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利用者:高砂の浦/sandbox/5

高砂の浦/sandbox/5
2016年7月7日の会見で麻薬シンジゲートの図を見せるドゥテルテ。
日時2016年7月1日 -
場所フィリピンの旗 フィリピン
現況継続中[1]
参加集団

Local-based drug dealers, distributors gangs and syndicates:

Ninja cops (police officers engaged in the drug trade)

Suspected drug users

Foreign drug cartels:

指導者
死傷者数
114 killed and 226 wounded (as of January 9, 2022)[20]
6,229 killed in official anti-drug operations (as of March 30, 2022)[21]
20,000 civilians killed (as of October 7, 2022)[22]

フィリピン麻薬戦争（フィリピンまやくせんそう）は、フィリピンのロドリゴ・ドゥテルテ政権によって始められた麻薬撲滅のためのキャンペーンである。

The War on Drugs is the intensified anti-drug campaign that began during the administration of President Rodrigo Duterte, who served office from June 30, 2016, to June 30, 2022. The campaign reduced drug proliferation in the country,[23] but has been marred by extrajudicial killings allegedly perpetrated by the police and unknown assailants.[24] By 2022, the number of drug suspects killed since 2016 was officially tallied by the government as 6,252;[25] human rights organizations and academics,[26] however, estimate that 12,000 to 30,000 civilians have been killed in "anti-drug operations" carried out by the Philippine National Police and vigilantes.[27][22]

Prior to his presidency, Duterte cautioned that the Philippines was at risk of becoming a narco-state and vowed the fight against illegal drugs would be relentless.[28] He has urged the public to kill drug addicts.[29] The anti-narcotics campaign has been condemned by media organizations and human rights groups, which reported staged crime scenes where police allegedly execute unarmed drug suspects, planting guns and drugs as evidence.[30][31] Philippine authorities have denied misconduct by police.[32][33]

Duterte has since admitted to underestimating the illegal drug problem when he promised to rid the country of illegal drugs within six months of his presidency, citing the difficulty in border control against illegal drugs due to the country's long coastline and lamented that government officials and law enforcers themselves were involved in the drug trade.[34][35]

In 2022, Duterte urged his successor, Bongbong Marcos, who won the 2022 Philippine presidential election, to continue the war on drugs in "his own way" to protect the youth.[36] Marcos declared his intention to continue the anti-narcotics campaign, focusing more on prevention and rehabilitation.[37] By 2024, Marcos emphasized that his own administration has been following the "8 Es" of an effective strategy against illegal drugs, but "Extermination was never one of them";[38][39] Duterte later acknowledged Marcos' "bloodless" drug war due to Marcos' privileged background.[40]

背景

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→「フィリピンにおける超法規的殺人と強制失踪（英語版）」も参照

地理的要因から国際的な麻薬シンジケートは違法な麻薬取引の拠点としてフィリピンを利用してきた[41][42] 。運び屋（英語版）を使って違法薬物を他国へ密輸する地元のギャングなども存在する[43]。1990年代にはアメリカが主導する麻薬戦争の一時的な舞台になり、麻薬取締局が独自の作戦を行ったこともあったが[44]、アメリカの報告書によれば、2010年だけでフィリピンにおける違法薬物の取引は64億ドルから84億ドルに上ると推定されている[45][46]。

1988年、ドゥテルテはダバオ市長に選出され[47]、その後通算7期を務めることになる[48]。市長就任直後から麻薬密売組織の撲滅を掲げ、翌年には麻薬シンジケートの主要メンバー30人の名前を公開するとともに、反麻薬キャンペーンに乗り出すことを宣言した[49]。人権団体によるとダバオ市において1998年以降、1000人を超えるストリートチルドレンや軽犯罪者、薬物使用者が殺害された[50]。ヒューマン・ライツ・ウォッチは2009年の報告書で、現役もしくは退職警察官が暗殺部隊に標的の名前や写真を提供していたと報告している[50]。殺害はダバオ死の部隊と呼ばれる自警団によって行われ、市長在任中のドゥテルテが関与していた疑いがある[51][50][52]。ドゥテルテは殺人への関与について、認めたり否定したりしているが[53]、『タイム』は「少なくとも市長は暗殺部隊が処罰されることなく自由に活動できる空気を作り出した」と指摘した[54]。

