利用者:Fami-Harawi/sandbox
Zaranj زرنج Zarange | |
|---|---|
 Trucks wait to cross into Iran at the Zaranj border crossing. | |
  Zaranj Location in Afghanistan | |
| 座標：北緯30度57分36秒 東経61度51分36秒 / 北緯30.96000度 東経61.86000度座標: 北緯30度57分36秒 東経61度51分36秒 / 北緯30.96000度 東経61.86000度 | |
| Country | Afghanistan |
| Province | Nimruz Province |
| District | Zaranj District |
| 政府 | |
| • Mayor | Maulvi Nooruddin Hamza[1] |
| 標高 | 476 m |
| 人口 （2015） | |
| • 都市 | 49,851人 |
| • 都市部 | 160,902[2]人 |
| 等時帯 | UTC+4:30 |
| Control |
 Taliban |
ザランジュ (ペルシア語/パシュトー語/バローチー語: زرنج) は、アフガニスタンの南西の都市で、イランとの国境に近い。ニームルーズ州の州都である。人口は2015年時点で16万902人である[3]。幹線道路で東のラシュカルガー、北のファラー、西のイランの都市ザーボルと繋がっている。ザランジュは、アフガニスタン・イラン間の国境通過の主要地点であるため、中央アジア・南アジアと中東を結ぶ交易路にとって非常に重要である。ザランジュの歴史は、2500年前にまで遡る。また、サッファール朝の創設者、ヤアクーブ・ブン・ライスは、この地で生まれた。
History
[編集]Modern Zaranj bears the name of an ancient city whose name is also attested in Old Persian as Zranka.[4] In Greek, this word became Drangiana. Other historical names for Zaranj include Zirra,[5] Zarangia, Zarani etc.[6] Ultimately the word Zaranj is derived from the ancient Old Persian word zaranka ("waterland"; cf. Pashto dzaranda).
Achaemenid Zranka, the capital of Drangiana, was almost certainly located at Dahan-e Gholaman, southeast of Zabol in Iran.[7] After the abandonment of that city, its name, Zarang or Zaranj in later Perso-Arabic orthography, was transferred to the subsequent administrative centers of the region, which itself came to be known as Sakastān, then Sijistan[8] and finally Sistān. Medieval Zaranj is located at Nād-i `Alī, 4.4 km north of the modern city of Zaranj.[9] According to the Arab geographers, prior to medieval Zaranj, the capital of Sistan was located at Ram Shahristan (Abar shariyar). Ram Shahristan had been supplied with water by a canal from the Helmand River, but its dam broke, the area was deprived of water, and the populace moved three days' march to found Zaranj.[10] This Zaranj appears on the Peutinger Map of late Antiquity.
The area came under Muslim rule in 652, when Zaranj surrendered to the governor of Khurāsān; it subsequently became a base for further caliphal expansion in the region. In 661, a small Arab garrison reestablished its authority in the region after having temporarily lost control due to skirmishes and revolts.[11] A Nestorian Christian community is recorded in Zaranj in the sixth century, and by the end of the eighth century there was a Jacobite diocese of Zaranj.[12] In the 9th century Zaranj was the capital of the Saffarid dynasty, whose founder was the local coppersmith turned warlord, Ya'qub ibn al-Layth al-Saffar.[13] It became part of the Ghaznavids, Ghorids, Trimurids, Safavids and others. Defeated by the Samanids in 900, the Saffarids sank to a position of regional importance, until conquered by Mahmud of Ghazni in 1003.[14] Subsequently, Zaranj served as the capital of the Nasrid (1029–1225) and Mihrabānid (1236–1537) maliks of Nīmrūz.[15]
In the early 18th century, the city became part of the Afghan Hotaki dynasty until they were removed from power in 1738 by Nader Shah of Khorasan. By 1747, Ahmad Shah Durrani made it part of modern Afghanistan after he united all the different tribes and acquired the territories from northeastern Iran to Delhi in India. Under the modern Afghan governments, the area was known as Farah-Chakansur Province until 1968, when it was separated to form the provinces of Nimruz and Farah.[16] The city of Zaranj became the capital of Nimroz province.
