利用者:明明後日桧/sandbox
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/L._N._Tolstoy%2C_by_Prokudin-Gorsky_%28cropped%29.jpg/220px-L._N._Tolstoy%2C_by_Prokudin-Gorsky_%28cropped%29.jpg)
The Nobel Prize in Literature (スウェーデン語: Nobelpriset i litteratur) is awarded annually by the Swedish Academy to authors which, according to the Swedish industrialist Alfred Nobel, the benefactor of the prize, has produced "in the field of literature the most outstanding work in an ideal direction".[1] It is one of the five Nobel Prizes which are awarded for outstanding contributions in chemistry, physics, literature, peace, and physiology or medicine.[2]
Every year, the Swedish Academy sends out requests regularly for nominations of candidates for the Nobel Prize in Literature. Members of the Academy, members of literature academies and societies, professors of literature and language, former Nobel literature laureates, and the presidents of writers' organizations are all allowed to nominate a candidate. Nomination of oneself is not permitted.[3] Despite the yearly invitations for nominations, there have been some years wherein the prize was not conferred due to particular reasons (1914, 1918, 1935) and due to the outbreak of World War II (1940–1943). Besides the prize has been delayed for a year seven times (1915, 1919, 1925, 1926, 1927, 1936, 1949).
Records of nominations are strictly kept secret for 50 years until they are made publicly available. Currently, the nominations submitted from 1901 to 1973 are available.[4][5] Between those two years there have been 829 writers coming from different parts of the world nominated for the Nobel Prize in Literature, 70 of which were awarded the prize[6] including Albert Schweitzer who was awarded by Nobel Peace Prize on 1953. 17 more writers from these nominees were awarded after 1973 including Elie Wiesel who was awarded by Nobel Peace Prize on 1986. Only 77 women had been nominated for the prize starting with Malwida von Meysenburg who was nominated once for the year 1901[7] and 8 of them have been awarded after all. Only one literary society has been nominated, the Pali Text Society for the year 1916. Of the 829 revealed nominated writers, only the 1967-nominated Ukrainian poet Lina Kostenko (born 1930), the 1969-nominated Finnish author Hannu Salama (born 1936) and the 1973-nominated Indian poet Indira Devi Dhanrajgir (born 1929) are currently living.
Though the following list consists of notable literary figures deemed worthy of the prize, there have been some celebrated writers who were not considered nor even nominated such as Anton Chekhov,[8] Jules Verne, Robert Hugh Benson, Franz Kafka, Fernando Pessoa, Louis-Ferdinand Céline, Arthur Conan Doyle, Alexander Blok, Marcel Proust, Joseph Conrad, Rainer Maria Rilke, Federico García Lorca, Lu Xun, Sarat Chandra Chattopadhyay, Antonio Machado, Francis Scott Fitzgerald, James Joyce, Christopher Dawson, Virginia Woolf, C. S. Lewis, Simone Weil, Willa Cather, George Orwell, Galaktion Tabidze, Edith Hamilton, Richard Wright, Flannery O'Connor, Langston Hughes, Jack Kerouac, Nancy Mitford and Agatha Christie.[9][10][11]
Nominees by their first nomination
[編集]1901–1909
[編集]Picture | Name | Born | Died | Years Nominated | Notes |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
1901 | |||||
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シュリ・プリュドム | 1839年3月16日 フランス、パリ |
1907年9月6日 フランス、シャトネ=マラブリー |
1901 | Awarded the 1901 Nobel Prize in Literature.[12] |
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フレデリック・ミストラル | 1830年9月8日 フランス、マイヤーヌ |
1914年3月25日 フランス、マイヤーヌ |
1901, 1902, 1903, 1904 | Shared the 1904 Nobel Prize in Literature with José Echegaray.[13] |
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ヘンリク・シェンキェヴィチ | 1846年5月5日 ポーランド、Wola Okrzejska |
1916年11月15日 スイス、ヴヴェイ |
1901, 1902, 1903, 1904, 1905 | Awarded the 1905 Nobel Prize in Literature.[14] |
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René Vallery-Radot[注釈 1] | 1853年10月1日 フランス、パリ |
1933年1月24日 フランス、パリ |
1901 | [16] |
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エドモン・ロスタン[注釈 2] | 1868年4月1日 フランス、マルセイユ |