Philippine anti-narcotic officials have admitted that Duterte uses flawed and exaggerated data to support his claim that the Philippines is becoming a "narco-state".[55] The Philippines has a low prevalence rate of drug users compared to the global average, according to the United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime.[56] In his inaugural State of the Nation Address, Duterte claimed that data from the Philippine Drug Enforcement Agency shows that there were 3 million drug addicts two to three years ago, which he said may have increased to 3.7 million. However, according to the Philippine Dangerous Drugs Board, the government drug policy-making body, 1.8 million Filipinos used illegal drugs (mostly cannabis) in 2015, the latest official survey published, a third of whom had used illegal drugs only once in the past 13 months.[57][55]

死亡者数と失踪

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政府公式には、2022年3月時点で6229人が死亡したとされている[21]。メディアや人権団体は死者が12000人を超えると指摘しており[58][59]、上院議員アントニオ・トリリャネスはフィリピン内務自治省（DILG）の報告書を引用して2万人以上が殺害されたと主張した[60]。また初年だけで54人の子どもが犠牲になっている[59]。Families of Victims of Involuntary Disappearances（FIND）は、ドゥテルテ政権下で発生し同団体が検証した50件の失踪のうち、24件が麻薬戦争に関連していたと述べている[61]。

一方、法執行側には政府発表によると、2017年11月27日までに86人の死者と226人の負傷者が出ている[20]。国家警察（PNP）とその長官アルバヤルデによると2019年までに警察官50人が死亡、144人が負傷した[62]。

Killings beginning 2022

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Supporters of the drug war, such as Department of Interior and Local Government (DILG) Secretary Benhur Abalos Jr. and House Speaker Martin Romualdez, said that the campaign under Marcos had been "bloodless". However, the Dahas Project of the Third World Studies Center reported that the drug war killed 342 people in the first year of the Marcos presidency. The following year, from July 2023 to June 2024, the drug war killed 359 people. State forces were responsible for the majority of the killings during both years according to the Dahas report.[63] In 2022-2023, Davao Del Sur recorded the highest number of deaths with 53 fatalities related to the drug war. In 2023-2024, Cebu recorded the highest number of deaths at 65.[63]

経過

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2016年6月30日の大統領就任式（英語版）後の演説で、ドゥテルテは国民に犯罪容疑者や麻薬中毒者を殺害するよう促した[29]。また、警察には射殺するよう命じ、麻薬の売人の遺体に報奨金を出すと述べた[29]。なお、ドゥテルテの就任前から麻薬常習者や密売人の自首が相次いでいた[64]。7月3日、警察はドゥテルテの大統領就任以来、麻薬密売人30人を殺害したと発表した[65]。7月9日、政府は批判に対し、人権侵害が行われている証拠を示すよう求めた[66]。8月3日にはドゥテルテがシナロア・カルテルや三合会がフィリピンの麻薬取引に関与していると述べ[67]、地方政治家や警察官、裁判官、軍人を含む150人以上の麻薬に関与したとされる人物の名前を7日に公表（英語版）した[68][69][70]。翌8日、アメリカが超法規的殺人に懸念を表明した[71]。国連の人権専門家も同月に「暴力と殺人の扇動に相当し、国際法違反の犯罪だ」と批判した[72]。

「売春婦の息子」を意味するタガログ語「Putang ina」を使用するドゥテルテ。

9月、ドゥテルテがアメリカ大統領オバマ（当時）を「売春婦の息子」と表現した[72]。東南アジア諸国連合首脳会議でドゥテルテとオバマは会談する予定で、オバマは麻薬戦争を取り上げると表明しており、これに反発したものである[72]。この発言を受けてアメリカは会談をキャンセルした[72]。

面談の様子。右がピーター・リム。

7月15日、ドゥテルテは麻薬取締局で実業家のピーター・リムと面談し、対面で殺害すると脅迫した[73]。翌日には政府がリムを「フィリピンで違法な麻薬密売に手を染める3人の麻薬王の一人」とする題をつけた面談の動画をYouTubeに公開した[73]。リムはその麻薬密売人が同姓同名の別人であり、自身は殺害予告などを受けて憔悴していると述べた[51]。

