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利用者:明明後日桧/sandbox

Leo Tolstoy, one of the most widely read writers who never won the Nobel Prize in Literature

The Nobel Prize in Literature (スウェーデン語: Nobelpriset i litteratur) is awarded annually by the Swedish Academy to authors which, according to the Swedish industrialist Alfred Nobel, the benefactor of the prize, has produced "in the field of literature the most outstanding work in an ideal direction".[1] It is one of the five Nobel Prizes which are awarded for outstanding contributions in chemistry, physics, literature, peace, and physiology or medicine.[2]

Every year, the Swedish Academy sends out requests regularly for nominations of candidates for the Nobel Prize in Literature. Members of the Academy, members of literature academies and societies, professors of literature and language, former Nobel literature laureates, and the presidents of writers' organizations are all allowed to nominate a candidate. Nomination of oneself is not permitted.[3] Despite the yearly invitations for nominations, there have been some years wherein the prize was not conferred due to particular reasons (1914, 1918, 1935) and due to the outbreak of World War II (1940–1943). Besides the prize has been delayed for a year seven times (1915, 1919, 1925, 1926, 1927, 1936, 1949).

Records of nominations are strictly kept secret for 50 years until they are made publicly available. Currently, the nominations submitted from 1901 to 1973 are available.[4][5] Between those two years there have been 829 writers coming from different parts of the world nominated for the Nobel Prize in Literature, 70 of which were awarded the prize[6] including Albert Schweitzer who was awarded by Nobel Peace Prize on 1953. 17 more writers from these nominees were awarded after 1973 including Elie Wiesel who was awarded by Nobel Peace Prize on 1986. Only 77 women had been nominated for the prize starting with Malwida von Meysenburg who was nominated once for the year 1901[7] and 8 of them have been awarded after all. Only one literary society has been nominated, the Pali Text Society for the year 1916. Of the 829 revealed nominated writers, only the 1967-nominated Ukrainian poet Lina Kostenko (born 1930), the 1969-nominated Finnish author Hannu Salama (born 1936) and the 1973-nominated Indian poet Indira Devi Dhanrajgir (born 1929) are currently living.

Though the following list consists of notable literary figures deemed worthy of the prize, there have been some celebrated writers who were not considered nor even nominated such as Anton Chekhov,[8] Jules Verne, Robert Hugh Benson, Franz Kafka, Fernando Pessoa, Louis-Ferdinand Céline, Arthur Conan Doyle, Alexander Blok, Marcel Proust, Joseph Conrad, Rainer Maria Rilke, Federico García Lorca, Lu Xun, Sarat Chandra Chattopadhyay, Antonio Machado, Francis Scott Fitzgerald, James Joyce, Christopher Dawson, Virginia Woolf, C. S. Lewis, Simone Weil, Willa Cather, George Orwell, Galaktion Tabidze, Edith Hamilton, Richard Wright, Flannery O'Connor, Langston Hughes, Jack Kerouac, Nancy Mitford and Agatha Christie.[9][10][11]

Nominees by their first nomination

[編集]

1901–1909

[編集]
Picture Name Born Died Years Nominated Notes
1901
シュリ・プリュドム 1839年3月16日
フランス、パリ 		1907年9月6日
フランス、シャトネ＝マラブリー 		1901 Awarded the 1901 Nobel Prize in Literature.[12]
フレデリック・ミストラル 1830年9月8日
フランス、マイヤーヌ 		1914年3月25日
フランス、マイヤーヌ 		1901, 1902, 1903, 1904 Shared the 1904 Nobel Prize in Literature with José Echegaray.[13]
ヘンリク・シェンキェヴィチ 1846年5月5日
ポーランド、Wola Okrzejska（英語版） 		1916年11月15日
スイス、ヴヴェイ 		1901, 1902, 1903, 1904, 1905 Awarded the 1905 Nobel Prize in Literature.[14]
René Vallery-Radot[注釈 1] 1853年10月1日
フランス、パリ 		1933年1月24日
フランス、パリ 		1901 [16]
エドモン・ロスタン[注釈 2] 1868年4月1日
フランス、マルセイユ 		1918年12月2日
フランス、パリ 		1901 [17]
Julius Gersdorff[注釈 3] 1849年6月15日
ポーランド、シュチェチン 		1907年11月7日
ドイツ、ヴァイマル 		1901 Nominated by Carl Heinrich Döring (1834–1916) the only time.[18]
Oscar le Pin[注釈 4] ?