1918年12月2日 フランス、パリ |
1901 | [17] |
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Julius Gersdorff[注釈 3] | 1849年6月15日 ポーランド、シュチェチン |
1907年11月7日 ドイツ、ヴァイマル |
1901 | Nominated by Carl Heinrich Döring (1834–1916) the only time.[18] |
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Oscar le Pin[注釈 4] | ? スイス |
? スイス |
1901 | Nominated by P. L. Bonnaviat (?) the only time.[19] |
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Louis Ducros[注釈 5] | December 27, 1846 Nîmes, France |
1927 Strasbourg, France[20] |
1901 | Nominated by Michel Clerc (1857–1931) the only time .[21] |
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Carl Gustaf Estlander[注釈 6] | January 31, 1834 Lappfjärd, Finland |
August 28, 1910 Helsinki, Finland |
1901 | Nominated by Johan Gustaf Frosterus (1826–1901) the only time.[22] |
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Auguste Sabatier[注釈 7] | October 22, 1839 Vallon-Pont-d'Arc, France |
April 12, 1901 Strasbourg, France |
1901 | Nominated by Gabriel Monod (1844–1912) the only time.[23] Died before his only chance to be awarded. |
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Paul Duproix[注釈 8] | August 14, 1851 France |
January 24, 1912 France |
1901 | Nominated by Émile Redard (1848–1913) the only time.[24] |
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Charles Borgeaud[注釈 9] | August 15, 1861 Le Chenit, Switzerland |
October 6, 1940 Onex, Switzerland |
1901 | [25] |
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Charles Renouvier[注釈 10] | January 1, 1815 Montpellier, France |
September 1, 1903 Prades, France |
1901 | Nominated by Antoine Benoist (1846–1922) the only time.[26] |
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Giacomo Stampa[注釈 11] | ? Italy |
? Italy |
1901 | Nominated by Ármin Vámbéry (1832–1913) the only time.[27] |
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Ossip Lourié[注釈 12] | January 28, 1868 Dubroŭna, Belarus |
July 2, 1955 Paris, France |
1901 | Nominated by Kristian Birch-Reichenwald Aars (1868–1917) the only time.[28] |
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João da Câmara[注釈 13] | December 27, 1852 Lisbon, Portugal |
January 2, 1908 Lisbon, Portugal |
1901 | Nominated by Joaquim José Coelho de Carvalho (1855–1934) the only time.[29] |
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Malwida von Meysenbug[注釈 14] | October 28, 1816 Kassel, Germany |
April 23, 1903 Rome, Italy |
1901 | Nominated by Gabriel Monod (1844–1912) the only time through Bjørnstjerne Bjørnson (1832–1910).[30] |
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Émile Zola[注釈 15] | April 2, 1840 Paris, France |
September 29, 1902 Paris, France |
1901, 1902 | Nominated by Marcellin Berthelot (1827–1907) each time.[31] |
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Ferenc Kemény[注釈 16] | July 17, 1860 Zrenjanin Serbia |
November 21, 1944 Budapest, Hungary |
1901, 1902 | [32] |
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Gaston Paris[注釈 17] | August 9, 1839 Avenay-Val-d'Or, France |
March 5, 1903 Cannes, France |
1901, 1902, 1903 | Nominated by Fredrik Wulff (1845–1930) each time.[33] |
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Gaspar Núñez de Arce[注釈 18] | August 4, 1834 Valladolid, Spain |
June 9, 1903 Madrid, Spain |
1901, 1902, 1903 | [34] |
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Alexander Baumgartner[注釈 19] | June 27, 1841 St. Gallen, Switzerland |
October 5, 1910 Luxembourg City, Luxembourg |
1901, 1902, 1903 | Nominated by Knud Karl Krogh-Tonning (1842–1911) each time.[35] |
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Alexandru Dimitrie Xenopol[注釈 20] | March 23, 1847 Iași, Romania |
February 27, 1920 Bucharest, Romania |
1901, 1909 | Nominated by Ion Găvănescu (1859–1949) each time.[36] |
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Antonio Fogazzaro[注釈 21] | March 25, 1842 Vicenza, Italy |
March 7, 1911 Vicenza, Italy |
1901, 1902, 1906, 1907, 1908, 1910, 1911 | [37] |
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Paul Sabatier[注釈 22] | August 3, 1858 Saint-Michel-de-Chabrillanoux, France |
