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シボニー (ID-2999)

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シボニー (USS Siboney, ID-2999)は第一次世界大戦中にアメリカ海軍の海上輸送船でした。船はオリザバ(USS Orizaba,　ID-1536)の姉妹船でした。進水式で船はオリエンテ(SS Oriente)に選ばれましたが、キューバの町ちなんでシボニーに名前を変更。米西戦争中にキューバで米軍の着陸地点はシボニーでした。


米西戦争中にシボニーがキューバでアメリカ軍の着陸地点の後。彼女の海軍のサービスが終了した後、彼女はウォードラインとアメリカのエクスポート回線のSSシボニーでした。第二次世界大戦中、彼女は輸送USATシボニーとして、病院船USAHSチャールズ・A・スタッフォードとしてアメリカ陸軍を務めました。


USS Siboney (ID-2999) was a ship transport for the United States Navy during World War I. She was the sister ship of Template:USS but neither was part of a ship class.

Launched as SS Oriente, she was soon renamed after Siboney, en:Cuba, a landing site of en:United States forces during the en:Spanish–American War. After her navy service ended, she was SS Siboney for the en:Ward Line and American Export Lines. During en:World War II she served the U.S. Army as transport USAT Siboney and as en:hospital ship USAHS Charles A. Stafford.

As a transport during World War I, Siboney made 17 transatlantic voyages for the navy carrying troops to and from en:Europe, and had the shortest average in-port turnaround time of all navy transports. During her maiden voyage, her steering gear malfunctioned which resulted in a collision between two other troopships in the convoy.

After her World War I service ended, Siboney was returned to the Ward Line and placed in New York–Cuba–Spain transatlantic service; the liner ran aground at en:Vigo, Spain in September 1920. Despite considerable damage, she was repaired and placed back in service. In late 1921, Siboney was switched to New York–Cuba–Mexico routes, which were a popular and inexpensive way for Americans to escape Prohibition. In late 1940, she was en:chartered to American Export Lines to return Americans fleeing Europe at the outset of World War II, making seven roundtrips from Jersey City, en:New Jersey, to en:Lisbon.

During en:World War II, Siboney was requisitioned by the en:War Shipping Administration and assigned to the War Department as a U.S. Army transport. She made several transatlantic trips and called at ports in en:Africa, the en:Middle East, en:Canada, the en:Caribbean, and the en:United Kingdom. During a 1944 overhaul, the ship was selected for conversion to a hospital ship. Renamed USAHS Charles A. Stafford after a U.S. Army doctor killed in action in Australia, the ship served in both the European and the Pacific Theatres. After the end of her army service, the ship was laid up in the en:National Defense Reserve Fleet in February 1948, and sold for scrapping in 1957.

World War I naval service

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SS Oriente was a combination cargo and passenger vessel built by en:William Cramp and Sons, Philadelphia, for the Ward Line. In mid-1917 the en:United States Shipping Board (USSB) commandeered and received title to all private shipbuilding projects in progress, including the still-incomplete Oriente and her sister ship Orizaba. Plans for both ships were modified for troop carrying duties.[1] Oriente was launched on 15 August 1917, renamed Siboney on 28 February 1918, delivered to the navy on 8 April, and commissioned the same day, Commander A.T. Graham in command.[2]

The first of two lifeboats from the torpedoed British transport Template:SS to be rescued by Siboney on 21 June 1918

Siboney sailed from Philadelphia on 16 April as a unit of the en:Cruiser and Transport Force, and arrived at Newport News two days later to embark her first contingent of troops. She departed Hampton Roads on 23 April and joined her first convoy the following day. On 25 April, her rudder jammed; and, in the ensuing confusion, transports Template:USS and Template:USS collided and had to return to New York. On 4 May, the convoy was joined by the war zone escort of eight destroyers and, on 6 May, Siboney arrived at Brest. Debarking her troops, she sailed the following day and arrived at en:Hoboken, New Jersey, on 15 May.[2]

Siboney embarked her second contingent of troops at en:Lambert's Point, Virginia, on 25 May and sailed the following day. The New York section of the convoy joined two days later and the ships entered the war zone on 6 June. In French waters, they were met by Template:USS, a squadron of minesweepers, an American en:dirigible, and two French hydroplanes. Siboney arrived in en:Bordeaux on 8 June and departed the following day but remained anchored in the mouth of the Gironde until 13 June, awaiting the tanker Woonsocket. On 15 June, the convoy passed six empty lifeboats from the torpedoed transport Template:USS. Siboney entered the American war zone on 20 June, and the next day rescued survivors of the British vessel, Template:SS, which had been torpedoed three days previously. The transport arrived at New York on 22 June and anchored in the North River.[2]

