利用者:Akaniji/信号ラッパ
信号ラッパ（しんごう―）は、トランペット様の金管楽器によって奏でられる短い曲による音響信号。かつて軍隊は戦場や船上において指令を楽器で伝達しており、騒音の激しい戦場において指令が正確に伝わるよう、ビューグルや太鼓といった音の大きな楽器が古くから用いられてきた。海軍の信号ラッパは、艦内のみならず艦隊に対して信号を発するべく、手旗信号とともに広く用いられた。
信号ラッパは単一の倍音のみからなるのが特徴である。信号ラッパはビューグルという楽器で奏でられ、この楽器はピアノの鍵盤のようなすべての音階を発することはできず、倍音しか発せないためである。演奏会ではトランペットによって代用されることもあるが、この場合も奏者は全音階作成のための「バルブ」を操作する必要がない（1番バルブを押しっぱなしにして演奏など）。
Bugle calls typically indicated the change in daily routines of camp. Every duty around camp had its own bugle call, and since cavalry had horses to look after, they heard twice as many signals as regular infantry. "Boots and Saddles" was the most imperative of these signals and could be sounded without warning at any time of day or night, signaling the men to equip themselves and their mounts immediately. Bugle calls also relayed commanders' orders on the battlefield, signaling the troops to Go Forward, To the Left, To the Right, About, Rally on the Chief, Trot, Gallop, Rise up, Lay down, Commence Firing, Cease Firing, Disperse, and other specific actions. [1]
Bugle calls
[編集]『陸軍喇叭譜』[2]では、次の楽曲が掲載されている。起床、点呼、手入、食事、診断、会報、命令、衛兵支度、呼、消、非、火、教練（演習、学科、自習）始メ、気ヲ付ケ、休メ、解散、故ヘ、前ヘ、止レ、常歩、速歩、駈歩、襲歩、途歩、右、左、打方始メ、打方止メ、打方待テ、集合、突撃（襲撃）、抜刀（著剣）、帰営、団隊長招呼、将校招呼、週番招呼、喇叭手招呼、速歩行進、駈歩行進、送葬行進。中でも食事喇叭は戦後も正露丸のCMとして知られる。
- Adjutant's Call: indicates that the adjutant is about to form the guard, battalion, or regiment.
- Alarm (as played by Sam Jaffe near the end of Gunga Din)
- Assembly: Signals troops to assemble at a designated place.
- Attention: Sound as a warning that troops are about to be called to attention.
- Call to Quarters: Signals all personnel not authorized to be absent to their quarters for the night.
- Charge: Signal to execute a charge: gallop forward into harm's way with deadly intent.
- Church Call: Signals religious services are about to begin.
The call may also be used to announce the formation of a funeral escort from a selected military unit.
- Drill Call: Sounds as a warning to turn out for drill.
- Fatigue Call: Signals all designated personnel to report for fatigue duty.
- Fire Call: Signals that there is a fire on the post or in the vicinity.
The call is also used for fire drill.
- First Call: Sounds as a warning that personnel will prepare to assemble for a formation.
- This call is also used in horse racing, where it is known as Call to the Post. In that context, it indicates that jockeys need to have their mounts in position to be loaded into the starting gate.
- First Sergeant's Call: Signals that the First Sergeant is about to form the company.
- Guard Mount: Sounds as a warning that the guard is about to be assembled for guard mount.
- Last Post is a bugle call used at Commonwealth of Nations military funerals and ceremonies commemorating those who have been killed in a war.
- Mail Call: Signals personnel to assemble for the distribution of mail.
- Mess Call: Signals mealtime.
- Officers Call: Signals all officers to assemble at a designated place.
- Pay Call: Signals that troops will be paid.
- Recall: Signals duties or drills to cease.
- Retreat: Signals the end of the official day. This bugle call is known as Sunset in the UK and British Commonwealth countries.
This call is also used to introduce Act 2 of La damnation de Faust of Hector Berlioz.
- Reveille: Signals the troops to awaken for morning roll call. Used to accompany the raising of the National Colors.
- School Call: Signals school is about to begin.
- Sick Call: Signals all troops needing medical attention to report to the dispensary.