March 4, 1928 Strasbourg, France |
1901, 1902, 1903, 1924, 1925 | Nominated by Carl Bildt (1850–1931) each time.[38] |
1902 | |||||
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Theodor Mommsen | November 30, 1817 Garding, Germany |
November 1, 1903 Berlin, Germany |
1902 | Awarded the 1902 Nobel Prize in Literature.[39] |
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Bjørnstjerne Bjørnson | December 8, 1832 Kvikne, Norway |
April 26, 1910 Paris, France |
1902, 1903 | Awarded the 1903 Nobel Prize in Literature.[40] |
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José Echegaray | April 19, 1832 Madrid, Spain |
September 14, 1916 Madrid, Spain |
1902, 1903, 1904 | Shared the 1904 Nobel Prize in Literature with Frédéric Mistral.[41] |
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Giosuè Carducci | July 27, 1835 Pietrasanta, Italy |
February 16, 1907 Bologna, Italy |
1902, 1903, 1905, 1906 | Awarded the 1906 Nobel Prize in Literature.[42] |
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Gerhart Hauptmann | November 15, 1862 Szczawno-Zdrój, Poland |
June 6, 1946 Jelenia Góra, Poland |
1902, 1906, 1912 | Awarded the 1912 Nobel Prize in Literature.[43] |
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William Butler Yeats | June 13, 1865 Sandymount, Ireland |
January 28, 1939 Cannes, France |
1902, 1914, 1915, 1918, 1921, 1922, 1923 | Awarded the 1923 Nobel Prize in Literature.[44] |
Anatoly Koni[注釈 23] | January 28, 1844 Saint Petersburg, Russia |
September 17, 1927 Saint Petersburg, Russia |
1902 | Nominated by Anton Karlovich Wulfert (1843–1918) the only time.[45] | |
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Ventura Fernández López[注釈 24] | July 14, 1866 Bárcena de Pie de Concha, Spain |
November 17, 1944 Toledo, Spain |
1902 | Nominated by Emmanuel Casado Salas (?) the only time.[46] |
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Carl Weitbrecht | December 8, 1847 Althengstett, Germany |
June 10, 1904 Stuttgart, Germany |
1902 | Nominated by Hermann Fischer (1851–1920) the only time.[47] |
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Hartmann Grisar[注釈 25] | September 22, 1845 Koblenz, Germany |
February 25, 1932 Innsbruck, Austria |
1902 | Nominated by Knud Karl Krogh-Tonning (1842–1911) the only time.[48] |
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Herbert Spencer | April 27, 1820 Derby, England |
December 8, 1903 Brighton, England |
1902 | Nominated for the Nobel Peace Prize too.[49] |
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Bernard Bosanquet | June 14, 1848 Alnwick, England |
February 8, 1923 London, England |
1902 | Nominated by William Macneile Dixon (1866–1946) the only time.[50] |
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Marcel Barrière[注釈 26] | November 3, 1860 Limoux, France |
February 18, 1954 Paris, France |
1902 | Nominated by Émile Faguet (1847–1916) the only time.[51] |
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Gustav Falke[注釈 27] | January 11, 1853 Lübeck, Germany |
February 8, 1916 Marburg, Germany |
1902 | Nominated by August Sauer (1855–1926) the only time.[52] |
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Archibald Robertson[注釈 28] | June 29, 1853 Northamptonshire, England |
January 29, 1931 Oxford, England |
1902 | Nominated by John Wesley Hales (1836–1914) the only time.[53] |
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Henrik Ibsen | March 20, 1828 Skien, Norway |
May 23, 1906 Oslo, Norway |
1902, 1903, 1904 | [54] |
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Houston Stewart Chamberlain[注釈 29] | September 9, 1855 Portsmouth, England |
January 9, 1927 Bayreuth, Germany |
1902, 1906 | [55] |
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Leo Tolstoy[注釈 30] | September 9, 1828 Yasnaya Polyana, Russia |
November 20, 1910 Astapovo, Russia |
1902, 1903, 1904, 1905, 1906 | Nominated for the Nobel Peace Prize too.[56] |
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George Meredith | February 12, 1828 Hampshire, England |
May 18, 1909 Surrey, England |