スイス 		?
スイス 		1901 Nominated by P. L. Bonnaviat (?) the only time.[19]
Louis Ducros[注釈 5] December 27, 1846
Nîmes, France 		1927
Strasbourg, France[20] 		1901 Nominated by Michel Clerc (1857–1931) the only time .[21]
Carl Gustaf Estlander[注釈 6] January 31, 1834
Lappfjärd, Finland 		August 28, 1910
Helsinki, Finland 		1901 Nominated by Johan Gustaf Frosterus (1826–1901) the only time.[22]
Auguste Sabatier[注釈 7] October 22, 1839
Vallon-Pont-d'Arc, France 		April 12, 1901
Strasbourg, France 		1901 Nominated by Gabriel Monod (1844–1912) the only time.[23]
Died before his only chance to be awarded.
Paul Duproix[注釈 8] August 14, 1851
France 		January 24, 1912
France 		1901 Nominated by Émile Redard (1848–1913) the only time.[24]
Charles Borgeaud[注釈 9] August 15, 1861
Le Chenit, Switzerland 		October 6, 1940
Onex, Switzerland 		1901 [25]
Charles Renouvier[注釈 10] January 1, 1815
Montpellier, France 		September 1, 1903
Prades, France 		1901 Nominated by Antoine Benoist (1846–1922) the only time.[26]
Giacomo Stampa[注釈 11] ?
Italy 		?
Italy 		1901 Nominated by Ármin Vámbéry (1832–1913) the only time.[27]
Ossip Lourié[注釈 12] January 28, 1868
Dubroŭna, Belarus 		July 2, 1955
Paris, France 		1901 Nominated by Kristian Birch-Reichenwald Aars (1868–1917) the only time.[28]
João da Câmara[注釈 13] December 27, 1852
Lisbon, Portugal 		January 2, 1908
Lisbon, Portugal 		1901 Nominated by Joaquim José Coelho de Carvalho (1855–1934) the only time.[29]
Malwida von Meysenbug[注釈 14] October 28, 1816
Kassel, Germany 		April 23, 1903
Rome, Italy 		1901 Nominated by Gabriel Monod (1844–1912) the only time through Bjørnstjerne Bjørnson (1832–1910).[30]
Émile Zola[注釈 15] April 2, 1840
Paris, France 		September 29, 1902
Paris, France 		1901, 1902 Nominated by Marcellin Berthelot (1827–1907) each time.[31]
Ferenc Kemény[注釈 16] July 17, 1860
Zrenjanin Serbia 		November 21, 1944
Budapest, Hungary 		1901, 1902 [32]
Gaston Paris[注釈 17] August 9, 1839
Avenay-Val-d'Or, France 		March 5, 1903
Cannes, France 		1901, 1902, 1903 Nominated by Fredrik Wulff (1845–1930) each time.[33]
Gaspar Núñez de Arce[注釈 18] August 4, 1834
Valladolid, Spain 		June 9, 1903
Madrid, Spain 		1901, 1902, 1903 [34]
Alexander Baumgartner[注釈 19] June 27, 1841
St. Gallen, Switzerland 		October 5, 1910
Luxembourg City, Luxembourg 		1901, 1902, 1903 Nominated by Knud Karl Krogh-Tonning (1842–1911) each time.[35]
Alexandru Dimitrie Xenopol[注釈 20] March 23, 1847
Iași, Romania 		February 27, 1920
Bucharest, Romania 		1901, 1909 Nominated by Ion Găvănescu (1859–1949) each time.[36]
Antonio Fogazzaro[注釈 21] March 25, 1842
Vicenza, Italy 		March 7, 1911
Vicenza, Italy 		1901, 1902, 1906, 1907, 1908, 1910, 1911 [37]
Paul Sabatier[注釈 22] August 3, 1858
Saint-Michel-de-Chabrillanoux, France 		March 4, 1928
Strasbourg, France 		1901, 1902, 1903, 1924, 1925 Nominated by Carl Bildt (1850–1931) each time.[38]
1902
Theodor Mommsen November 30, 1817