Siboney sailed for France on 30 June; after delivering her troops at Brest on 12 July, she returned to New York on 25 July. She sailed again on 31 July. Before arriving at Brest on 12 August, she had to maneuver several times to evade possible submarine contacts. She arrived at New York on 22 August and was given a two-week repair period.[2]

On 4 September, Siboney sailed from New York on her fifth crossing and arrived at en:Saint-Nazaire nine days later. On 15 September, she embarked a number of wounded troops and left Saint-Nazaire the same day, but, due to heavy submarine activity, swung at anchor for several days before her convoy sailed. She arrived on 29 September at New York. On her sixth eastward crossing, between 6 and 15 October, an influenza epidemic broke out among the troops, killing a number of soldiers. Sailing from Brest on 16 October, the transport returned to New York on 24 October.[2]

Siboney had already embarked troops for her next voyage when, on 3 November, she was ordered to disembark them. She sailed the following day with an army brigadier general and his staff, and a naval draft of 500 men. She arrived at Saint-Nazaire on the 12 November, shortly after the announcement of the Armistice, and was met by a cheering crowd.[2]

Siboney arrives in New York Harbor in late 1918 or 1919 with returning soldiers crowding the rails.

Siboney then began her peacetime mission of returning American veterans from Europe to the United States. After embarking 513 wounded men at Saint-Nazaire, she moved to Brest on the 15th and took on 600 more passengers. She sailed the same day under escort and reached New York on 24 November. During the next ten months, Siboney made ten more round trips between the United States and France, returning over 3,000 troops per trip when fully loaded.[2] On one such return trip in August 1919, Siboney carried Admiral en:Henry T. Mayo and Congressman en:Thomas S. Butler home from France.[3]

Siboney returned to New York on 2 September at the conclusion of her 17th trip, having traveled over 115,000海里 (213,000 km) and transported approximately 55,000 military passengers to and from French ports.[2] According to the Statistical Department of the U.S. Navy, Siboney had the shortest average in-port turnaround time out of 37 U.S. Navy transports used during World War I. The ship completed 17 round trips and had an average turn-around time of just under 30 days per trip, almost ten days shorter than the average of 39.8 days.[4]

On 10 September at Hoboken, Siboney was decommissioned and turned over to the War Department, who returned the ship to the Ward Line, her original owners.[2]

Interwar civilian service

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After her reacquisition, the Ward Line placed SS Siboney in transatlantic service on a New York to en:Havana, en:Tenerife, en:Bilbao, Santander, and en:Vigo route. On 9 September 1920, the ship ran aground in the harbor at Vigo.[5] Initial efforts to re-float her were unsuccessful, but by late October, Siboney had been repaired enough to make it to Shields.[6][7] Despite considerable damage, Siboney was refitted and placed in service again and, by March 1921, the Ward Line was advertising passage to Spain via Havana aboard her.[8][9] The Ward Line, however, abandoned the New York–Cuba–Spain service later in 1921 due to a lack of passengers.[10]

By November 1921, Siboney was placed in New York–Cuba–Mexico service, where business thrived, in part because of en:Prohibition in the United States. Ward Line cruises to Havana were one of the quickest and least expensive ways to what one author called "alcohol-enriched vacations".[10] A typical route from this time period would sail from New York and call at Nassau, Havana, Progreso, Veracruz, and Tampico, skipping Nassau on the return.[11] Prohibition also had a more direct effect on Siboney and her crew. On 27 June 1922, Siboney — freshly returned from Havana with a load of pineapples — was raided by en:United States Customs Service inspectors who seized 300 bottles of smuggled liquor on board.[12] In December 1923, four boiler room workers were arrested when police became suspicious of a man who had apparently just delivered a supply of alcohol to the docked ship.[13]

Siboney underwent a major refit in 1924 during which time she was replaced on her routes by SS Yucatán, formerly the en:North German Lloyd ship Prinz Waldemar.[8] After returning to service for the Ward Line, Siboney was the first to relay messages from Miami about the severity of the Great Miami Hurricane when she passed there shortly after the storm hit in September 1926.[14]

On 18 February 1928, Siboney rammed and sank the coal barge Seneca off Ambrose Light during a snowstorm;[15] the barge had been cut down in 1915 from SS Seneca, coincidentally, a former Ward Line ship.[8] Bad luck continued for Siboney on 5 January 1929, when she rammed and sank the Bauer Towing Company en:tug Phillip Hoffman off the Battery, killing the tug’s engineer.[16]