1902, 1903, 1904, 1906, 1907 | [57] |
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Lewis Morris[注釈 31] | January 23, 1833 Carmarthen, Wales |
November 12, 1907 Penbryn, Wales |
1902, 1903, 1904, 1905, 1906, 1907 | [58] |
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Theodor Zahn[注釈 32] | October 10, 1838 Moers, Germany |
March 5, 1933 Erlangen, Germany |
1902, 1904, 1908 | Nominated by Lars Dahle (1843–1925) each time.[59] |
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Charles Wagner[注釈 33] | January 3, 1852 Alsace, France |
May 12, 1918 Alsace, France |
1902, 1903, 1909 | [60] |
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John Morley[注釈 34] | December 24, 1838 Blackburn, England |
September 23, 1923 London, England |
1902, 1904, 1905, 1906, 1907, 1908, 1909, 1910, 1911, 1913 | [61] |
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Juhani Aho[注釈 35] | September 11, 1861 Lapinlahti, Finland |
August 8, 1921 Helsinki, Finland |
1902, 1910, 1911, 1912, 1913, 1914, 1915, 1916, 1917, 1918, 1919, 1920 | [62] |
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Arne Garborg[注釈 36] | January 25, 1851 Jæren, Norway |
January 14, 1924 Asker, Norway |
1902, 1916, 1917, 1920, 1921 | [63] |
1903 | |||||
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Rudyard Kipling | December 30, 1865 Mumbai, India |
January 18, 1936 London, England |
1903, 1904, 1905, 1907 | Awarded the 1907 Nobel Prize in Literature.[64] |
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Maurice Maeterlinck | August 29, 1862 Ghent, Belgium |
May 6, 1949 Nice, France |
1903, 1904, 1909, 1910, 1911 | Awarded the 1911 Nobel Prize in Literature.[65] |
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François Coppée | January 26, 1842 Paris, France |
May 23, 1908 Paris, France |
1903 | Nominated by Sully Prudhomme (1839–1907) the only time.[66] |
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Carl Friedrich Glasenapp[注釈 37] | October 3, 1847 Riga, Latvia |
April 14, 1915 Riga, Latvia |
1903 | [67] |
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Robert Langton Douglas[注釈 38] | 1864 Cheshire, England |
1951 Fiesole, Italy |
1903, 1904 | [68] |
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Albert Sorel[注釈 39] | August 13, 1842 Honfleur, France |
June 29, 1906 Paris, France |
1903, 1904, 1905, 1906 | [69] |
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Iwan Gilkin[注釈 40] | January 7, 1858 Brussels, Belgium |
September 28, 1924 Brussels, Belgium |
1903, 1909 | [70] |
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Algernon Charles Swinburne | April 5, 1837 London, England |
April 10, 1909 London, England |
1903, 1904, 1905, 1906, 1907, 1908, 1909 | [71] |
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Marcelino Menéndez y Pelayo | November 3, 1856 Santander, Spain |
May 19, 1912 Santander, Spain |
1903, 1905, 1907, 1910 | [72] |
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Georg Brandes | February 4, 1842 Copenhagen, Denmark |
February 19, 1927 Copenhagen, Denmark |
1903, 1904, 1905, 1906, 1907, 1910, 1916, 1917, 1918, 1920, 1922, 1925, 1926 | Nominated for the Nobel Peace Prize too.[73] |
1904 | |||||
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Selma Lagerlöf | November 20, 1858 Värmland, Sweden |
March 16, 1940 Värmland, Sweden |
1904, 1905, 1906, 1907, 1908, 1909 | Awarded the 1909 Nobel Prize in Literature.[74] |
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Anatole France | April 16, 1844 Paris, France |
October 12, 1924 Saint-Cyr-sur-Loire, France |
1904, 1909, 1910, 1911, 1912, 1913, 1915, 1916, 1921 | Awarded the 1921 Nobel Prize in Literature.[75] |
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Émilie Lerou[注釈 41] | 18 May 1855 Rouen, France |
11 June 1935 Paris, France |
1904 | Nominated by Jules Claretie (1840–1913) the only time.[76] |
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Demetrios Bernardakis | December 3, 1833 Mitilini, Greece |
January 12, 1907 Mitilini, Greece |
1904, 1905 | Nominated by Athanasios Bernardakis (1844–1912) each time.[77] |
