利用者:長尾孝俊
NO SMOKING.
Once cancer is diagnosed in a smoker, there is evidence for substantial medical advantage for the individual to quit smoking. There is substantial evidence that continued smoking may reduce the effectiveness of treatment and increase the likelihood of a second cancer (refer to the Smoking as a Risk for Second Malignancy 2 section for further information). Continued smoking may also worsen side effects of treatment,[1] though the direct evidence for this is surprisingly limited as few studies have evaluated this issue. If one extrapolates, however, from the extensive evidence of the effects of smoking on cardiovascular disease, pulmonary functioning, immunosuppression, and wound healing due to vasoconstriction, as well as the fairly rapid reduction of some effects following cessation,[2] these results might also apply to cancer patients, particularly if surgical management or lung functioning is involved. More specifically, 1 study outlines a model of cardiopulmonary toxicities in response to various antineoplastic therapies that may be potentiated by tobacco use; for example, smokers treated with bleomycin or carmustine would evidence higher levels of pulmonary fibrosis and restrictive lung disease, and the anthracyclines would lead to higher risk of cardiomyopathy in smokers.[3] In a study of advanced head and neck cancer patients receiving radiation therapy,[4] patients who continued to smoke suffered mucositis for a longer time (23.4 weeks) than did either patients who quit at the time of radiation therapy and remained abstinent (13.6 weeks) or patients who remained abstinent for at least a month after treatment (18.3 weeks). Extended mucositis may be associated with permanent alteration in appearance. In one study, patients receiving induction chemotherapy for acute myeloid leukemia who continued to smoke were more likely to experience severe pulmonary infection (26% vs. 18%), although overall survival rates did not differ in adults older than 60 years.[5] Following radiation therapy for laryngeal carcinoma, patients who continue to smoke may be less likely to regain satisfactory voice quality.[6] Another area of reasonable concern for patients who continue to smoke is the rate of general complications following any type of surgery; it is documented that wound healing following surgery is slowed in smokers since both nicotine and carbon monoxide cause vasoconstriction, inhibition of epithelization, and creation of a cellular hypoxia.[7,8] In 1 study of predictors of complications following resection in lung cancer patients, a history of smoking doubled the likelihood of complications, but smoking at time of admission for surgery did not.[9] No detailed information is provided, however, regarding the time since smoking cessation occurred.
One study found decreased response rates and survival rates in head and neck cancer patients who continued to smoke. Patients who continued to smoke had a significantly lower rate of complete response to radiation therapy (45% vs. 74%) and 2-year survival (39% vs. 66%). Recent quitters were more similar to long-term quitters than to continued smokers in survival likelihood at 18 months.[10]
Another study also showed an effect on survival rates of continued smoking in head and neck cancer patients.[11] Those who stopped smoking had double the chance of survival, irrespective of extent of disease at diagnosis; after 2 years, survival of quitters approached that of nonsmokers. Relative risk for recurrence was about double in quitters and quadrupled in those who continued to smoke, regardless of the amount they smoked. One study failed to find significant differences in prognosis in resected stage I non-small cell lung cancer patients dependent on smoking status; the recurrence and death rates in both former and current smokers did not differ but were double to triple those of newer smokers.[12] These differences failed, however, to reach statistical significance because of the small number of newer smokers; in addition, the lack of differences between former versus current smokers is hard to interpret because no definitions are provided. One study found a consistent trend in small cell cancer patients: continued smokers had the poorest survival, followed by patients who quit at diagnosis, then by patients who had quit on average 2.5 years before diagnosis.[13] Although survival curves of recent ex-smokers did not differ statistically from continued smokers, perhaps because of small numbers, no continued smokers (n = 57) survived past 131 weeks, whereas 6 of those who quit at diagnosis (n = 35) were in complete remission at 1 to 2 years. The relationship between smoking and progression of prostate cancer has also been examined. Another study found a much higher 5-year tumor-specific mortality rate among smokers with stage D2 disease (88% vs. 63%) or nonstage A disease (39% vs. 17%), which was attributed to the effects of continued smoking as an immunosuppressant.[14] Yet another study found longer survival rates in prostate cancer patients who are nonsmokers, but this study did not examine the effects of quitting.[15] Survival and recurrence data for lung cancer are mixed.