Early 21st century
[編集]
A new highway called Route 606 was built between Zaranj and Delaram in Farah province by the Indian Government's Border Roads Organization at a cost of about US$136 million to open up a link between the deep sea port at Chabahar in Iran to Afghanistan's main ring road highway system which connects Kabul, Kandahar, Herat, Mazar-i-Sharif and Kunduz. The 215-キロメートル-long (134 mi) highway, a symbol of India's developmental work in the war-ravaged country, was handed over to Afghan authorities by Indian External Affairs Minister Pranab Mukherjee in January 2009 in the presence of Afghan President Hamid Karzai and Foreign Minister Rangeen Dadfar Spanta. "Completion of the road reflects the determination of both India and Afghanistan that nothing can prevent or hinder collaboration between the two countries," Mukherjee said at a function to mark this handover. On the occasion, Karzai said, the completion of the project is a message to those who want to stop cooperation between India and Afghanistan. "Our cooperation will not stop". The Taliban was opposed to this project and launched frequent attacks on the construction workers in an attempt to force the winding up of the work. A total of six Indians, including a Border Roads Organisation driver and four ITBP soldiers, and 129 Afghans were killed in these attacks.[要出典]
The province has been one of the 7 (Nimruz, Helmand, Kandahar, Uruzgan, Ghazni, Paktika and Zabul) where the Taliban have been recently regrouping. On 14 August 2012 dozens of civilians were killed in Zaranj by several suicide-bombers in a major terrorist attack on the city.[17]
Due to Zaranj's close proximity to Iran, the city relies mostly on Iranian products. With the increase of trade the Afghan Border Police is dealing with a rise in smuggling, particularly illegal drugs and weapons. The overall economic situation is becoming better for the local population of the city. Hundreds of trucks containing merchandise from the Middle East enter the city on a daily basis.
In the last decade, the U.S. Marines and others of the International Security Assistance Force (ISAF) have been visiting Zaranj city. The US Marines and other U.S. officials are involved with the Afghan government in major development projects. This includes improvement made to the irrigation network of the city, building of Afghan military and Afghan National Police barracks as well as a hospital and a school.
The city is served by Zaranj Airport, which is also being improved by the United States. US Marines assigned to 3rd Marine Aircraft Wing have been visiting Zaranj since US Marine Base Forward Operating Base Delaram was built in Delaram district of Zaranj. The 3rd Marine Aircraft Wing built two concrete helicopter landing zones on western side of the gravel runway of Zaranj Airport to ease the landing of USMC V-22 Osprey helicopters from 3rd Battalion 4th Marines. The helipads now serve all helicopters landing at Zaranj airport.
Taliban capture
[編集]On 6 August 2021, it was confirmed by local sources that the city had been captured by the Taliban, making it the first provincial capital captured by the Taliban during their advances after the withdrawal of foreign forces in Afghanistan.[18] Afghan officials stated the Taliban faced "little resistance" in capturing the city with the 215th Corps of the Afghan National Army focusing instead on the Battle of Lashkargah.[19] Shortly after entering the city, the Taliban broke into the city's prison, releasing a large number of prisoners into Zaranj.[19]
Climate
[編集]Zaranj has a hot desert climate (Köppen climate classification BWh) with very hot summers and cool winters. Precipitation is very low, and mostly falls in winter. Temperatures in summer may approach 50 °C (122 °F); the highest reliably recorded temperature is 49.6 °C (121.3 °F), and the lowest is −13.2 °C (8.2 °F).[20]
