利用者:Dummy index/Decimalisation2
Decimalisation (American English: Decimalization) is the conversion of a system of currency or of weights and measures to units related by powers of 10.
Most countries have decimalised their currencies, converting them from non-decimal sub-units to a decimal system, with one basic currency unit and sub-units that are to a power of 10, most commonly 100 and exceptionally 1000; and sometimes at the same time changing the name of the currency or the conversion rate to the new currency. Today, only two countries have non-decimal currencies: Mauritania, where 1 ouguiya = 5 khoums, and Madagascar, where 1 ariary = 5 iraimbilanja.[1] However, these are only theoretically non-decimal, as in both cases the value of the main unit is so low that the sub-units are too small to be of any practical use and coins of the sub-units are no longer used.
For weights and measures this is also called metrication, replacing traditional units that are related in other ways, such as those formed by successive doubling or halving, or by more arbitrary conversion factors. Units of physical measurement, such as length and mass, were decimalised with the introduction of the metric system, which has been adopted by almost all countries with the prominent exception of the United States and, to a lesser extent, the United Kingdom. Thus a kilometre is 1000 metres, while a mile is 1,760 yards. Electrical units are decimalised worldwide. Common units of time remain undecimalised; although an attempt was made during the French revolution, this proved to be unsuccessful and was quickly abandoned.
Currency decimalisation by region
[編集]Decimal currencies have sub-units based on a factor of 10. Most sub-units are 100th of the base currency unit, but currencies based on 1,000 sub-units also exist in several Arab countries. The Chinese Yuan is widely considered to be the first decimal currency [いつ?].[2]
Some countries changed the name of the base unit when they decimalised their currency, including:
| New unit | = | x | Old unit | Year |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| German gold mark | = | 1/3 | Vereinsthaler | 1873 |
| South African rand | = | 0.5 | South African pound | 1961 |
| Australian dollar | = | 0.5 | Australian pound | 1966 |
| New Zealand dollar | = | 0.5 | New Zealand pound | 1967 |
| Fijian dollar | = | 0.5 | Fijian pound | 1969 |
| Nigerian naira | = | 0.5 | Nigerian pound | 1973 |
| This table is not exhaustive. | ||||
Europe
[編集]Russia converted to a decimal currency under Tsar Peter the Great in 1704, with the ruble being equal to 100 kopeks, thus making the Russian ruble the world's first decimal currency.[3]
France introduced the franc in 1795 to replace the livre tournois,[4] abolished during the French Revolution. France introduced decimalisation in a number of countries that it invaded during the Napoleonic period.
Dutch guilder decimalised in 1817 (became equal to 100 centen instead of 20 stuivers = 160 duits = 320 penningen), with the last pre-decimal coins withdrawn from circulation in 1848.
Sweden introduced decimal currency in 1855. The riksdaler was divided into 100 öre. The riksdaler was renamed krona in 1873.
The Austro-Hungarian Empire decimalised the Austro-Hungarian gulden in 1857, concurrent with its transition from the Conventionsthaler to the Vereinsthaler standard.
Spain introduced its decimal currency unit, the peseta, in 1868, replacing all previous currencies.
Cyprus decimalised the Cypriot pound in 1955, which comprised 1000 mils, later replaced by 100 cents.
The United Kingdom decimalised the pound sterling and Ireland decimalised the Irish pound in 1971. (See £sd and Decimal Day.)
Malta decimalised the lira in 1972.
Americas
[編集]North America
[編集]Canada
[編集]Decimalisation in Canada was complicated by the different jurisdictions before Confederation in 1867. In 1841, the united Province of Canada's Governor General, Lord Sydenham, argued for establishment of a bank that would issue dollar currency (the Canadian dollar). Francis Hincks, who would become the Province of Canada's Prime Minister in 1851, favoured the plan. Ultimately the provincial assembly rejected the proposal.[5] In June 1851, the Canadian legislature passed a law requiring provincial accounts to be kept decimalised as dollars and cents. The establishment of a central bank was not touched upon in the 1851 legislation. The British government delayed the implementation of the currency change on a technicality, wishing to distinguish the Canadian currency from the United States' currency by referencing the units as "Royals" rather than "Dollars".[6] The British delay was overcome by the Currency Act of 1 August 1854. In 1858, coins denominated in cents and imprinted with "Canada" were issued for the first time.