10月、パンパンガ州で韓国人ビジネスマンのジ・イクジュ（英:Jee Ick-joo）が家政婦とともに麻薬犯罪捜査部門の警察官によって拉致され、国家警察本部内で殺害された[74][75]。2017年1月29日、治安部門のトップらを招集し緊急会議を開いた[75]。国防相ロレンザーナによるとこの会議でドゥテルテは「麻薬対策部門を一つ残らず解散することを命じる、と」述べ、フィリピン麻薬取締庁が軍の支援を受けながら麻薬取り締まりにあたることを決定した[75]。翌30日、フィリピン警察は麻薬戦争の一時停止を表明し、国家警察の長官ロナルド・デラ・ロサはドゥテルテから「まずは組織を浄化するよう」命じられたと語った[76]。

2017年1月29日、ドゥテルテは記者会見で「3月という期限は無効だ」と述べ、自身の大統領任期終了（2022年）まで麻薬戦争を延長する考えを示した[76]。開始当初は麻薬戦争の期限を2016年12月までと表明していたが、既に3月まで延長していた[76]。2017年8月16日、これまでの取り締まりの中で1日として最も多い32人が死亡した[77]。

2019年6月末、3歳の女児マイカ・ウルピナが警察の家宅捜索中に銃弾を受け、これまでで最も幼い犠牲者となった[78]。警察は麻薬密売の疑いがあった父親がマイカを盾にしたとしているが、母親は家族は就寝中であったと否定している[78][79]。7月11日、国連人権理事会がフィリピンの人権状況についての報告書提出を義務付け、特に超法規的殺人や強制失踪、恣意的な逮捕の調査を求める決議を採択した[78]。

反応と評価

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→詳細は「フィリピン麻薬戦争への反応（英語版）」を参照

脚注

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注釈

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  1. ^ The Communist Party of the Philippines (CPP) and its armed wing the New People's Army (NPA), initially cooperated with the government but withdrew its support for the government's campaign against drugs in August 2016. The CPP has vowed to continue operations, independent from the government's anti-drug campaign, against drug suspects.[3]。
  2. ^ Foreign support towards the campaign against illegal drugs includes intelligence sharing, training of Filipino law enforcement officers, and financial aid explicitly meant for such purposes. Excludes governments which has only expressed verbal, diplomatic support, and pledges that have yet to be realized.