| Zaranjの気候 | |||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 月 | 1月 | 2月 | 3月 | 4月 | 5月 | 6月 | 7月 | 8月 | 9月 | 10月 | 11月 | 12月 | 年 |
| 最高気温記録 °C （°F） | 24.1 (75.4) |
30.6 (87.1) |
37.0 (98.6) |
45.0 (113) |
51.0 (123.8) |
49.7 (121.5) |
49.3 (120.7) |
50.0 (122) |
49.7 (121.5) |
42.0 (107.6) |
36.0 (96.8) |
27.8 (82) |
51 (123.8) |
| 平均最高気温 °C （°F） | 14.3 (57.7) |
18.7 (65.7) |
25.0 (77) |
32.6 (90.7) |
37.3 (99.1) |
42.8 (109) |
42.5 (108.5) |
41.3 (106.3) |
37.0 (98.6) |
31.2 (88.2) |
23.1 (73.6) |
17.7 (63.9) |
30.29 (86.53) |
| 日平均気温 °C （°F） | 6.5 (43.7) |
10.0 (50) |
15.7 (60.3) |
23.3 (73.9) |
29.1 (84.4) |
33.4 (92.1) |
35.0 (95) |
32.3 (90.1) |
27.2 (81) |
21.9 (71.4) |
13.1 (55.6) |
8.7 (47.7) |
21.35 (70.43) |
| 平均最低気温 °C （°F） | 0.1 (32.2) |
2.9 (37.2) |
7.7 (45.9) |
14.7 (58.5) |
20.0 (68) |
25.2 (77.4) |
27.3 (81.1) |
24.9 (76.8) |
18.5 (65.3) |
12.3 (54.1) |
4.8 (40.6) |
0.7 (33.3) |
13.26 (55.87) |
| 最低気温記録 °C （°F） | −13.2 (8.2) |
−8.2 (17.2) |
−5.2 (22.6) |
1.0 (33.8) |
5.0 (41) |
16.0 (60.8) |
18.4 (65.1) |
13.2 (55.8) |
3.9 (39) |
−2.7 (27.1) |
−7.1 (19.2) |
−8.8 (16.2) |
−13.2 (8.2) |
| 降水量 mm （inch） | 19.7 (0.776) |
9.9 (0.39) |
11.2 (0.441) |
2.4 (0.094) |
0.6 (0.024) |
0.0 (0) |
0.0 (0) |
0.0 (0) |
0.0 (0) |
1.2 (0.047) |
1.4 (0.055) |
5.1 (0.201) |
51.5 (2.028) |
| 平均降雨日数 | 3 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 11 |
| % 湿度 | 55 | 50 | 44 | 40 | 35 | 29 | 28 | 29 | 33 | 41 | 49 | 54 | 40.6 |
| 出典：NOAA (1969-1983)[21] | |||||||||||||
Demographics
[編集]According to the Ministry of Rural Rehabilitation and Development (MRRD) along with UNHCR and Central Statistics Office (CSO) of Afghanistan, the population of Zaranj was around 49,851 in 2004. The ethnic groups are as follows: Baloch 44%, Pashtun 34% and Tajik 22%.[22]
The city of Zaranj has a population of 160,902 people.[3]
There are 17,878 residential dwellings in Zarat and 1,759 hectares of agricultural land.[3] Commercial land use is clustered on the main road to Iran.
Notable people
[編集]- Ya'qub ibn al-Layth al-Saffar founder of the Saffarid dynasty of Sistan, born in Karnin near Zaranj
- Amr ibn al-Layth second ruler of the Saffarid dynasty, born in Karnin near Zaranj
- Al-Layth ibn Ali ibn al-Layth, amir of the Saffarid amirate in Zaranj from 909 until 910
- Al-Mu'addal ibn al-Layth, Saffarid ruler of Zaranj for a part of 911
Route 606: Delaram-Zaranj Highway
[編集]The Delaram–Zaranj Highway, also known as Route 606, is a 217-km or 135-mile-long two-lane road built by India in Afghanistan, connecting Delaram in Farah Province with Zaranj in neighbouring Nimruz Province near the Iranian border.[23] It connects the Afghan–Iranian border with the Kandahar–Herat Highway in Delaram, which provides connectivity to other major Afghan cities via A01, including to India's planned mining operation in Hajigak mining concession. Route 606 reduces travel time between Delaram and Zaranj from the earlier 12–14 hours to just 2 hours. India-Iran signed an agreement in May 2016 to connect it to Port of Chabahar with rail and road links.
See also
[編集]References
[編集]- ^ “کار ترمیم سرک های شهر زرنج مرکز نیمروزآغاز شد”. آژانس خبری باختر (21 November 2021). Template:Cite webの呼び出しエラー：引数 accessdate は必須です。
- ^ “The State of Afghan Cities report 2015”. 2015年10月31日時点のオリジナルよりアーカイブ。 Template:Cite webの呼び出しエラー：引数 accessdate は必須です。
- ^ a b c “The State of Afghan Cities Report 2015”. 20 October 2015閲覧。
- ^ Schmitt, Rüdiger (15 December 1995). "DRANGIANA or Zarangiana; territory around Lake Hāmūn and the Helmand or Hindmand river in modern Sīstān". Encyclopædia Iranica.