Decimalisation occurred in:[7]
| Date | Notes | |
|---|---|---|
| Province of Canada | 1 August 1854 | |
| Nova Scotia | 1 July 1860 | Ordered its first coinage in 1860, but the coins were not shipped by the Royal Mint until 1862 |
| New Brunswick | 1 November 1860 | Like Nova Scotia, the coins were received in 1862 |
| Newfoundland | 1866 | Took effect in early 1865 and had different coinage from 1865 to 1947 |
| Vancouver Island | 1863 | |
| British Columbia | 1865 | |
| Manitoba | 1870 | |
| Prince Edward Island | 1871 |
The colonial elite, the main advocates of decimalisation, based their case on two main arguments:[8] The first was for facilitation of trade and economic ties with the United States, the colonies' largest trading partner; the second was to simplify calculations and reduce accounting errors.[9]
Mexico and Bermuda
[編集]The Mexican peso was formally decimalised in the 1860s with the introduction of coins denominated in centavos; however, the currency did not fully decimalise in practice immediately and pre-decimal reales were issued until 1897.
Bermuda decimalised in 1970, by introducing the Bermudian dollar equal to 8 shillings 4 pence (100 pence, effectively equal to the US dollar under the Bretton Woods system).
Caribbean
[編集]- The Cuban peso decimalised in 1869 (became equal to 100 centavos instead of 8 reales).
- The Dominican peso decimalised in 1877 (became equal to 100 centavos instead of 8 reales).
- The Haitian gourde decimalised in 1881 by peg to French franc (became equal to 100 centimes/santim).
- The Netherlands Antillean guilder decimalised in 1892 by peg to Dutch guilder (became equal to 100 centen).
- The British West Indies dollar decimalised in 1955.
- The Jamaican dollar decimalised in 1969.
Central America
[編集]- Costa Rican peso decimalised in 1864, divided into 100 centavos, instead of 8 reales.
- Honduran peso decimalised in 1871, divided into 100 centavos, instead of 8 reales.
- British Honduran (Belize) dollar decimalised in 1885, divided into 100 cents.
South America
[編集]- The Venezuelan peso decimalised in 1843.
- The Colombian peso decimalised in 1847 (became equal to 10 décimos instead of 8 reales, later became equal to 100 centavos).
- The Chilean peso decimalised in 1851 (became equal to 10 décimos or 100 centavos instead of 8 reales).
- The Peruvian sol decimalised in 1863 (equal to 10 dineros or 100 centavos).
- The Paraguayan peso decimalised in 1870 (became equal to 100 centésimos, later centavos, instead of 8 reales).
- The Ecuadorian peso decimalised in 1871.
- The Argentine peso decimalised in 1881.
Africa
[編集]- The Ethiopian birr decimalised in 1931 (became equal to 100 metonnyas instead of 16 ghersh).
- The Ghanaian cedi decimalised in 1965.
- The Zambian kwacha decimalised in 1968.
- The Rhodesian dollar decimalised in 1970.
- The Gambian dalasi decimalised in 1971.
- The Malawian kwacha decimalised in 1971.
- The Nigerian naira decimalised in 1973.
South Africa
[編集]The rand was introduced on 14 February 1961. A Decimal Coinage Commission had been set up in 1956 to consider a move away from the denominations of pounds, shillings and pence, submitting its recommendation on 8 August 1958.[10] It replaced the South African pound as legal tender, at the rate of 2 rand = 1 pound or 10 shillings to the rand. Australia, New Zealand and Rhodesia also chose ten shillings as the base unit of their new currency.