Garding, Germany 		November 1, 1903
Berlin, Germany 		1902 Awarded the 1902 Nobel Prize in Literature.[39]
Bjørnstjerne Bjørnson December 8, 1832
Kvikne, Norway 		April 26, 1910
Paris, France 		1902, 1903 Awarded the 1903 Nobel Prize in Literature.[40]
José Echegaray April 19, 1832
Madrid, Spain 		September 14, 1916
Madrid, Spain 		1902, 1903, 1904 Shared the 1904 Nobel Prize in Literature with Frédéric Mistral.[41]
Giosuè Carducci July 27, 1835
Pietrasanta, Italy 		February 16, 1907
Bologna, Italy 		1902, 1903, 1905, 1906 Awarded the 1906 Nobel Prize in Literature.[42]
Gerhart Hauptmann November 15, 1862
Szczawno-Zdrój, Poland 		June 6, 1946
Jelenia Góra, Poland 		1902, 1906, 1912 Awarded the 1912 Nobel Prize in Literature.[43]
William Butler Yeats June 13, 1865
Sandymount, Ireland 		January 28, 1939
Cannes, France 		1902, 1914, 1915, 1918, 1921, 1922, 1923 Awarded the 1923 Nobel Prize in Literature.[44]
Anatoly Koni[注釈 23] January 28, 1844
Saint Petersburg, Russia 		September 17, 1927
Saint Petersburg, Russia 		1902 Nominated by Anton Karlovich Wulfert (1843–1918) the only time.[45]
Ventura Fernández López[注釈 24] July 14, 1866
Bárcena de Pie de Concha, Spain 		November 17, 1944
Toledo, Spain 		1902 Nominated by Emmanuel Casado Salas (?) the only time.[46]
Carl Weitbrecht December 8, 1847
Althengstett, Germany 		June 10, 1904
Stuttgart, Germany 		1902 Nominated by Hermann Fischer (1851–1920) the only time.[47]
Hartmann Grisar[注釈 25] September 22, 1845
Koblenz, Germany 		February 25, 1932
Innsbruck, Austria 		1902 Nominated by Knud Karl Krogh-Tonning (1842–1911) the only time.[48]
Herbert Spencer April 27, 1820
Derby, England 		December 8, 1903
Brighton, England 		1902 Nominated for the Nobel Peace Prize too.[49]
Bernard Bosanquet June 14, 1848
Alnwick, England 		February 8, 1923
London, England 		1902 Nominated by William Macneile Dixon (1866–1946) the only time.[50]
Marcel Barrière[注釈 26] November 3, 1860
Limoux, France 		February 18, 1954
Paris, France 		1902 Nominated by Émile Faguet (1847–1916) the only time.[51]
Gustav Falke[注釈 27] January 11, 1853
Lübeck, Germany 		February 8, 1916
Marburg, Germany 		1902 Nominated by August Sauer (1855–1926) the only time.[52]
Archibald Robertson[注釈 28] June 29, 1853
Northamptonshire, England 		January 29, 1931
Oxford, England 		1902 Nominated by John Wesley Hales (1836–1914) the only time.[53]
Henrik Ibsen March 20, 1828
Skien, Norway 		May 23, 1906
Oslo, Norway 		1902, 1903, 1904 [54]
Houston Stewart Chamberlain[注釈 29] September 9, 1855
Portsmouth, England 		January 9, 1927
Bayreuth, Germany 		1902, 1906 [55]
Leo Tolstoy[注釈 30] September 9, 1828
Yasnaya Polyana, Russia 		November 20, 1910
Astapovo, Russia 		1902, 1903, 1904, 1905, 1906 Nominated for the Nobel Peace Prize too.[56]
George Meredith February 12, 1828
Hampshire, England 		May 18, 1909
Surrey, England 		1902, 1903, 1904, 1906, 1907 [57]
Lewis Morris[注釈 31] January 23, 1833