The name of the country and its inhabitants is first attested as Old Persian z-r-k (i.e., Zranka)in the great Bīsotūn (q.v. iii) inscription of Darius I (q.v.; col. I l. 16), apparently the original name. This form is reflected in the Elamite (Sir-ra-an-qa and variants), Babylonian (Za-ra-an-ga), and Egyptian (srng or srnḳ) versions of the Achaemenid royal inscriptions, as well as in Greek Zarángai, Zarangaîoi, Zarangianḗ (Arrian; Isidore of Charax), and Sarángai (Herodotus) and in Latin Zarangae (Pliny). Instead of this original form, characterized by non-Persian z (perhaps from proto-IE. palatal *γ or *γh), in some Greek sources (chiefly those dependent upon the historians of Alexander the Great, q.v.) the perhaps hypercorrect Persianized variant (cf. Belardi, p. 183) with initial d-, *Dranka (or even *Dranga?), reflected in Greek Drángai, Drangḗ, Drangēnḗ, Drangi(a)nḗ (Ctesias; Polybius; Strabo; Diodorus; Ptolemy; Arrian; Stephanus Byzantius) and Latin Drangae, Drangiana, Drangiani (Curtius Rufus; Pliny; Ammianus Marcellinus; Justin) or Drancaeus (Valerius Flaccus, Argonautica 6.106, 6.507) occurs.
[1] - ^ Ten Thousand Miles in Persia: Or, Eight Years in Irán By Percy Sykes, pg. 363
- ^ Vogelsang, Willem (2002). The Afghans. Wiley-Blackwell. p. 162. ISBN 0-631-19841-5 2011年1月21日閲覧。
- ^ Gnoli (1993).
- ^ “….As for ibn-Samurah, he established his rule over everything between Zaranj and Kishsh of the land of al-Hind, and over that part of the region of the road of ar-Rukhkhaj which is between it and the province of ad-Dhawar”, The origins of the Islamic State, Part II (1924) page 143 by Murgotten, Francis Clark
- ^ Schmitt (1995).
- ^ Guy Le Strange. The lands of the eastern caliphate: Mesopotamia, Persia, and Central Asia, from the Moslem conquest to the time of Timur. Cambridge geographical series. General editor: F. H. H. Guillemard. reprint Publisher CUP Archive, 1930. Originally published 1905.
- ^ Islamic History: A New Interpretation By Muhammad Abdulhavy Shaban
- ^ Fiey, Pour un Oriens Christianus, 281
- ^ Ariana Antiqua: A Descriptive Account of the Antiquities and Coins of Afghanistan By Horace Hayman Wilson, pg. 154
- ^ Joel L. Kraemer, Philosophy in the Renaissance of Islam: Abū Sulaymān Al-Sijistānī and His Circle, Vol. VIII, ed. Itamar Rabinovich, William M. Brinner, Martin Kramer, Joel L. Kraemer and Shimon Shamir, (Brill, 1986), 4.
- ^ C.E. Bosworth (2002). “Zaranj”. In P. J. Bearman; T. Bianquis; C. E. Bosworth et al.. The Encyclopaedia of Islam. Brill. p. 459
- ^ Frank Clements. Conflict in Afghanistan: a historical encyclopedia. ABC-CLIO, 2003. ISBN 1-85109-402-4, ISBN 978-1-85109-402-8. Pg 181
- ^ “Afghan blasts: Dozens killed in Nimroz and Kunduz” (14 August 2012). Template:Cite webの呼び出しエラー：引数 accessdate は必須です。
- ^ “Taliban capture regional capital - Afghan officials”. BBC News (6 August 2021). 2021年8月6日閲覧。
- ^ a b “Taliban Capture Afghan Provincial Capital in a Symbolic Victory”. NYTimes.com (August 6, 2021). August 6, 2021閲覧。
- ^ “Extreme Temperatures Around the World”. www.mherrera.org. Template:Cite webの呼び出しエラー：引数 accessdate は必須です。
- ^ “Zaranj Climate Normals 1969-1983”. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. December 26, 2012閲覧。
- ^ “Zaranj”. Ministry of Rural Rehabilitation and Development (April 2007). 6 March 2016時点のオリジナルよりアーカイブ。2011年1月21日閲覧。
- ^ “India hands over strategic highway to Afghanistan”. The Hindu. (2009年1月23日). オリジナルの2009年2月3日時点におけるアーカイブ。 2011年8月10日閲覧。
Bibliography
[編集]- Bosworth, C. E., "Sistān ii. In the Islamic period," in Encyclopaedia Iranica (2011).
- Gnoli, G., "Dahan-e Ḡolāmān," in Encyclopaedia Iranica, vol. 6 (1993), 582–585.
- Template:Lands of the Eastern Caliphate
- Schmitt, R., "Drangiana," in Encyclopaedia Iranica, vol. 7 (1995) 534–537.