Breaking News from NewsMax.com
Kerry Strategists: Clintonistas Torpedoed Our Campaign
Top strategists with John Kerry's presidential campaign are blaming his crushing defeat last week on bad advice from Clinton operatives who took over the campaign after Labor Day. [More below...]
"When [James] Carville and [Stan] Greenberg tell reporters that the campaign was missing a defining narrative, they forget that they were the ones insisting we had to keep beating the domestic-issues drum," complained David Thorne on Thursday.
Thorne - a brother-in-law from Kerry's first marriage to Julia Thorne - was one of Kerry's closest advisers throughout the campaign. Thorne told political gadfly Arianna Huffington that because of the misguided Carville-Greenberg strategy, "We never defended John's character and focused on his leadership with the same singularity of purpose that the Republicans put on George Bush's leadership."
Kerry's brother Cameron agreed, telling Huffington, "There is a very strong John Kerry narrative that is about leadership, character and trust. But it was never made central to the campaign."
Tom Vallely, the Vietnam War veteran whom Kerry tapped to lead the response to the Swift boat attacks, told the columnist: "The Clinton team, though technically skillful, could not see reality - they could only see their version of reality. And that was always about pivoting to domestic issues."
Reports Huffington:
"In conversations with Kerry insiders over the last nine months, I've heard a recurring theme: that it was [Bob] Shrum and the Clintonistas [including Greenberg, Carville and senior adviser Joe Lockhart] who dominated the campaign in the last two months and who were convinced that this election was going to be won on domestic issues, like jobs and healthcare, and not on national security."
The failed strategy apparently originated with ex-President Clinton himself, who trumpeted the domestic issues mantra in repeated calls to Kerry.
Writes Huffington:
"Behind the scenes, former President Clinton also kept up the drumbeat, telling Kerry in private conversations right to the end that he should focus on the economy rather than Iraq or the war on terror, and that he should come out in favor of all 11 state constitutional amendments banning gay marriage - a move that would have been a political disaster for a candidate who had already been painted as an unprincipled flip-flopper."
In June 2001, Mr. Cheney had a pacemaker implanted in his chest. At his annual heart checkup on May 11, doctors determined that the pacemaker, called an implantable cardioverter defibrillator, was working fine and never had had to assist his heart.
The device is designed to activate automatically if needed to regulate the patient's heartbeat.
Ahead of the fall presidential campaign, Mr. Cheney dismissed speculation that his health might keep him from running again with Mr. Bush. He said his health had been good and that he couldn't think of any circumstances that would prompt to decline the role.
"He's asked me to serve again and I'll be happy to do that," Mr. Cheney said in March.
His first heart attack occurred in 1978, when he was 37. He had a second in 1984, and after suffering his third heart attack, in 1988, Mr. Cheney had quadruple bypass surgery to clear clogged arteries.
On Nov. 22, 2000, Mr. Cheney suffered what doctors called a "very slight" heart attack and had an angioplasty to open a clogged artery. Mr. Cheney was back in the hospital on March 5, 2001, after complaining of chest pains. Doctors performed another angioplasty to reopen the same artery.
After his fourth heart attack, Mr. Cheney quit smoking, began regular daily exercises for 30 minutes on a treadmill and said he began watching his diet. He takes medication to lower his cholesterol.
Mr. Cheney has a long Washington history, dating from his 1975 job as President Ford's chief of staff when he was just 34.
After Mr. Ford lost the presidency, Mr. Cheney returned to Wyoming and began running for the state's only seat in the House of Representatives. He had his first heart attack during the campaign but still won easily.
He developed a conservative voting record in Congress; he opposed sanctions against South Africa's apartheid government and a ban on armor-piercing "cop killer" bullets and supported an antibusing amendment and funding for almost all proposed weapons systems.
Here are the nominees for this year's Darwin Award (Given posthumously
to the individual whose withdrawal from the gene pool significantly advanced the evolution of mankind). The winning idiot's story is at the end:
The Nominees ------------ In February, Santiago Alvarado, 24, was killed in Lompoc,Calif., as he
fell face-first through the ceiling of a bicycle shop he was burglarizing. Death was caused when the large flashlight he had placed in his mouth (to keep his hands free) fractured the base of his skull as he hit the floor.