Carmarthen, Wales 		November 12, 1907
Penbryn, Wales 		1902, 1903, 1904, 1905, 1906, 1907 [58]
Theodor Zahn[注釈 32] October 10, 1838
Moers, Germany 		March 5, 1933
Erlangen, Germany 		1902, 1904, 1908 Nominated by Lars Dahle (1843–1925) each time.[59]
Charles Wagner[注釈 33] January 3, 1852
Alsace, France 		May 12, 1918
Alsace, France 		1902, 1903, 1909 [60]
John Morley[注釈 34] December 24, 1838
Blackburn, England 		September 23, 1923
London, England 		1902, 1904, 1905, 1906, 1907, 1908, 1909, 1910, 1911, 1913 [61]
Juhani Aho[注釈 35] September 11, 1861
Lapinlahti, Finland 		August 8, 1921
Helsinki, Finland 		1902, 1910, 1911, 1912, 1913, 1914, 1915, 1916, 1917, 1918, 1919, 1920 [62]
Arne Garborg[注釈 36] January 25, 1851
Jæren, Norway 		January 14, 1924
Asker, Norway 		1902, 1916, 1917, 1920, 1921 [63]
1903
Rudyard Kipling December 30, 1865
Mumbai, India 		January 18, 1936
London, England 		1903, 1904, 1905, 1907 Awarded the 1907 Nobel Prize in Literature.[64]
Maurice Maeterlinck August 29, 1862
Ghent, Belgium 		May 6, 1949
Nice, France 		1903, 1904, 1909, 1910, 1911 Awarded the 1911 Nobel Prize in Literature.[65]
François Coppée January 26, 1842
Paris, France 		May 23, 1908
Paris, France 		1903 Nominated by Sully Prudhomme (1839–1907) the only time.[66]
Carl Friedrich Glasenapp[注釈 37] October 3, 1847
Riga, Latvia 		April 14, 1915
Riga, Latvia 		1903 [67]
Robert Langton Douglas[注釈 38] 1864
Cheshire, England 		1951
Fiesole, Italy 		1903, 1904 [68]
Albert Sorel[注釈 39] August 13, 1842
Honfleur, France 		June 29, 1906
Paris, France 		1903, 1904, 1905, 1906 [69]
Iwan Gilkin[注釈 40] January 7, 1858
Brussels, Belgium 		September 28, 1924
Brussels, Belgium 		1903, 1909 [70]
Algernon Charles Swinburne April 5, 1837
London, England 		April 10, 1909
London, England 		1903, 1904, 1905, 1906, 1907, 1908, 1909 [71]
Marcelino Menéndez y Pelayo November 3, 1856
Santander, Spain 		May 19, 1912
Santander, Spain 		1903, 1905, 1907, 1910 [72]
Georg Brandes February 4, 1842
Copenhagen, Denmark 		February 19, 1927
Copenhagen, Denmark 		1903, 1904, 1905, 1906, 1907, 1910, 1916, 1917, 1918, 1920, 1922, 1925, 1926 Nominated for the Nobel Peace Prize too.[73]
1904
Selma Lagerlöf November 20, 1858
Värmland, Sweden 		March 16, 1940
Värmland, Sweden 		1904, 1905, 1906, 1907, 1908, 1909 Awarded the 1909 Nobel Prize in Literature.[74]
Anatole France April 16, 1844
Paris, France 		October 12, 1924
Saint-Cyr-sur-Loire, France 		1904, 1909, 1910, 1911, 1912, 1913, 1915, 1916, 1921 Awarded the 1921 Nobel Prize in Literature.[75]
Émilie Lerou[注釈 41] 18 May 1855
Rouen, France 		11 June 1935
Paris, France 		1904 Nominated by Jules Claretie (1840–1913) the only time.[76]
Demetrios Bernardakis December 3, 1833
Mitilini, Greece 		January 12, 1907
Mitilini, Greece 		1904, 1905 Nominated by Athanasios Bernardakis (1844–1912) each time.[77]
Jaroslav Vrchlický (Emil Frida) February 17, 1853