Oceania
[編集]Australia and New Zealand
[編集]Australia decimalised on 14 February 1966, with the Australian dollars replacing the Australian pound. A television campaign containing a memorable jingle, sung to the tune of Click Go the Shears, was used to help the public to understand the changes.[11] New Zealand decimalised on 10 July 1967, with the New Zealand dollars replacing the New Zealand pound.
In both countries, the conversion rate was one pound to two dollars and 10 shillings to one dollar.
| £sd | $c |
|---|---|
| £50 | $100 |
| £10 | $20 |
| £5 | $10 |
| £1 | $2 |
| 10 shillings | $1 |
| 5 shillings | 50 cents |
| 2 shillings | 20 cents |
| 1 shilling | 10 cents |
| 6 pence | 5 cents |
| 3 pence | 2.5 cents |
| 1.2 pence | 1 cent |
| 1 penny | 5⁄6 cent |
To ease the transition, the new 5-cent, 10-cent and 20-cents coins were the same size and weight, and the new $1, $2, $10 and $20 banknotes (and the new $100 banknote in New Zealand) were the same colour, as their pre-decimal equivalents. Because of the inexact conversion between cents and pence, people were advised to tender halfpenny, penny and threepence coins in multiples of sixpence (the lowest common multiple of both systems) during the transition.[12]
Rest of Oceania
[編集]- Tongan pa'anga decimalised on 3 April 1967
- Samoan tala decimalised on 10 July 1967
- Fijian dollar decimalised on 15 January 1969
Asia
[編集]Sri Lanka (known as Ceylon at the time) decimalised in 1869.
King Chulalongkorn decimalised the Thai currency in 1897.
Iran decimalised its currency in 1932, with the rial, subdivided into 100 new dinars, replacing the qiran at par.
India changed from the rupee, anna, pie system to decimal currency on 1 April 1957.
Yemen Arab Republic introduced coinage system of 1 North Yemeni rial=100 fils in 1974, to replace former system of 1 rial = 40 buqsha = 80 halala = 160 zalat. The country was one of the last to convert its coinage.
Japan historically had two decimalisations of the yen, the sen (1/100) and the rin (1/1,000). However, they were taken out of circulation as of December 31, 1953, and all transactions are now conducted in round amounts of 1 yen or greater.[13]
Rupee-anna-paisa-pie conversion
[編集]In India, Pakistan, and other places where a system of 1 rupee = 16 annas = 64 paise = 192 pies was used, the decimalisation process defines 1 naya paisa = 1⁄100 rupee. The following table shows the conversion of common denominations of coins issued in modern India and Pakistan. Bold denotes the actual denomination written on the coins
| Rupee | Anna | Paisa | Pie | Naya paisa |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1⁄192 | 1⁄12 | 1⁄3 | 1 | 25⁄48 ≈ 0.5208 |
| 1⁄128 | 1⁄8 | 1⁄2 | 1+1⁄2 | 25⁄32 = 0.78125 |
| 1⁄64 | 1⁄4 | 1 | 3 | 1+9⁄16 = 1.5625 |
| 1⁄32 | 1⁄2 | 2 | 6 | 3+1⁄8 = 3.125 |
| 1⁄16 | 1 | 4 | 12 | 6+1⁄4 = 6.25 |
| 1⁄8 | 2 | 8 | 24 | 12+1⁄2 = 12.5 |
| 1⁄4 | 4 | 16 | 48 | 25 |
| 1⁄2 | 8 | 32 | 96 | 50 |
| 1 | 16 | 64 | 192 | 100 |
Non-currency cases (security market)
[編集]In the special context of quoting the prices of stocks, traded almost always in blocks of 100 or more shares and usually in blocks of many thousands, stock exchanges in the United States used eighths or sixteenths of dollars, until converting to decimals between September 2000 and April 2001.[14]
Similarly, in the UK, the prices of government securities continued to be quoted in multiples of 1⁄32 of a pound (7+1⁄2 d or 3+1⁄8 p) long after the currency was decimalised.