According to police in Dahlonega, Ga., ROTC cadet Nick Berrena, 20, was
stabbed to death in January by fellow cadet Jeffrey Hoffman, 23 who was trying to prove that a knife could not penetrate the flak vest Berrena was wearing.
Sylvester Briddell, Jr., 26, was killed in February in Selbyville, Del.
as he won a bet with friends who said he would not put a revolver loaded with four bullets into his mouth and pull the trigger.
In February, according to police in Windsor, Ont., Daniel Kolta, 27, and
Randy Taylor, 33, died in a head-on collision, thus earning a tie in the game of chicken they were playing with their snowmobiles.
In October, a 49-year-old San Francisco stockbroker, who "totally zoned
when he ran," according to his wife, accidentally jogged off a 200-foot-high cliff on his daily run.
In September in Detroit, a 41-year-old man got stuck and drowned in two
feet of water after squeezing headfirst through an 18-inch-wide sewer grate to retrieve his car keys.
In September, a 7-year- old boy fell off a 100-foot-high bluff near
Ozark, Ark., after he lost his grip swinging on a cross yhat marked the spot where another person had fallen to his death in 1990.
DARWIN AWARD WANNA-BE'S ----------------------- In Guthrie, Okla., in October, Jason Heck tried to kill a millipede with
a shot from his .22-caliber rifle, but the bullet ricocheted off a rock near the hole and hit pal Antonio Martinez in the head, fracturing his skull.
In Elyria, Ohio, in October, Martyn Eskins, attempting to clean out
cobwebs in his basement, declined to use a broom in favor of a propane torch and caused a fire that burned the first and second floors of his house.
Paul Stiller, 47, was hospitalized in Andover Township, N. J., in
September, and his wife Bonnie was also injured, by a quarter-stick of dynamite that blew up in their car. While driving around at 2a.m., the bored couple lit the dynamite and tried to toss it out the window to see what would happen, but they apparently failed to notice that the window was closed.
And the Darwin Award goes to: ----------------------------- There are many transmission lines that crisscross Connecticut. These
are held up by Transmission Towers of various constructions. Those most commonly installed near urban areas are called "metal Ornamental Towers" (supposedly prettier than wood towers). Sometimes adventurous folk climb the towers in order to enjoy the view and the night air. Most stay away from the wires, and when they get bored, come back down. Reeves’s first name means “cool breeze over the mountains” in Hawaiian. The 40-year-old actor was born in Beirut but spent his teenage years in Canada. He starred in My Own Private Idaho and the box office smashes Speed and The Matrix. He plays bass for his band Dogstar and enjoys ballroom dancing
Hollywood stars are meek things these days. Colin Farrell might put away a drink or two and Russell Crowe may swear a lot but when it comes to true recklessness none can seriously be compared to the icons of old, such as James Dean, who died driving his Porsche in 1955. Except, perhaps, one.
Keanu Reeves turned 40 last year but still has the seize-the-moment restlessness of an adolescent. He shuns the mollycoddling afforded most superstars by studios anxious that no harm come to their most prized assets and instead lives life the old Hollywood way: dangerously.
He has twice cheated death in motorbike crashes, one requiring his spleen to be removed. His only concession to studio bosses who were concerned that Reeves might be prematurely immortalised like Dean was to buy a car. But even that was seen as a gesture of defiance. He bought a Porsche — “It was the closest thing I could get on four wheels to a motorcycle,” says Reeves.
His unconventional nature and lack of pretentiousness were in evidence when I met him in London at an awards ceremony. He was dressed in a dinner jacket and coal-black tie that matched his eyes, but he looked ill at ease amid the formality. His publicist was hovering nearby, anxious to keep the interview short. But Reeves was more than happy to chat at length about cars and bikes.
“The Porsche I call ‘the Sled’ because it holds the road so well. It’s a black C4 (Carrera 4). I love to drive it and I use it just to go to the store — to buy milk or something. I live in Los Angeles and there are great drives along Mulholland (Highway) and down Sunset (Boulevard) to the beach. It still gives me a thrill.”