出典

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  1. ^ “Philippines: Rodrigo Duterte orders police back into deadly drug war”. The Guardian (Agence France-Presse). (December 6, 2017). https://www.theguardian.com/world/2017/dec/06/philippines-rodrigo-duterte-orders-police-back-into-deadly-drug-war 
  2. ^ “NPA backs Duterte fight vs drugs”. ABS-CBN News and Current Affairs. (July 4, 2016). https://news.abs-cbn.com/news/07/04/16/npa-backs-duterte-fight-vs-drugs March 6, 2019閲覧。 
  3. ^ “CPP: Duterte's drug war is 'anti-people, anti-democratic'”. ABS-CBN News. http://news.abs-cbn.com/news/08/14/16/cpp-dutertes-drug-war-is-anti-people-anti-democratic. "Communist Party of the Philippines (CPP) has withdrawn its support for President Rodrigo Duterte's war on illegal drugs, saying it has "clearly become anti-people and anti-democratic.""; "In conclusion, the group said its armed wing, the New People's Army (NPA), will intensify its operations to arrest and disarm drug suspects, but will no longer cooperate with government's anti-narcotics drive." 
  4. ^ Lim, Frinston (July 3, 2017). “MILF formally joins war on drugs”. Philippine Daily Inquirer. http://newsinfo.inquirer.net/910432/milf-formally-joins-war-on-drugs July 4, 2017閲覧。 
  5. ^ Woody, Christopher (September 5, 2016). “The Philippines' president has declared a war on drugs, and it's turned normal people into hired killers”. Business Insider. http://www.businessinsider.com/philippines-vigilante-drug-killings-2016-9 September 22, 2016閲覧。 
  6. ^ 引用エラー: 無効な <ref> タグです。「poor」という名前の注釈に対するテキストが指定されていません
  7. ^ a b Richard Heydarian (October 1, 2017). “Manila's war on drugs is helping to build bridges between China and the Philippines”. South China Morning Post. https://www.scmp.com/news/china/diplomacy-defence/article/2113357/manilas-war-drugs-helping-build-bridges-between-china July 10, 2018閲覧。 
  8. ^ Mirasol, Jeremy Dexter (May 2017). “Cooperation with China on the Philippines' War on Drugs”. Center for International Relations and Strategic Studies (CIRSS). オリジナルのMarch 7, 2019時点におけるアーカイブ。. https://web.archive.org/web/20190307000654/http://www.fsi.gov.ph/cooperation-with-china-on-the-philippines-war-on-drugs/ March 6, 2019閲覧。 
  9. ^ Aben, Elena L. (December 17, 2016). “Singapore backs Duterte's tough stance against drugs”. Manila Bulletin. オリジナルのDecember 1, 2018時点におけるアーカイブ。. https://web.archive.org/web/20181201135107/http://news.mb.com.ph/2016/12/17/singapore-backs-dutertes-tough-stance-against-drugs/ March 4, 2019閲覧。 
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  14. ^ “LEADER OF SIGUE-SIGUE SPUTNIK GANG AND NONOY ROBBERY/SNATCHING GROUP ARRESTED IN SAMPALOC, MANILA”. NCRPO. January 27, 2022時点のオリジナルよりアーカイブ。February 22, 2021閲覧。 July 28, 2020
  15. ^ “Sinaloa cartel in cahoots with Chinese syndicates for Philippine ops – PDEA”. ABS-CBN News. (February 13, 2019). https://news.abs-cbn.com/news/02/13/19/sinaloa-cartel-in-cahoots-with-chinese-syndicates-for-philippine-ops-pdea February 13, 2019閲覧。 
  16. ^ “PDEA names triads behind shabu supply in Philippines”. The Philippine Star. (October 3, 2017). https://www.philstar.com/headlines/2017/10/03/1745130/pdea-names-triads-behind-shabu-supply-philippines February 13, 2019閲覧。 
  17. ^ “Colombian drug cartel active in PH, PDEA says”. (February 27, 2019). http://www.manilastandard.net/news/top-stories/288801/colombian-drug-cartel-active-in-ph-pdea-says.html February 27, 2019閲覧。 
  18. ^ “Philippines: Abu Sayyaf uses drugs for recruits, funds”. (September 29, 2016). https://www.worldbulletin.net/asia-pacific/philippines-abu-sayyaf-uses-drugs-for-recruits-funds-h177927.html 
  19. ^ Tupas, Emmanuel. “New PNP chief vows to sustain war on drugs”. The Philippine Star. https://www.philstar.com/headlines/2022/08/04/2200127/new-pnp-chief-vows-sustain-war-drugs August 19, 2022閲覧。 
  20. ^ a b Philippine Information Agency #RealNumbersPH Archived July 16, 2018, at the Wayback Machine.
  21. ^ a b Gita-Carlos, Ruth Abbey (March 30, 2022). “Give drug war report to human rights groups, Duterte tells PDEA” (英語). Philippine News Agency. オリジナルのMarch 31, 2022時点におけるアーカイブ。. https://web.archive.org/web/20220331232855/https://www.pna.gov.ph/articles/1170963 April 17, 2022閲覧。 