Siboney continued her same routes into the 1930s, and by 1933 typical runs for Siboney were from New York to Havana, Progreso, and Veracruz and back, omitting Progreso on the return.[11] On one such return trip from Veracruz and Havana in April 1935, a passenger had $5,000 worth of diamond and platinum jewelry stolen while on board.[17] By 1935, multiple en:public relations disasters for the Ward Line — the fire and sinking of Template:SS off en:New Jersey in 1934 and the grounding of Template:SS and the sinking of Mohawk in the months that followed — caused the "Ward Line" name to be dropped in favor of the "Cuba Mail Line" moniker.[18] By 1939, Siboney, still on the New York–Cuba–Mexico route, sported a new paint scheme of "dove grey" hull and black funnels with white markings to reflect this change in name.[11][19] In late 1940, however, the struggling Cuba Mail Line chartered Siboney to en:American Export Lines which employed her on Jersey City–Lisbon service.[8][20] During her American Export service, one of her passengers to the U.S. was French aviator and writer en:Antoine de Saint Exupéry, when he immigrated in January 1941 to en:Asharoken, New York after Germany’s armistice with France.[21][22]

On 12 April 1941 at 13:30, 320海里 (590 km) out of Lisbon, the ship — painted with a large American flag and "American Export" lettering on each side — was accosted by "two en:submarine chasers flying British ensigns" that fired shots over Siboney's bow, one of which landed less than 100フィート (30 m) away from the ship. According to Siboney's captain, Wenzel Habel, the two ships were British corvette types marked "K-25" and "K-125" — which may have been Template:Sclass2s Azalea([[:en:HMS {{{3}}} (K25)|en]]) and Template:HMCS. After answering questions from "K-25" shouted via loudspeaker, Siboney was allowed to resume her course. Habel filed a protest with British officials when Siboney docked at en:Bermuda.[23]

World War II Army service

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USAT Siboney in port, c. 1942–1943

At the conclusion of her seventh and final journey for American Export, Siboney was handed over on 28 May 1941 to the U.S. Army for transport duty.[20] After a hasty outfitting, the redesignated USAT Siboney was put to work transporting troops. Based in New York, she made trips up and down the Atlantic and into the Caribbean, and, by the end of 1941, had called at Bermuda, San Juan, en:Trinidad, St. John's, Charleston, Newport News, Cristóbal, en:Jamaica, and en:Panama.[24]

December 1941 saw Siboney depart from New York to Trinidad and on to en:Cape Town, then sailing up the east coast of en::en:Africa to Basra, en:Iraq, and en:Bandar Shahpur, en:Iran. The ship returned to Cape Town via en:Aden and underwent routine boiler repairs there, before returning to New York in April 1942. After undergoing six weeks of repairs at Bethlehem Steel Company, the transport sailed for Halifax, en:Iceland, and the Clyde, en:Scotland, in late May, returning to New York in July. Another trip to England and back followed in September 1942.[24]

In early December 1942 Siboney departed for Newfoundland but put into Halifax for two months of en:drydocking and repairs after she collided with SS City of Kimberly. After returning to New York in February 1943, she made several transatlantic runs, calling at en:Casablanca, en:Oran, en:Gibraltar, Clyde, en:Durban, en:Rio de Janeiro, Trinidad, and Cuba over the next 11 months. Siboney returned to New York for major repairs and reboilering at Bethlehem Steel Co. In January 1944, while undergoing this work, the ship was selected for conversion to a hospital ship.[24]

USAHS Charles A. Stafford, c. 1944–1946

The ship was renamed USAHS Charles A. Stafford after Captain en:Charles A. Stafford of the U.S. Army Medical Corps, who was killed during the air raid on Broome, Western Australia, while participating in the evacuation of Java on 3 March 1942. With her conversion complete in September 1944, the Stafford, equipped with new boilers, a single stack in place of her original two, and other improvements, moved to her new homeport of Charleston.[25][26] From that port the ship made monthly runs to the United Kingdom and back until May 1945, interrupting the pattern only once for a trip to Gibraltar and en:Marseilles. Steaming to New York at the conclusion of her last transatlantic run, Charles A. Stafford was overhauled for duty in the South Pacific.[25]

With the alterations complete, the veteran ship — now homeported at Los Angeles — sailed in August 1945 for Cristobál and on to Honolulu, en:Manila, en:Biak, en:Leyte, and en:Mindoro. After returning to Los Angeles in October, the Stafford sailed for Honolulu, Manila, and Eniwetok and back.[25]

After sailing to her new homeport of New York via the en:Panama Canal during February 1946, Charles A. Stafford resumed her North Atlantic runs to the UK, which continued until February 1948, at which time she was laid up in Maritime Commission's en:James River Reserve Fleet.[25] Kept on reserve under her original name of Siboney, the ship was delivered by the Maritime Administration to Bethlehem Steel for scrapping on 22 January 1957.[26]

