利用者:Chiether/pre/サバト (悪魔崇拝)
サバトとは、中世ヨーロッパ17世紀以降に、サタニズムの者達により行われていたとされる会議や儀式のこと。しかし、これらの数多くについては、想像の引き立て役として使われていたため情報の真偽は定かではない。
歴史
[編集]Although allusions to Sabbaths were made by the Catholic Canon (law) since about 905,
サバトの起源を知る上で、最初にサバトについて触れられている本は、11世紀頃に、Burchard of Wormsに収められたCanon Episcopiであると考えられている。このCanon Episcopiによれば、『ディアナ's rides』(by the name of the Roman goddess of the hunt),と主張していましたが実際には、体外離脱に至りませんでした。1452年。Errores Gazariorumの手によりサバトがevoked.
1486年のMalleus Maleficarumにて、悪魔付きの魔女らの集会がほのめかされているように、13世紀頃は、サバトへの参加は、非常に問題があると考えられました。しかしながらそれでもルネッサンス時代のサバトに関する民間伝承が注目されていた時には、数多くの本が出版され、また1622年にPeter BinsfeldがCommentarius de Maleficiusに記しているように、悪魔崇拝の告発に、サバトへの参加が有罪証明として用いられ、サバトへ参加したとされる者達がいくつもの命や生活を失いました。（魔女狩りを参照せよ）
伝承など
[編集]儀式
[編集]イタリア人、ミラノの聖職者en:Francesco Maria Guazzoの手により1608年に出版されたen:Compendium Maleficarum(あるいは、Guaccio、Guaccius)と呼ばれるサバトの様子を彷彿させる本がある。この本によれば、
the attendants go riding flying goats, trample the cross, are made to be re-baptised in the name of the Devil, give their clothes to him, kiss the Devil's behind, and dance back to back forming a round.
と記されている。
en:Hans Baldung Grien (ca 1484-1545) や en:Pierre de Rostegny(あるいは、De Lancre)(1553-1631)によれば、サバトでは、人肉嗜食(特に、子供が選ばれていた)が示唆されている。
一部の著書によれば[誰?]、 悪魔がそれを嫌ったがために、塩、パン、そして調理油の使用を禁じたとも伝えられている。; while other testimonies told about delicious dishes.
また他の記述では[誰?]、魔女が自身で空を飛ぶために、洗礼を受けていない子供の脂肪を用いた軟膏を作り出しているとも、箒に乗って空を飛ぶとも、悪魔によって会議の場まで運ばれるとも、実しやかに語られている[誰?] 。
それらの著書[誰?]の中で最も共通することは、サタンを筆頭に、時には羊や、サテュロス、また数多くの悪魔が参加していたと信じられている。 中には、霊媒を用いて、人を贄として悪魔に捧げ取り付かせるとも言われている。(悪魔憑きを参照)
サバトは、黒ミサとして、深夜(midnight)の行列に始まり、アルコールや幻覚剤を用いた饗宴や乱交が夜明けまで続けられると信じられていました[誰?]。
場所
[編集]According to folklore, the Sabbath was most often celebrated in isolated places, preferably forests or mountains. Some famous places where these events were said to have been celebrated are Briany, Carignan, Puy-de-Dôme (France), Blocksberg, Melibäus, the Black Forest, (Germany), the Bald Mount (Poland), Vaspaku, Zäbern, Kopastatö (Hungary), and more, but it was also said that Stonehenge (England) was a place for Sabbaths. In the Basque country the Sabbath (there called Akelarre, or 'field of the goat') was said to be celebrated in isolated fields.
日時
[編集]There is no agreement among authors concerning the dates on which the Sabbaths were to be celebrated. Some hypothosized they would take place during the night of the Sunday before the time the Christian mass was celebrated, some authors disagreed telling that Satan was less powerful on holy days.