Despite his accidents he still loves his bikes. In the past he owned Moto Guzzis — “I called one of them Guzzi Moto, like Quasimodo because it was so big and heavy” — and Harley-Davidsons like the one he rode while filming The Prince of Pennsylvania in 1988, a story of teenage alienation. “I used to like to ride through the woods near Pittsburgh at night with the lights off, with maybe two other people on the back, and we’d tell each other what we saw. It was very cool.”
But none of them compares to his current bike. “It’s a beautiful British 850cc 1974 Norton Commando,” he says. “There’s something about British bikes of that era that is special.”
His appetite for biking apparently undiminished by his crashes, he takes it for long rides in the desert and along the coast road between Los Angeles and San Francisco.
He bought another Norton Commando, a 1972 Combat version, while filming Hardball in 2001 (a baseball movie in which he plays a coach). Reeves spotted it while browsing in a store called British Cycle Parts Chicago, which specialises in UK machines. “A lot of our celebrity customers like the anonymity they get with a bike,” said Marshall Hagy, the store’s owner. “They put the helmet and the leathers on and no one knows who they are. Unfortunately, one of the local gossip columnists got hold of the story about Keanu’s Norton, so he didn’t enjoy that advantage for very long.”
That Reeves has an appreciation for British bikes should come as no surprise — his mother Patricia was a British-born designer of theatrical costumes. There is also a long history of Hollywood stars riding British bikes — although in the past they were always Triumphs. Marlon Brando rode a Triumph in The Wild One, Steve McQueen tried to leap a fence on one he supposedly stole from a German soldier in The Great Escape (purists pointed out that German soldiers were issued with BMWs) and Richard Gere rode one in An Officer and a Gentleman.
With the exception perhaps of McQueen, who performed his own stunts, none rode as wildly as Reeves. He admits that the accidents — one in 1988 where he broke some ribs and ruptured his spleen, the second in 1996 that left him with a broken ankle and a curved scar on his leg — have made him more cautious and perhaps slowed him down a little. “My body’s a wreck,” he says.
If anyone was born to be wild it was Reeves. His mother was “seriously bohemian” and his upbringing was footloose. He moved from Lebanon to Australia and New York and spent his teen years in Toronto, where his hobby was building go-karts with names like Fireball 500. He had three stepfathers. His father, a geologist of Hawaiian-Chinese descent, had walked out on the family while Reeves was still a small boy.
Apparently, a man who was forlorn after a recent spat with his
girlfriend needed some fresh air to clear his head and decided to climb a tower. He stopped for a 6 pack to help clear his thoughts, went to a tower south of Hartford, next to I-91, and climbed it. Public Service employees later pieced the rest of the story together...
The man sat there 60 feet above the highway, drank his beer and consoled
his bruised ego. After 5 beers, he needed to do what people often need to do after 5 beers. It being such a long hike down, he unzipped and did his business right there off the tower. Hollywood KEANU REEVES' most terrifying real-life motorbike experience occurred when he pulled up alongside a car - and noticed a Satan-like figure in the driver's seat.
The actor - who has confronted the supernatural in a fictional sense in films like DEVIL'S ADVOCATE and CONSTANTINE - recalls with horror the moment he starred into the face of true evil.
He says, "I was on my motorbike when I drew up alongside a car at an intersection. I looked over at this guy and I was like, 'Oh, my f**king God!'
"I was looking at the darkest thing - I was looking at darkness. I felt like I had looked at a wraith, like I'd looked at the devil."
Electricity is a funny thing. One doesn't need to touch a wire in order
to get shocked. Depending on conditions, 115,000 volt lines, like those supported by the tower, could shock a person as far away as 6 feet. When the man "whizzed" near the conductor (wire), the power arced to his "stream" (urine is an excellent conductor of electricity), traveled up to his private parts, and blew him off the tower.
The guys at the power company noted a momentary outage on this line and
sent repairmen to see if there was any damage. When they got to the scene of the accident, they found a very dead person, his fly down, what was left of his private parts smoking, and a single beer left on top of the tower.