  22. ^ a b Schlein, Lein (October 7, 2022). “UN: For Victims of Philippines 'War on Drugs,' Justice Remains Elusive” (英語). Voices of America. Template:Cite webの呼び出しエラー：引数 accessdate は必須です。 “Human rights groups claim that Philippine police and vigilantes under their direction murdered unarmed drug suspects on a massive scale on Duterte’s watch, allegations that authorities have denied.”
  23. ^ Caliwan, Christopher Lloyd (March 30, 2022). “Over 24K villages 'drug-cleared' as of February: PDEA” (英語). Philippine News Agency. オリジナルのMarch 31, 2022時点におけるアーカイブ。. https://web.archive.org/web/20220331184448/https://www.pna.gov.ph/articles/1171001 
  24. ^ Valente, Catherine S. (October 8, 2016). “First 100 days yield significant accomplishments” (英語). The Manila Times. オリジナルのDecember 5, 2019時点におけるアーカイブ。. https://web.archive.org/web/20191205121827/https://www.manilatimes.net/2016/10/08/news/top-stories/first-100-days-yield-significant-accomplishments/290072/ May 15, 2022閲覧。 
  25. ^ Sarao, Zacarian (June 22, 2022). “6,252 drug suspects killed as of May 31 – PDEA” (英語). Philippine Daily Inquirer. オリジナルのJune 21, 2022時点におけるアーカイブ。. https://web.archive.org/web/20220621185230/https://newsinfo.inquirer.net/1614260/pdea-says-6252-drug-suspects-died-as-of-may-31-in-war-against-drugs August 2, 2024閲覧。 
  26. ^ “New Publication: Iglesias, Explaining the Pattern of "War on Drugs" Violence in the Philippines under Duterte”. UP Department of Political Science (April 4, 2023). Template:Cite webの呼び出しエラー：引数 accessdate は必須です。
  27. ^ Lema, Karen; Baldwin, Clare (June 8, 2022). “A pathologist, a priest and a hunt for justice in the Philippines” (英語). Reuters. https://widerimage.reuters.com/story/a-pathologist-a-priest-and-a-hunt-for-justice-in-the-philippines 30 September 2024閲覧。 
  28. ^ Alconaba, Nico (June 28, 2016). “Digong defends war on drugs, crime, graft” (英語). Philippine Daily Inquirer. オリジナルのDecember 5, 2019時点におけるアーカイブ。. https://web.archive.org/web/20191205143116/https://newsinfo.inquirer.net/792773/digong-defends-war-on-drugs-crime-graft 
  29. ^ a b c “Philippines president Rodrigo Duterte urged people to kill drug addicts”. The Guardian. Associated Press. (July 1, 2016). https://www.theguardian.com/world/2016/jul/01/philippines-president-rodrigo-duterte-urges-people-to-kill-drug-addicts July 8, 2016閲覧。 
  30. ^ “Duterte Vows More Bloodshed in Philippine 'Drug War'”. Human Rights Watch (July 23, 2018). October 5, 2018閲覧。
  31. ^ “Special Report: Police describe kill rewards, staged crime scenes in Duterte's drug war”. Reuters. (April 18, 2017). https://www.reuters.com/article/us-philippines-duterte-police-specialrep/special-report-police-describe-kill-rewards-staged-crime-scenes-in-dutertes-drug-war-idUSKBN17K1F4 October 21, 2018閲覧。 
  32. ^ Servallos, Neil Jayson. “PNP chief: No EJK under Duterte”. PhilStar. Template:Cite webの呼び出しエラー：引数 accessdate は必須です。 September 8, 2020
  33. ^ Santos, Elmor P.. “Gov't: Don't fear, no extrajudicial killing under Duterte admin”. CNN Philippines. February 8, 2019時点のオリジナルよりアーカイブ。February 28, 2021閲覧。 October 6, 2017
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  36. ^ Cervantes, Filane Mikee (May 26, 2022). “PRRD asks Marcos to continue anti-drug campaign his 'own way'”. Philippine News Agency. オリジナルのMay 26, 2022時点におけるアーカイブ。. https://web.archive.org/web/20220526171249/https://www.pna.gov.ph/articles/1175251 
  37. ^ Patag, Kristine Joy (February 27, 2022). “A quick look at Bongbong Marcos and his 'unity' campaign”. オリジナルのJune 25, 2022時点におけるアーカイブ。. https://web.archive.org/web/20220625065358/https://www.philstar.com/headlines/2022/02/27/2160156/quick-look-bongbong-marcos-and-his-unity-campaign July 2, 2022閲覧。 
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  40. ^ Tejano, Ivy (July 25, 2024). “Duterte acknowledges Marcos 'bloodless' drug war” (英語). Manila Bulletin. オリジナルのJuly 26, 2024時点におけるアーカイブ。. https://web.archive.org/web/20240726161007/https://mb.com.ph/2024/7/25/duterte-acknowledges-marcos-bloodless-drug-war July 26, 2024閲覧。 
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