Mauritania and Madagascar
[編集]Mauritania and Madagascar theoretically retain currencies with units whose values are in the ratio five to one: the Mauritanian ouguiya (MRO) is equivalent to five khoums, and the Malagasy ariary (MGA) to five iraimbilanja.
In practice, however, the value of each of these two larger units is very small: as of 2010, the MRO is traded against the euro at about 370 to one, and the MGA at about 2,900 to one. In each of these countries, the smaller denomination is no longer used (although there is still a "one-fifth ouguiya" coin), and coins denominated in khoums and iraimbilanja are no longer minted, but due to revaluation of the MRO was in effect in 2018, and the khoums is returned in minting.[要説明] Therefore, in practice, they are neither decimal nor non-decimal currencies as there is no sub-unit.
Metrication
[編集]The idea of measurement and currency systems where units are related by factors of ten was suggested by Simon Stevin who in 1585 first advocated the use of decimal numbers for everyday purposes.[15] The Metric system was developed in France in the 1790s as part of the reforms introduced during the French Revolution. Its adoption was gradual, both within France and in other countries, but its use is nearly universal today. One aspect of measurement decimalisation was the introduction of metric prefixes to derive bigger and smaller sizes from base unit names. Examples include kilo for 1000, hecto for 100, centi for 1/100 and milli for 1/1000. The list of metric prefixes has expanded in modern times to encompass a wider range of measurements.
While the common units of time, minute, hour, day, month and year, are not decimalised, there have been proposals for decimalisation of the time of day and decimal calendar systems. Astronomers use a decimalised Julian day number to record and predict events.
See also
[編集]References
[編集]- ^ “Malagasy Ariary”. famouswonders.com. 2016年12月13日閲覧。
- ^ Heefer, Albrecht (24 May 2016). “Welk land voerde als eerste het decimale stelsel voor zijn valuta in” [Which country was the first to introduce a decimal system for its valuta] (Dutch). 8 June 2016閲覧。
- ^ The new Encyclopaedia. Britannica. Volume 25.1994
- ^ Gadoury, V. "Monnaies Françaises" p.48 (1999)
- ^ McCulloch, A. B. “Currency Conversion in British North America, 1760–1900.” Archivaria 16, (Summer 1983): 83-94.
- ^ Canadian Mint. “Currency Reforms, 1841 – 71.” A History of the Canadian Dollar. Ottawa: Canadian Mint, 2003.
- ^ Canadian Mint. “Currency Reforms, 1841 – 71.” A History of the Canadian Dollar. Ottawa: Canadian Mint, 2003.
- ^ Mushin, Jerry. “Twentieth Century Currency Reforms: A Comment.” Kyklos 50 (1997): 247 – 249.
- ^ W.T. Easterbrook and Hugh G.J. Aitken, Canadian Economic History (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1988), 381.
- ^ Mboweni, T.T. 2001. The Reserve Bank and the Rand: some historic reflections. Speech by the Governor of the Reserve Bank 29 Nov 2001. http://www.reservebank.co.za
- ^ “Australian Dollar Bill Currency Decimal Jingle from 1965”. Template:Cite webの呼び出しエラー：引数 accessdate は必須です。
- ^ “The Reserve Bank and Reform of the Currency: 1960–1988”. 2019年3月15日時点のオリジナルよりアーカイブ。 Template:Cite webの呼び出しエラー：引数 accessdate は必須です。
- ^ “通貨の単位及び貨幣の発行等に関する法律”. e-gov.go.jp. 2013年2月8日時点のオリジナルよりアーカイブ。2014年5月26日閲覧。
- ^ “SEC Testimony: Decimal Pricing in the Securities and Options Markets (A. Levitt)”. sec.gov. Template:Cite webの呼び出しエラー：引数 accessdate は必須です。
- ^ “Simon Stevin (Dutch mathematician) - Britannica Online Encyclopedia”. Britannica.com. 2018年10月26日閲覧。