Mr. Cheney was well-liked by colleagues of both parties during five terms and rose to the No. 2 position among House Republicans. In 1989, Mr. Cheney was the first President Bush's second choice as defense secretary -- Bush's first choice went down amid controversy -- and was confirmed unanimously.
At the Pentagon, Mr. Cheney helped recruit more than 30 nations to send troops to fight in and money to pay for the Persian Gulf War that drove Iraqi troops from neighboring Kuwait in January and February 1991. He left government later that year to become head of Halliburton Co.
Rachel Weisz got to know him when they co-starred in the 1996 film Chain Reaction, so she half expected there would be a bit of a shorthand with him when they filmed new thriller Constantine."He's still a very mysterious and enigmatic guy but he's the same one," Weisz says, explaining she half expected him to have a lot of attitude after his Matrix hits.
"He isn't trying to be mysterious, he just is. It's probably what makes him this gigantic star."
When he walks into a press conference wearing an all black tux and shirt, and sporting a thick beard and moustache like his evil character in The Gift, the 40-year-old baby-faced Reeves appears as confident as his comic book character who chases demons, John Constantine.
Yet he's not facing demons from hell, only the press.
And when pressed about how he contributed to the script of the dark film noir character, he says he added the lines:
"He works his works in mysterious ways. Some people like it, some people don't," Reeves smiles.
"That's mine. That to me was the ground for where Constantine ends up."
He wasn't looking for another superhero film franchise but the script based on the popular British Hellblazer comics came to Reeves while he was making the Matrix sequels. And although the stylish outfits and subtle humour may seem reminiscent of Neo, Reeves sees Constantine as a very different, more adult character.
"Constantine is a very extroverted role on the whole. So much about it is very different from the experience that I was having then (with Neo)," Reeves says.
Nevertheless, he seems drawn to spiritual-themed films like Little Buddha, The Devil's Advocate and the Matrix series.
Even Bill & Ted visited hell in one of their excellent adventures. But he really doesn't want to talk about his own spiritual beliefs.
"Please don't, really, no, it's something that I take very personally and it's something that is private," Reeves says.
But the film is steeped in Catholicism. "The piece is using icons and a platform from a kind of Catholic heaven and hell, God and the devil.
I think that these motifs of seekers and messiahs, anti-heroes and heroes, are journeys that we deal with in our day-to-day ways."
Constantine has supernatural powers that he doesn't understand at first but he's an anti-hero.
"He's very connected to God, he just doesn't understand what's happening. His whole life is intertwined with God."
But his character is killing himself by smoking a lot, and Reeves admits he does that in real life.
"Too much, too much," Reeves says about his smoking. "It's a character trait the character has.
I guess he's dealing with a lot and it's a tool to kind of numb himself."
Reeves says he doesn't want everyone to be aware of him as a star, which is why he stays private.
"Hopefully, the film is engaging enough that for the two hours and six minutes, they're not going, 'Wasn't he wearing a stethoscope before?'," says Reeves, referring to his role as a doctor in the comedy Something's Gotta Give.
"I've been really fortunate to be able to do different kinds of films on different scales, different genres," he says, pointing out that an independent film he's in, Thumbsucker, played at the Sundance Film Festival recently.
For now, he's happy playing a character who has enough nerve to address the devil as Lu.
"He's a hard-edged, hardboiled, world-weary, cynical, fatalistic, nihilistic, self-interested guy with a heart," he laughs.
"I hope that fans of the comic don't feel that we sabotaged something that is so well-loved."
At first, Reeves turned down director Francis Lawrence, whose biggest claim to fame was Justin Timberlake's music video Cry Me A River, but admits he was wrong.
"That came out of an uneducated bias," Reeves says.
Then he saw some of Lawrence's videos, and when they met they talked for two hours. They connected so well that Reeves doesn't want to do a sequel unless it's with the same team.
"My contract didn't have a second film in it but I certainly fell in love with the guy," Reeves says about doing a follow-up.
"I had one of the best times that I've ever had working on a film, working on this particular project.
"So we would talk about what happens to Constantine.
What could we do next? Maybe he's a heroin addict in Morocco. Or he's killing people and he's trying not to kill people so he's knocking himself out. Ultimately, though, it is up to the audience."