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Jaroslav Vrchlický (Emil Frida) | February 17, 1853 Louny, Czechia |
September 9, 1912 Domazlice, Czechia |
1904, 1905, 1906, 1907, 1908, 1909, 1911, 1912 | [78] |
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William Chapman[注釈 42] | December 13, 1850 Beauceville, Canada |
February 23, 1917 Ottawa, Canada |
1904, 1910, 1912, 1917 | [79] |
1905 | |||||
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Eliza Orzeszkowa | June 6, 1841 Mil'kovshchina, Belarus |
May 18, 1910 Grodno, Belarus |
1905 | [80] |
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Godfrey Sweven[注釈 43] | May 5, 1845 Irvine, Scotland |
January 18, 1935 Christchurch, New Zealand |
1905 | John Macmillan Brown has only been nominated under the pseudonym Godfrey Sweven.[81][82] |
1906 | |||||
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Louis Franck | November 28, 1868 Antwerp, Belgium |
December 31, 1937 Wijnegem, Belgium |
1906 | Nominated by Ernest Nys (1851–1920) the only time.[83] |
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Gaston Boissier | August 15, 1823 Nîmes, France |
June 10, 1908 Viroflay, France |
1906 | Nominated by Jacobus Johannaes Hartmann (1851–1924) the only time.[84] |
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William J. Neidig[注釈 44] | 1870 United States |
1955 United States |
1906 | Nominated by Henry Burrowes Lathrop (1867-1936) the only time.[85] |
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Max Bewer[注釈 45] | January 19, 1861 Düsseldorf, Germany |
October 13, 1921 Meißen, Germany |
1906 | [86] |
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Pedro Pablo Figueroa | December 25, 1857 Copiapó, Chile |
January 4, 1909 Santiago, Chile |
1906[注釈 46] | Nominated by Leonardo Eliz (1861–1939) the only time.[87] |
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Max Haushofer[注釈 47] | April 23, 1840 Munich, Germany |
1907 Gries-San Quirino, Italy |
1906[注釈 48] | Nominated by Emil Milan (1859–1917) the only time.[88] |
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William Booth[注釈 49] | April 10, 1829 Nottingham, England |
August 20, 1912 London, England |
1906[注釈 50] | Nominated by Otto Classen (1868–1939) the only time.[89] |
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Joseph Viktor Widmann[注釈 51] | February 20, 1842 Brno, Czechia |
November 6, 1911 Bern, Switzerland |
1906, 1908 | [90] |
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George Lansing Raymond[注釈 52] | September 3, 1839 Illinois, United States |
July 11, 1929 Washington D.C., United States |
1906, 1907, 1908 | [91] |
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Angelo de Gubernatis | April 7, 1840 Turin, Italy |
February 26, 1913 Rome, Italy |
1906, 1907, 1909 | [92] |
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Borden Parker Bowne | January 14, 1847 Monmouth County, New Jersey, United States |
April 1, 1910 Boston, United States |
1906, 1907, 1909 | [93] |
1907 | |||||
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João Bonança[注釈 53] | ca. 1836 Lagos, Portugal |
April 13, 1924 Lisbon, Portugal |
1907 | Nominated by Teófilo Braga (1843–1924) the only time.[94] |
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Holger Drachmann | October 9, 1846 Copenhagen, Denmark |
January 14, 1908 Hornbæk, Denmark |
1907 | Nominated by Harald Høffding (1843–1931) the only time.[95] |
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Ian Maclaren | November 3, 1850 Manningtree, Essex, England[96] |
May 6, 1907 Iowa, United States |
1907 | Nominated by Waldemar Rudin (1833–1921) the only time.[97] Died before his only chance to be awarded. |
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Andrés Manjón | November 30, 1846 Sargentes de la Lora, Spain |
July 10, 1923 Granada, Spain |
1907 | Nominated by Angel Sanchez Rubio Ibanez (1852–1910) the only time.[98] |
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Eduardo Benot | November 26, 1822 Cádiz, Spain |
July 27, 1907 Madrid, Spain |
1907 | Nominated by Daniel Cortázar Larrubia (1844–1927) the only time.[99] Died before his only chance to be awarded. |