Louny, Czechia 		September 9, 1912
Domazlice, Czechia 		1904, 1905, 1906, 1907, 1908, 1909, 1911, 1912 [78]
William Chapman[注釈 42] December 13, 1850
Beauceville, Canada 		February 23, 1917
Ottawa, Canada 		1904, 1910, 1912, 1917 [79]
1905
Eliza Orzeszkowa June 6, 1841
Mil'kovshchina, Belarus 		May 18, 1910
Grodno, Belarus 		1905 [80]
Godfrey Sweven[注釈 43] May 5, 1845
Irvine, Scotland 		January 18, 1935
Christchurch, New Zealand 		1905 John Macmillan Brown has only been nominated under the pseudonym Godfrey Sweven.[81][82]
1906
Louis Franck November 28, 1868
Antwerp, Belgium 		December 31, 1937
Wijnegem, Belgium 		1906 Nominated by Ernest Nys (1851–1920) the only time.[83]
Gaston Boissier August 15, 1823
Nîmes, France 		June 10, 1908
Viroflay, France 		1906 Nominated by Jacobus Johannaes Hartmann (1851–1924) the only time.[84]
William J. Neidig[注釈 44] 1870
United States 		1955
United States 		1906 Nominated by Henry Burrowes Lathrop (1867-1936) the only time.[85]
Max Bewer[注釈 45] January 19, 1861
Düsseldorf, Germany 		October 13, 1921
Meißen, Germany 		1906 [86]
Pedro Pablo Figueroa December 25, 1857
Copiapó, Chile 		January 4, 1909
Santiago, Chile 		1906[注釈 46] Nominated by Leonardo Eliz (1861–1939) the only time.[87]
Max Haushofer[注釈 47] April 23, 1840
Munich, Germany 		1907
Gries-San Quirino, Italy 		1906[注釈 48] Nominated by Emil Milan (1859–1917) the only time.[88]
William Booth[注釈 49] April 10, 1829
Nottingham, England 		August 20, 1912
London, England 		1906[注釈 50] Nominated by Otto Classen (1868–1939) the only time.[89]
Joseph Viktor Widmann[注釈 51] February 20, 1842
Brno, Czechia 		November 6, 1911
Bern, Switzerland 		1906, 1908 [90]
George Lansing Raymond[注釈 52] September 3, 1839
Illinois, United States 		July 11, 1929
Washington D.C., United States 		1906, 1907, 1908 [91]
Angelo de Gubernatis April 7, 1840
Turin, Italy 		February 26, 1913
Rome, Italy 		1906, 1907, 1909 [92]
Borden Parker Bowne January 14, 1847
Monmouth County, New Jersey, United States 		April 1, 1910
Boston, United States 		1906, 1907, 1909 [93]
1907
João Bonança[注釈 53] ca. 1836
Lagos, Portugal 		April 13, 1924
Lisbon, Portugal 		1907 Nominated by Teófilo Braga (1843–1924) the only time.[94]
Holger Drachmann October 9, 1846
Copenhagen, Denmark 		January 14, 1908
Hornbæk, Denmark 		1907 Nominated by Harald Høffding (1843–1931) the only time.[95]
Ian Maclaren November 3, 1850
Manningtree, Essex, England[96] 		May 6, 1907
Iowa, United States 		1907 Nominated by Waldemar Rudin (1833–1921) the only time.[97]
Died before his only chance to be awarded.
Andrés Manjón November 30, 1846
Sargentes de la Lora, Spain 		July 10, 1923
Granada, Spain 		1907 Nominated by Angel Sanchez Rubio Ibanez (1852–1910) the only time.[98]
Eduardo Benot November 26, 1822
Cádiz, Spain 		July 27, 1907
Madrid, Spain 		1907 Nominated by Daniel Cortázar Larrubia (1844–1927) the only time.[99]
Died before his only chance to be awarded.