- Swimming Call
- Taps: Signals that unauthorized lights are to be extinguished.
This is the last call of the day.
The call is also sounded at the completion of a US military funeral ceremony.
Army Regulation 220-90, Army Bands dated December 2007, Paragraph 2-5h(1) states the following: “Echo Taps” or “Silver Taps,” the practice of performing “Taps” with multiple buglers, is not authorized. “Echo Taps” is not a part of Army tradition and improperly uses bugler assets.
Army Regulation 600-25, Salutes, Honors, and Visits of Courtesy, dated September 2004, Glossary, Section 2 states the following: "Taps The traditional “lights out” musical composition played at military funerals and memorials. The official version of “Taps” is played by a single bugle. In accordance with AR 220–90, “Echo or Silver Taps,” which is performed by 2 buglers, is not authorized."
Field Manual 12-50, U.S. Army Bands, dated October 1999, Appendix A, Official And Ceremonial Music, Appendix A, Section 1 - Ceremonial Music, Paragraph A-35 "A-35. Signals that unauthorized lights are to be extinguished. This is the last call of the day. The call is also sounded at the completion of a military funeral ceremony. Taps is to be performed by a single bugler only. Performance of "Silver Taps" or "Echo Taps" is not consistent with Army traditions, and is an improper use of bugler assets.
- Tattoo: Signals that all light in squad rooms be extinguished and that all loud talking and other disturbances be discontinued within 15 minutes.
- To Arms (Signals all troops to fall under arms at designated places without delay.)
- To The Colors, or To the Color
To the Colors is a bugle call to render honors to the nation. It is used when no band is available to render honors, or in ceremonies requiring honors to the nation more than once. To the Color commands all the same courtesies as the National Anthem.
The most common use of To The Colors is when it is sounded immediately following Retreat when the National Color is being lowered for the day.
Popular culture
[編集]Many of the familiar calls have had words made up to fit the tune. For example, the US Reveille goes:
- I can't get 'em up,
- I can't get 'em up,
- I can't get 'em up this morning;
- I can't get 'em up,
- I can't get 'em up,
- I can't get 'em up at all!
- The corporal's worse than the privates,
- The sergeant's worse than the corporals,
- Lieutenant's worse than the sergeants,
- And the captain's worst of all!
- < repeat top six lines >
and the US Mess Call:
- Soupy, soupy, soupy, without a single bean:
- Coffee, coffee, coffee, without a speck of cream:
- Porky, porky, porky, without a streak of lean.[3]
and the US Assembly:
- There's a soldier in the grass
- With a bullet up his ass
- Take it out, take it out
- Like a good Girl Scout!
Irving Berlin wrote a tune called, "Oh, How I Hate to Get Up in the Morning". In a filmed version of his musical, This Is the Army, he plays a World War I doughboy whose sergeant exhorts him with this variant of words sung to "Reveille": "Ya gotta get up, ya gotta get up, ya gotta get up this morning!" after which Berlin sang the song.
"Taps" has been used frequently in popular media, both sincerely (in connection with actual or depicted death) and humorously (as with a "killed" cartoon character).
"Taps" is also quoted in the introduction to the popular big band hit Boogie Woogie Bugle Boy. Written by Don Raye and Hughie Prince, likely the most well known recording was done by The Andrews Sisters.
First call is best known for its use in thoroughbred horse racing, where it is also known as the Call to the Post. It is used to herald (or summon) the arrival of horses onto the track for a race.
Another popular use of the "Mess Call" is a crowd cheer at football or basketball games. The normal tune is played by the band, with a pause to allow the crowd to chant loudly, "Eat 'em up! Eat 'em up! Rah! Rah! Rah!"
See also
[編集]- Bugle calls of the Norwegian Army
- Bugle and trumpet calls of the Mexican Armed Forces
- Military rites
- 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica article
Notes
[編集]- ^ Upton, Emory (1867). A New System of Infantry Tactics. pp. (appendix)
- ^ 小林又七『陸軍喇叭譜』1910年、全国書誌番号:41022299
- ^ Sperber, Hans (1951年). “Bugle Calls”. Indiana University Press. 2010 April 1閲覧。