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Mark Twain | November 30, 1835 Florida, Missouri, United States |
April 21, 1910 Redding, Connecticut, United States |
1907,[注釈 54] 1908[注釈 54] | |
Georgios Souris[注釈 55] | February 2, 1853 Ermoupoli, Greece |
August 26, 1919 Athens, Greece |
1907, 1908, 1909, 1911, 1912 | [102] | |
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Àngel Guimerà | May 6, 1835 Santa Cruz de Tenerife, Spain |
July 18, 1924 Barcelona, Spain |
1907, 1908, 1909, 1910, 1911, 1912, 1913, 1914, 1915, 1916, 1917, 1918, 1919, 1920, 1921, 1922, 1923 | [103] |
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Paul Bourget | September 2, 1852 Amiens, France |
December 25, 1935 Paris, France |
1907, 1909, 1914, 1915, 1928 | [104] |
1908 | |||||
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Rudolf Christoph Eucken | January 5, 1846 Aurich, Germany |
September 15, 1926 Jena, Germany |
1908 | Nominated by Vitalis Norström (1856–1916) the only time and awarded the 1908 Nobel Prize in Literature.[105] |
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Julio Calcaño[注釈 56] | December 4, 1840 Caracas, Venezuela |
August 18, 1918 Caracas, Venezuela |
1908 | Nominated by José María Manrique (1846-1907) the only time..[106] |
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Alfred L. Hutchinson[注釈 57] | 1859 Waupaca, Wisconsin, United States |
August 1930 Weyauwega, Wisconsin, United States |
1908 | Nominated by Luther Lamphere Wright (1856–1922).[107] |
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Edmondo De Amicis | October 21, 1846 Imperia, Italy |
March 11, 1908 Bordighera, Italy |
1908 | Died before his only chance to be awarded.[108] |
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Adolf von Harnack | May 7, 1851 Tartu, Estonia |
June 10, 1930 Heidelberg, Germany |
1908, 1916 | [109] |
Elisabeth Förster-Nietzsche | July 10, 1846 Lützen, Germany |
November 8, 1935 Weimar, Germany |
1908, 1916, 1917, 1923 | [110] | |
1909 | |||||
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Verner von Heidenstam | July 6, 1859 Olshammar, Sweden |
May 20, 1940 Övralid, Sweden |
1909, 1911, 1912, 1913, 1915, 1916 | Awarded the 1916 Nobel Prize in Literature.[111] |
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Eugène-Melchior de Vogüé | February 25, 1848 Nice, France |
March 29, 1910 Paris, France |
1909 | Nominated by Albert Vandal (1853–1910) the only time.[112] |
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Martin Greif | June 18, 1839 Speyer, Germany |
April 1, 1911 Kufstein, Austria |
1909, 1910, 1911 | [113] |
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Francesco D'Ovidio[注釈 58] | December 5, 1849 Campobasso, Italy |
November 24, 1925 Naples, Italy |
1909, 1910, 1911, 1912 | Nominated by Ernesto Monaci (1844–1918) each time.[114] |
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Ernest Lavisse | December 17, 1842 Le Nouvion-en-Thiérache, France |
August 18, 1922 Paris, France |
1909, 1910, 1911,[注釈 59] 1912, 1913 | [115] |
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Salvador Rueda | December 3, 1857 Benaque, Spain |
April 1, 1933 Málaga, Spain |
1909, 1910, 1911, 1912, 1913, 1915 | [116] |
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Émile Verhaeren | May 21, 1855 Sint-Amands, Belgium |
November 27, 1916 Rouen, France |
1909, 1912, 1915, 1916 | [117] |
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- ^ “Nomination Archive - Paul Duproix”. NobelPrize.org (April 2020). 11 November 2020閲覧。
- ^ “Nomination Archive - Charles Borgeaud”. NobelPrize.org (April 2020). 11 November 2020閲覧。
- ^ “Nomination Archive - Charles Renouvier”. NobelPrize.org (April 2020). 11 November 2020閲覧。
- ^ “Nomination Archive - Giacomo Stampa”. NobelPrize.org (April 2020). 11 November 2020閲覧。
- ^ “Nomination Archive - Ossip Lourié”. NobelPrize.org (April 2020). 11 November 2020閲覧。
- ^ “Nomination Archive - João Da Comara”. NobelPrize.org (April 2020). 11 November 2020閲覧。
- ^ “Nomination Archive - Malwida von Meysenbug”. NobelPrize.org (April 2020). 11 November 2020閲覧。