Notes

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  1. ^ Crowell and Wilson, p. 321.
  2. ^ a b c d e f g h i Naval Historical Center. "Siboney". DANFS. {{cite web}}: Cite webテンプレートでは|access-date=引数が必須です。 (説明)
  3. ^ Naval Historical Center (28 November 2005). “USS Siboney (ID # 2999), 1918-1919 -- Actions and Activities”. Online Library of Selected Images. Navy Department, Naval Historical Center. 20 January 2008閲覧。
  4. ^ United States Navy, Statistical Department (16 August 1919). “The Original U.S. Troop Transports” (image file). 19 January 2008閲覧。
  5. ^ “Siboney aground at Vigo” (pdf). The New York Times: p. 10. (11 September 1920). http://query.nytimes.com/mem/archive-free/pdf?_r=1&res=950DE1D61E3CEE3ABC4952DFBF66838B639EDE 2008年1月19日閲覧。 
  6. ^ “Pittsburgh towed in” (pdf). The New York Times: p. 10. (14 September 1920). http://query.nytimes.com/mem/archive-free/pdf?res=9403EED81E31E433A25757C1A96F9C946195D6CF 2008年1月19日閲覧。 
  7. ^ “Shipping and mails” (pdf). The New York Times: p. 22. (27 October 1920). http://query.nytimes.com/mem/archive-free/pdf?res=9D05EFDB1639E133A25754C2A9669D946195D6CF 2008年1月19日閲覧。 
  8. ^ a b c d Alderson, Michael. “Fleet List”. Wardline.com. 19 January 2008閲覧。
  9. ^ “Spanish ports…”. The New York Times: p. 18. (28 March 1921) 
  10. ^ a b Flayhart, p. 292.
  11. ^ a b c Larsson, Björn (21 April 2007). “Cuba Mail Line (New York & Cuba Mail Steamship Co. - Ward Line)”. Maritime Timetable Images. 19 January 2008閲覧。
  12. ^ “Seize hidden liquor on ship board boat” (pdf). The New York Times: p. 14. (28 June 1922). http://query.nytimes.com/mem/archive-free/pdf?res=9A0CEFD81231EF33A2575BC2A9609C946395D6CF 2008年1月19日閲覧。 
  13. ^ “Liquor death list mounts to eight” (fee). The New York Times: p. 17. (28 December 1923). http://select.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=F40911F93F5D15738DDDA10A94DA415B838EF1D3 2008年1月19日閲覧。 
  14. ^ “Florida cut off for hours by storm” (fee). The New York Times: p. 4. (20 September 1926). http://select.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=F20B15FC345E1B7A93C2AB1782D85F428285F9 2008年1月19日閲覧。 
  15. ^ “Ward liner Siboney rams and sinks barge” (fee). The New York Times: p. 13. (19 February 1928). http://select.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=FB0C12FD3858167A93CBA81789D85F4C8285F9 2008年1月19日閲覧。 
  16. ^ “Liner rams tugboat, engineer drowns” (fee). The New York Times: p. 36. (6 January 1929). http://select.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=F60715F93B55167A93C4A9178AD85F4D8285F9 2008年1月19日閲覧。 
  17. ^ 引用エラー: 無効な <ref> タグです。「gemheist」という名前の注釈に対するテキストが指定されていません
  18. ^ Alderson, Michael. “History”. Wardline.com. 19 January 2008閲覧。
  19. ^ Alderson, Michael. “S.S. Siboney of 1917”. Wardline.com. 19 January 2008閲覧。
  20. ^ a b “Ship Finds $750,000 Ambergris -- Maybe” (fee). The New York Times: p. 25. (27 May 1941). http://select.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=FA0814FF3D58167B93C5AB178ED85F458485F9 2008年1月19日閲覧。 
  21. ^ “Men's Fate”. Time. (13 January 1941). http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,772580,00.html 2008年1月21日閲覧。 
  22. ^ Schiff, p. 379
  23. ^ “U.S. liner halted by warships' fire” (fee). The New York Times: p. 5. (22 April 1941). http://select.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=FA0B10FC3559167B93C0AB178FD85F458485F9 2008年1月19日閲覧。 
  24. ^ a b c Charles, p. 59.
  25. ^ a b c d Charles, p. 332.
  26. ^ a b Naval Historical Center (28 November 2005). “USAT Siboney (Transport, 1941-1944). Later the Army Hospital Ship Charles A. Stafford (1944-1948)”. Online Library of Selected Images: Ships of the United States Army. Navy Department, Naval Historical Center. 19 January 2008閲覧。

References

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