Some commonly mentioned dates were February 1 (to some February 2), May 1 (Great Sabbath, Walpurgis Night), August 1 (lammas), November 1 (Halloween, commencing on October 30's eve), Easter, and Christmas. Other less frequently mentioned dates were Good Friday, January 1 (day of Jesus' circumcision), June 23 (St. John's Day), December 21 (St. Thomas), and Corpus Christi. and others.
What is "actually known" about the Sabbath
[編集] | この記事は、論調や文体が百科事典にふさわしくない可能性が指摘されています。 |
As some inquisitor wrote, "the acts of the witches/warlocks are only known by us for the confessions they make when tortured". All the descriptions about the Sabbaths were made and published by priests, jurists and judges who (theoretically) never took part in these gatherings, or written in the acts of the tribunals that carried out the processes. All of them were based on the confessions under torture made by people accused of practising witchcraft and heresy. Moreover, the accusees were often insane, and their "confessions" often amounted to saying "yes" to descriptions provided by the inquisitors.
To sum it up, we have practically no reliable information about what really happened in a Sabbath. The historical reports may reflect only popular imagination of the times, influenced by ignorance, fear, and religious intolerance.
We cannot even tell whether any Sabbaths were actually held before the 20th century. Many of the characterizations of the Sabbath were made about other suppressed Christian sects and Jews; see blood libel. It is thus possible that the Sabbath gatherings were largely a myth — a convenient excuse to condemn heretics or anyone who, for one reason or another, fell in the disfavor of the ruling authorities. The "Sabbath" gatherings described in the processes may not have occurred at all, or may have had no religious purposes.
Origins and connections
[編集]Old heathen rituals
[編集]The claimed dates of the main Sabbaths seem to correspond to those of the most important pre-Christian heathen festivals; and Scandinavians, Anglo-Saxons and Druids practised their rites in forests and mountains. These coincidences suggest that the Sabbath may have been remnants or revivals of those old pagan religions, which naturally were seen with alarm by the dominant Christian. (This view, incidentally, has been adopted by many Neo-Pagan movements.)
Shamanism and African rituals
[編集]There are similarities between the alleged Sabbath rites and the ceremonies of shamanistic rites of Asian and spiritualist African religions, such as the Orisha cult of the Yorùbá, and of their New World derivatives (Voodoo, Santería, Candomblé, etc.). During these ceremonies — which are held late at night in isolated places — priests are said to be possessed by spirit-gods (Orisha), amid convulsions and grimaces; and then perform ritual dances in their honor. These priests are often women, especially at the highest ranks of priesthood. These ceremonies end with a ritual banquet with specific foods. Each Orisha who is to be incorporated must be summoned in advance by the sacrifice of an animal and a bird; the blood is poured on the Orisha's icon, certain parts (head, feet, some organs) are offered to the spirit, and the rest is cooked for the banquet. At night, the priests must attract the Orisha to the ceremonial court by placing there things that he likes: his favorite food, objects of his favorite color, his symbolic instruments, and his favorite live animal. Goats are said to be the favorite of many Orishas; and some of the symbolic instruments are broom-like sticks or spears decorated with straw bundles. It is equally important to exclude any food or thing that the Orisha hated.
In view of those resemblances, it seems at least possible that the Sabbaths of Europe were African cult ceremonies. (The attitude of the dominant Christian religions about the African cults in the Americas was not much different in principle than its attitude about the Sabbath in Europe; and some fundamentalist sects have used the above resemblances to condemn the Sabbath) In this theory, the African rituals could have been brought to Europe, e.g., by African slaves of the Romans, and later by the Moors in Spain; or by Europeans returning from the American and African colonies.Template:Facts
参考資料
[編集]- Harner, Michael (1973). Hallucinogens and Shamanism - See the chapter "The Role of Hallucinogenic Plants in European Witchcraft"
- Jules Michelet(Michelet, Jules) (1862). Satanism and Witchcraft: The Classic Study of Medieval Superstition. ISBN 978-0806500591 The first modern attempt to outline the details of the medieval Witches' Sabbath.