- ^ “Nomination Archive - Émile Zola”. NobelPrize.org (April 2020). 11 November 2020閲覧。
- ^ “Nomination Archive - Ferenc Kemény”. NobelPrize.org (April 2020). 11 November 2020閲覧。
- ^ “Nomination Archive - Gaston Paris”. NobelPrize.org (April 2020). 11 November 2020閲覧。
- ^ “Nomination Archive - Gaspar Núñez de Arce”. NobelPrize.org (April 2020). 11 November 2020閲覧。
- ^ “Nomination Archive - Alexander Baumgartner”. NobelPrize.org (April 2020). 11 November 2020閲覧。
- ^ “Nomination Archive - Alexandru Dimitrie Xenopol”. NobelPrize.org (April 2020). 11 November 2020閲覧。
- ^ “Nomination Archive - Antonio Fogazzaro”. NobelPrize.org (April 2020). 11 November 2020閲覧。
- ^ “Nomination Archive - Paul Sabatier”. NobelPrize.org (April 2020). 11 November 2020閲覧。
- ^ “Nomination Archive - Theodor Mommsen”. NobelPrize.org (April 2020). 11 November 2020閲覧。
- ^ “Nomination Archive - Bjørnstjerne Martinius Bjørnson”. NobelPrize.org (April 2020). 11 November 2020閲覧。
- ^ “Nomination Archive - José Echegaray y Eizaguirre”. NobelPrize.org (April 2020). 11 November 2020閲覧。
- ^ “Nomination Archive - Giosuè Carducci”. NobelPrize.org (April 2020). 11 November 2020閲覧。
- ^ “Nomination Archive - Gerhart Hauptmann”. NobelPrize.org (April 2020). 11 November 2020閲覧。
- ^ “Nomination Archive - William Yeats”. NobelPrize.org (April 2020). 11 November 2020閲覧。
- ^ “Nomination Archive - Anatoly Koni”. NobelPrize.org (April 2020). 11 November 2020閲覧。
- ^ “Nomination Archive - Ventura Fernández López”. NobelPrize.org (April 2020). 11 November 2020閲覧。
- ^ “Nomination Archive - Karl Weitbrecht”. NobelPrize.org (April 2020). 11 November 2020閲覧。
- ^ “Nomination Archive - Hartmann Grisar”. NobelPrize.org (April 2020). 11 November 2020閲覧。
- ^ “Nomination Archive - Herbert Spencer”. NobelPrize.org (April 2020). 11 November 2020閲覧。
- ^ “Nomination Archive - Bernard Bosanquet”. NobelPrize.org (April 2020). 11 November 2020閲覧。
- ^ “Nomination Archive - Marcel Barrière”. NobelPrize.org (April 2020). 11 November 2020閲覧。
- ^ “Nomination Archive - Gustav Falke”. NobelPrize.org (April 2020). 11 November 2020閲覧。
- ^ “Nomination Archive - Archibald Robertson”. NobelPrize.org (April 2020). 11 November 2020閲覧。
- ^ “Nomination Archive - Henrik Johan Ibsen”. NobelPrize.org (April 2020). 11 November 2020閲覧。
- ^ “Nomination Archive - Houston Stewart Chamberlain”. NobelPrize.org (April 2020). 11 November 2020閲覧。
- ^ “Nomination Archive - Lev Nikolaevich Tolstoy”. NobelPrize.org (April 2020). 11 November 2020閲覧。
- ^ “Nomination Archive - George Meredith”. NobelPrize.org (April 2020). 11 November 2020閲覧。
- ^ “Nomination Archive - Sir Lewis Morris”. NobelPrize.org (April 2020). 11 November 2020閲覧。
- ^ “Nomination Archive - Theodor Zahn”. NobelPrize.org (April 2020). 11 November 2020閲覧。
- ^ “Nomination Archive - Charles Wagner”. NobelPrize.org (April 2020). 11 November 2020閲覧。
- ^ “Nomination Archive - John Morley”. NobelPrize.org (April 2020). 11 November 2020閲覧。
- ^ “Nomination Archive - Juhani Aho”. NobelPrize.org (April 2020). 11 November 2020閲覧。
- ^ “Nomination Archive - Arne Garborg”. NobelPrize.org (April 2020). 11 November 2020閲覧。
- ^ “Nomination Archive - Rudyard Kipling”. NobelPrize.org (April 2020). 11 November 2020閲覧。
- ^ “Nomination Archive - Maurice Maeterlinck”. NobelPrize.org (April 2020). 11 November 2020閲覧。
- ^ “Nomination Archive - François Coppée”. NobelPrize.org (April 2020). 11 November 2020閲覧。
- ^ “Nomination Archive - Carl Friedrich Glasenapp”. NobelPrize.org (April 2020). 11 November 2020閲覧。
- ^ “Nomination Archive - Robert Langton Douglas”. NobelPrize.org (April 2020). 11 November 2020閲覧。
- ^ “Nomination Archive - Albert Sorel”. NobelPrize.org (April 2020). 11 November 2020閲覧。
- ^ “Nomination Archive - Iwan Gilkin”. NobelPrize.org (April 2020). 11 November 2020閲覧。
- ^ “Nomination Archive - Algernon Charles Swinburne”. NobelPrize.org (April 2020). 11 November 2020閲覧。
- ^ “Nomination Archive - Marcelino Menéndez y Pelayo”. NobelPrize.org (April 2020). 11 November 2020閲覧。
- ^ “Nomination Archive - Georg Morris Cohen Brandes”. NobelPrize.org (April 2020). 11 November 2020閲覧。
