 195).
- ^ a b c d e (Grousset 1947, pp. 242–247).
- ^ (Settipani 2006, pp. 330–334).
- ^ (Grousset 1947, p. 264).
- ^ (Grousset 1947, p. 272).
参考文献
[編集]- 青木健『ペルシア帝国』講談社〈講談社現代新書〉、2020年8月。ISBN 978-4-06-520661-4。
- 藤野幸雄『悲劇のアルメニア』新潮社〈新潮選書〉、1991年。ISBN 978-4106004056。
- 佐藤信夫『新アルメニア史 - 人類の再生と滅亡の地』泰流社〈泰流選書〉、1988年（原著1986年）。ISBN 978-4884706678。
- Weber, Ursula (2016). "Narseh". Archived copy. Encyclopaedia Iranica. 2019年5月29日時点のオリジナルよりアーカイブ。2017年5月4日閲覧。
- Daryaee, Touraj (2009). Sasanian Persia: The Rise and Fall of an Empire. I.B.Tauris. pp. 1–240. ISBN 978-0857716668
- Basmadjian, Krikor Jacob (1914). “Chronologie de l'histoire d'Arménie” (フランス語). Revue de l'Orient chrétien IX (XIX): 293–294.
- Chaumont, M. L. "ARMENIA AND IRAN ii. The pre-Islamic period". Encyclopaedia Iranica, Vol. II, Fasc.
- Chaumont, M. L. (1986). "ARMENIA AND IRAN ii. The pre-Islamic period". Encyclopaedia Iranica, Vol. II, Fasc. 4. pp. 418–438.
- The Roman Eastern Frontier and the Persian Wars (Part II, 363–630 AD). New York, New York and London, United Kingdom: Routledge (Taylor & Francis). (2002). ISBN 0-415-14687-9
- Grousset, René (1947) (フランス語). Histoire de l'Arménie des origines à 1071. Paris: Payot
- Toumanoff, Cyrille (1990). “Vice-rois iraniens (Marzpans) d'Arménie” (フランス語). Les dynasties de la Caucasie chrétienne de l'Antiquité jusqu'au xixe siècle : Tables généalogiques et chronologiques. Rome. pp. 506–507
- Settipani, Christian (2006) (フランス語). Continuité des élites à Byzance durant les siècles obscurs. Les princes caucasiens et l'Empire du vie au ixe siècle. Paris: de Boccard. ISBN 978-2-7018-0226-8
- Dédéyan, Gérard (2007) (フランス語). Histoire du peuple arménien. Toulouse: Éd. Privat. ISBN 978-2-7089-6874-5
- Kurdoghlian, Mihran; Hayots, Badmoutioun; Hador, A (1994) (アルメニア語), Armenian History, I, Athens, Greece, pp. 56–57, 61–62.
- Babayan, Yuri, Historical province of the Greater Armenia.
- Bournoutian, George A, A History of the Armenian People, II, p. 1, "Prior to the third century AD, Iran had more influence on Armenia's culture than any of its other neighbours. Intermarriage among the Iranian and Armenian nobility was common".
関連文献
[編集]- Plontke-Lüning, Annegret (2006). "Persarmenia". In Salazar, Christine F.; Landfester, Manfred; Gentry, Francis G. (eds.). Brill's New Pauly. Brill Online.