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利用者:Akaniji/公共科学図書館

公共科学図書館[1]（こうきょうかがくとしょかん、英：Public Library of Science; PLoS）。

Public Library of Science
URL PLoS.org
言語 English
タイプ Science
営利性 No
開始 2001
現在の状態 Online

The Public Library of Science (PLoS) is a nonprofit open-access scientific publishing project aimed at creating a library of open access journals and other scientific literature under an open content license. It launched its first journal, PLoS Biology, in October 2003 and publishes seven journals, all peer reviewed, as of May 2009.

歴史[編集]

The Open Access logo.

本図書館の活動は2000年に強烈な形で始まる。出版社に宛てて公開状を発表し、科学論文の発表後半年以内の無料公開を要求したのであるが、これに応じない出版社に対しては、研究者が一丸となって購読・投稿・編集等に参加しないボイコットを行うとする苛烈な内容であった。最終的に180ヶ国34000人の研究者の賛同を得たこの運動を受け、『PNAS』等各誌が無料公開に踏み切った…[2]。2003年10月には『PLoS Biology』を創刊し、マスメディアでも報じられるなど大きな反響を呼んだ[3]。

The Public Library of Science began in early 2001 as an online petition initiative by Patrick O. Brown, a biochemist at Stanford University, and Michael Eisen, a computational biologist at the University of California, Berkeley, and the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory. The petition called for all scientists to pledge that from September 2001 they would discontinue submission of papers to journals which did not make the full-text of their papers available to all, free and unfettered, either immediately or after a delay of several months. Some now do this immediately, as open access journals, such as the BioMed Central stable of journals, or after a six-month period from publication, as what are now known as delayed open access journals, and some after 6 months or less, such as the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. Many others continue to rely on self-archiving.

Joined by Nobel Prize winner and former National Institutes of Health director Harold Varmus, the PLoS organizers next turned their attention to starting their own journal, along the lines of the UK-based BioMed Central, which has been publishing open-access scientific papers in the biological sciences in journals such as Genome Biology and the Journal of Biology since late 1999.

As a publishing company, the Public Library of Science began full operation on October 13, 2003, with the publication of a peer-reviewed print and online scientific journal entitled PLoS Biology, and has since launched seven more peer-reviewed journals. One, PLoS Clinical Trials, has since been merged into PLoS ONE. Following the merger, the company started the PLoS Hub for Clinical Trials to collect journal articles published in any PLoS journal and relating to clinical trials.

The PLoS journals are what it describes as "open access content"; all content is published under the Creative Commons "attribution" license (Lawrence Lessig, of Creative Commons, is also a member of the Advisory Board). The project states (quoting the Budapest Open Access Initiative) that: "The only constraint on reproduction and distribution, and the only role for copyright in this domain, should be to give authors control over the integrity of their work and the right to be properly acknowledged and cited."

Business model[編集]

To fund the journal, PLoS charges a publication fee to be paid by the author or the author's employer or funder. In the United States, institutions such as the National Institutes of Health and the Howard Hughes Medical Institute have pledged that recipients of their grants will be allocated funds to cover such author charges. PLoS was launched with grants totalling US$13 million from the Gordon and Betty Moore Foundation and the Sandler Family Supporting Foundation.[4] It still relies heavily on donations from foundations to cover the majority of its operating costs.

Impact[編集]

The initiatives of the Public Library of Science in the United States have initiated similar proposals in Europe, most notably the "Berlin Declaration" developed by the German Max Planck Society, which has also pledged grant support for author charges (see also the “Budapest Open Access Initiative”).

Publications[編集]

(all ISSNs are "EISSNs", for the electronic edition)

脚注[編集]

  1. ^ 訳語は科学技術振興機構刊『情報管理』誌による。
  2. ^ 時実象一、2004年「オープンアクセスの動向」『情報管理』47巻9号617・619ページ目、doi:10.1241/johokanri.47.616、JOI:JST.JSTAGE/johokanri/47.616。
  3. ^ 熊谷玲美、2004年「オープンアクセス出版」『情報管理』47巻1号33ページ目、doi:10.1241/johokanri.47.33、JOI:JST.JSTAGE/johokanri/47.33。
  4. ^ Declan Butler (June 2006). “Open-access journal hits rocky times”. Nature 441 (7096): 914. doi:10.1038/441914a. PMID 16791161. http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v441/n7096/full/441914a.html. 
  5. ^ Welcome to PLoS Currents: Influenza

References[編集]

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See also[編集]

External links[編集]

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