- ^ “Nomination Archive - Selma Lagerlöf”. NobelPrize.org (April 2020). 11 November 2020閲覧。
- ^ “Nomination Archive - Anatole France”. NobelPrize.org (April 2020). 11 November 2020閲覧。
- ^ “Nomination Archive - Émilie Lerou”. NobelPrize.org (April 2020). 11 November 2020閲覧。
- ^ “Nomination Archive - Demitrios Bernardakis”. NobelPrize.org (April 2020). 11 November 2020閲覧。
- ^ “Nomination Archive - Jaroslav Vrchlický”. NobelPrize.org (April 2020). 11 November 2020閲覧。
- ^ “Nomination Archive - William Chapman”. NobelPrize.org (April 2020). 11 November 2020閲覧。
- ^ “Nomination Archive - Eliza Orzeszkowa”. NobelPrize.org (April 2020). 11 November 2020閲覧。
- ^ “Nomination Archive - Godfrey Sweven”. NobelPrize.org (April 2020). 11 November 2020閲覧。
- ^ “Nomination Archive - John M Brown”. NobelPrize.org (April 2020). 11 November 2020閲覧。
- ^ “Nomination Archive - Louis Franck”. NobelPrize.org (April 2020). 11 November 2020閲覧。
- ^ “Nomination Archive - Gaston Boissier”. NobelPrize.org (April 2020). 11 November 2020閲覧。
- ^ “Nomination Archive - William Neidig”. NobelPrize.org (April 2020). 11 November 2020閲覧。
- ^ “Nomination Archive - Max Bewer”. NobelPrize.org (April 2020). 11 November 2020閲覧。
- ^ “Nomination Archive - Pedro Figueroa”. NobelPrize.org (April 2020). 11 November 2020閲覧。
- ^ “Nomination Archive - Max Haushofer”. NobelPrize.org (April 2020). 11 November 2020閲覧。
- ^ “Nomination Archive - William Booth”. NobelPrize.org (April 2020). 11 November 2020閲覧。
- ^ “Nomination Archive - Joseph Widmann”. NobelPrize.org (April 2020). 11 November 2020閲覧。
- ^ “Nomination Archive - George Raymond”. NobelPrize.org (April 2020). 11 November 2020閲覧。
- ^ “Nomination Archive - Angelo de Gubernatis”. NobelPrize.org (April 2020). 11 November 2020閲覧。
- ^ “Nomination Archive - Borden Parker Bowne”. NobelPrize.org (April 2020). 11 November 2020閲覧。
- ^ “Nomination Archive - João Bonança”. NobelPrize.org (April 2020). 11 November 2020閲覧。
- ^ “Nomination Archive - Holger Drachmann”. NobelPrize.org (April 2020). 11 November 2020閲覧。
- ^ McLaren biography on Wikipedia
- ^ “Nomination Archive - Ian Maclaren”. NobelPrize.org (April 2020). 11 November 2020閲覧。
- ^ “Nomination Archive - Andrés Manjón”. NobelPrize.org (April 2020). 11 November 2020閲覧。
- ^ “Nomination Archive - Edouardo Benot”. NobelPrize.org (April 2020). 11 November 2020閲覧。
- ^ “Mark Twain misses getting the Nobel Prize”. The New York Times (20 August 1907). 2 January 2024閲覧。
- ^ “The Legacy Of Mark Twain: Why He Didn’t Win A Nobel Prize”. janetwhardy.com (4 January 2023). 2 January 2024閲覧。
- ^ “Nomination Archive - Georgios Souris”. NobelPrize.org (April 2020). 11 November 2020閲覧。
- ^ “Nomination Archive - Angel Guimerà y Jorge”. NobelPrize.org (April 2020). 11 November 2020閲覧。
- ^ “Nomination Archive - Paul Bourget”. NobelPrize.org (April 2020). 11 November 2020閲覧。
- ^ “Nomination Archive - Rudolf Eucken”. NobelPrize.org (April 2020). 11 November 2020閲覧。
- ^ “Nomination Archive - Julio Calcaño”. NobelPrize.org (April 2020). 11 November 2020閲覧。
- ^ “Nomination Archive - Alfred Hutchison”. NobelPrize.org (April 2020). 11 November 2020閲覧。
- ^ “Nomination Archive - Edmondo de Amicis”. NobelPrize.org (April 2020). 11 November 2020閲覧。
- ^ “Nomination Archive - Adolf von Harnack”. NobelPrize.org (April 2020). 11 November 2020閲覧。
- ^ “Nomination Archive - Elisabeth Förster-Nietzsche”. NobelPrize.org (April 2020). 11 November 2020閲覧。
- ^ “Nomination Archive - Verner von Heidenstam”. NobelPrize.org (April 2020). 11 November 2020閲覧。
- ^ “Nomination Archive - Eugène Melchoir de Vogüé”. NobelPrize.org (April 2020). 11 November 2020閲覧。
- ^ “Nomination Archive - Martin Greif”. NobelPrize.org (April 2020). 11 November 2020閲覧。
- ^ “Nomination Archive - Francesco d'Ovidio”. NobelPrize.org (April 2020). 11 November 2020閲覧。
- ^ “Nomination Archive - Ernest Lavisse”. NobelPrize.org (April 2020). 11 November 2020閲覧。
- ^ “Nomination Archive - Salvador Rueda”. NobelPrize.org (April 2020). 11 November 2020閲覧。
- ^ “Nomination Archive - Émile Verhaeren”. NobelPrize.org (April 2020). 11 November 2020閲覧。
引用エラー: 「注釈」という名前のグループの <ref>
タグがありますが、対応する <references group="注釈"/>
タグが見つかりません