利用者:森藍亭/作業場03
Health risks[編集]
There is a significantly higher mortality rate among people who regularly sit for prolonged periods, and the risk is not negated by regular exercise, though it is lowered. [1][2] The causes of mortality and morbidity include heart disease, obesity, type 2 diabetes and cancer, specifically, breast, endometrial, colorectal, lung, and epithelial ovarian cancer. [1][2][3][4][5] The link between heart disease and diabetes mortality and sitting is well-established, but the risk of cancer mortality is unclear.[4][6] Sedentary time is also associated with an increased risk of depression in children and adolescents.[7] A correlation between occupational sitting specifically and higher body mass index has been demonstrated, but causality has not yet been established.[2] There are several hypotheses explaining why sitting is a health risk. These include changes in cardiac output, vitamin D, inflammation, sex hormone activity, lipoprotein lipase activity, and GLUT4 activity due to long periods of muscular unloading, among others.[2][4][5]
Sitting may occupy up to half of an adult's workday in developed countries.[2] Workplace programs to reduce sitting vary in method. They include sit-stand desks, counseling, workplace policy changes, walking/standing meetings, treadmill desks, breaks, therapy ball chairs, and stepping devices.[3][8] Results of these programs are mixed,[3] but there is moderate evidence to show that changes to chairs (adjusting the biomechanics of the chair or using different types of chairs) can effectively reduce musculoskeletal symptoms in workers who sit for most of their day.[9]
Public health programs typically focus on increasing physical activity rather than reducing sitting time.[1][10] One major target for these public health programs is sitting in the workplace.[3][8] For example, WHO Europe recommended in September 2015 the provision of adjustable desks in the workplace.[10] In general, there is conflicting evidence regarding the precise risks of sitting for long periods.[2] A 2015 Cochrane review found low-quality evidence for sit-stand desks and/or counseling as effective workplace programs to reduce the total time spent sitting and the number of instances of long-term sitting.[8] As there are many new studies under way, the Cochrane Review is being updated, with the help of a crowd funding campaign that runs from September 2015 till December 2015.[11]
Kneeling chairs[編集]
The kneeling chair (often just referred to as "ergonomic chair") was designed to encourage better posture than the conventional chair. To sit in a kneeling chair, one rests one's buttocks on the upper sloping pad and rests the front of the lower legs atop the lower pad, i.e., the human position as both sitting and kneeling at the same time.
See also[編集]
References[編集]
- ^ a b c Biswas, A; Oh, PI; Faulkner, GE; Bajaj, RR; Silver, MA; Mitchell, MS; Alter, DA (2015). “Sedentary Time and Its Association With Risk for Disease Incidence, Mortality, and Hospitalization in Adults: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis”. Annals of Internal Medicine 162 (2): 123?32. doi:10.7326/M14-1651. PMID 25599350.
- ^ a b c d e f van Uffelen, Jannique G. Z.; Wong, Jason; Chau, Josephine Y.; van der Ploeg, Hidde P.; Riphagen, Ingrid; Gilson, Nicholas D.; Burton, Nicola W.; Healy, Genevieve N. et al. (Oct 2010). “Occupational sitting and health risks: a systematic review”. American Journal of Preventive Medicine 39 (4): 379?388. doi:10.1016/j.amepre.2010.05.024. ISSN 1873-2607. PMID 20837291 2015年5月12日閲覧。.
- ^ a b c d Chau, Josephine Y.; der Ploeg, Hidde P. van; van Uffelen, Jannique G. Z.; Wong, Jason; Riphagen, Ingrid; Healy, Genevieve N.; Gilson, Nicholas D.; Dunstan, David W. et al. (Nov 2010). “Are workplace interventions to reduce sitting effective? A systematic review”. Preventive Medicine 51 (5): 352?356. doi:10.1016/j.ypmed.2010.08.012. ISSN 1096-0260. PMID 20801153 2015年5月8日閲覧。.
- ^ a b c Proper, Karin I.; Singh, Amika S.; van Mechelen, Willem; Chinapaw, Mai J. M. (Feb 2011). “Sedentary behaviors and health outcomes among adults: a systematic review of prospective studies”. American Journal of Preventive Medicine 40 (2): 174?182. doi:10.1016/j.amepre.2010.10.015. ISSN 1873-2607. PMID 21238866 2015年5月8日閲覧。.
- ^ a b Lynch, Brigid M. (Nov 2010). “Sedentary behavior and cancer: a systematic review of the literature and proposed biological mechanisms”. Cancer Epidemiology, Biomarkers & Prevention 19 (11): 2691?2709. doi:10.1158/1055-9965.EPI-10-0815. ISSN 1538-7755. PMID 20833969 2015年5月12日閲覧。.
- ^ Wilmot, E. G.; Edwardson, C. L.; Achana, F. A.; Davies, M. J.; Gorely, T.; Gray, L. J.; Khunti, K.; Yates, T. et al. (14 August 2012). “Sedentary time in adults and the association with diabetes, cardiovascular disease and death: systematic review and meta-analysis”. Diabetologia 55 (11): 2895?2905. doi:10.1007/s00125-012-2677-z.
- ^ Liu, M; Wu, L; Yao, S (9 November 2015). “Dose-response association of screen time-based sedentary behaviour in children and adolescents and depression: a meta-analysis of observational studies.”. British Journal of Sports Medicine. doi:10.1136/bjsports-2015-095084. PMID 26552416.
- ^ a b c Shrestha, Nipun; Kukkonen-Harjula, Katriina T; Verbeek, Jos H; Ijaz, Sharea; Hermans, Veerle; Bhaumik, Soumyadeep (2016). “Workplace interventions for reducing sitting at work”. The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews (3): CD010912. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD010912.pub3. PMID 26984326.
- ^ van Niekerk, Sjan-Mari; Louw, Quinette Abigail; Hillier, Susan (2012). “The effectiveness of a chair intervention in the workplace to reduce musculoskeletal symptoms. A systematic review”. BMC musculoskeletal disorders 13: 145. doi:10.1186/1471-2474-13-145. ISSN 1471-2474. PMC 3552974. PMID 22889123 2015年5月13日閲覧。.
- ^ a b Europe, WHO (2015年9月). “World Health Organization”. WHO. WHO. 2015年10月7日閲覧。
- ^ Verbeek, Jos (2015年9月16日). “How to sit less at work”. How to sit less at work. mesenaatti.me. 2015年10月7日閲覧。