Mark Twain November 30, 1835
Florida, Missouri, United States 		April 21, 1910
Redding, Connecticut, United States 		1907,[注釈 54] 1908[注釈 54]
Georgios Souris[注釈 55] February 2, 1853
Ermoupoli, Greece 		August 26, 1919
Athens, Greece 		1907, 1908, 1909, 1911, 1912 [102]
Àngel Guimerà May 6, 1835
Santa Cruz de Tenerife, Spain 		July 18, 1924
Barcelona, Spain 		1907, 1908, 1909, 1910, 1911, 1912, 1913, 1914, 1915, 1916, 1917, 1918, 1919, 1920, 1921, 1922, 1923 [103]
Paul Bourget September 2, 1852
Amiens, France 		December 25, 1935
Paris, France 		1907, 1909, 1914, 1915, 1928 [104]
1908
Rudolf Christoph Eucken January 5, 1846
Aurich, Germany 		September 15, 1926
Jena, Germany 		1908 Nominated by Vitalis Norström (1856–1916) the only time and awarded the 1908 Nobel Prize in Literature.[105]
Julio Calcaño[注釈 56] December 4, 1840
Caracas, Venezuela 		August 18, 1918
Caracas, Venezuela 		1908 Nominated by José María Manrique (1846-1907) the only time..[106]
Alfred L. Hutchinson[注釈 57] 1859
Waupaca, Wisconsin, United States 		August 1930
Weyauwega, Wisconsin, United States 		1908 Nominated by Luther Lamphere Wright (1856–1922).[107]
Edmondo De Amicis October 21, 1846
Imperia, Italy 		March 11, 1908
Bordighera, Italy 		1908 Died before his only chance to be awarded.[108]
Adolf von Harnack May 7, 1851
Tartu, Estonia 		June 10, 1930
Heidelberg, Germany 		1908, 1916 [109]
Elisabeth Förster-Nietzsche July 10, 1846
Lützen, Germany 		November 8, 1935
Weimar, Germany 		1908, 1916, 1917, 1923 [110]
1909
Verner von Heidenstam July 6, 1859
Olshammar, Sweden 		May 20, 1940
Övralid, Sweden 		1909, 1911, 1912, 1913, 1915, 1916 Awarded the 1916 Nobel Prize in Literature.[111]
Eugène-Melchior de Vogüé February 25, 1848
Nice, France 		March 29, 1910
Paris, France 		1909 Nominated by Albert Vandal (1853–1910) the only time.[112]
Martin Greif June 18, 1839
Speyer, Germany 		April 1, 1911
Kufstein, Austria 		1909, 1910, 1911 [113]
Francesco D'Ovidio[注釈 58] December 5, 1849
Campobasso, Italy 		November 24, 1925
Naples, Italy 		1909, 1910, 1911, 1912 Nominated by Ernesto Monaci (1844–1918) each time.[114]
Ernest Lavisse December 17, 1842
Le Nouvion-en-Thiérache, France 		August 18, 1922
Paris, France 		1909, 1910, 1911,[注釈 59] 1912, 1913 [115]
Salvador Rueda December 3, 1857
Benaque, Spain 		April 1, 1933
Málaga, Spain 		1909, 1910, 1911, 1912, 1913, 1915 [116]
Émile Verhaeren May 21, 1855
Sint-Amands, Belgium 		November 27, 1916
Rouen, France 		1909, 1912, 1915, 1916 [117]
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  14. ^ “Nomination Archive - Henryk Sienkiewicz”. NobelPrize.org (April 2020). 11 November 2020閲覧。
  15. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai aj ak al am an ao ap aq ar as at au av aw ax ay az ba bb bc Svensén, Bo (2001). Nobelpriset i litteratur. Nomineringar och utlåtanden 1901–1950. ISBN 9789113010076. http://libris.kb.se/bib/8345517 11 November 2020閲覧。 
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  17. ^ “Nomination Archive - Edmond Rostand”. NobelPrize.org (April 2020). 11 November 2020閲覧。
  18. ^ “Nomination Archive - Julius Gersdorff”. NobelPrize.org (April 2020). 11 November 2020閲覧。
  19. ^ “Nomination Archive - Oscar le Pin”. NobelPrize.org (April 2020). 11 November 2020閲覧。
  20. ^ “BIBLIOTHÈQUE NATIONALE DE FRANCE - Louis Ducros” (フランス語). bnf.fr. 11 November 2020閲覧。
  21. ^ “Nomination Archive - Louis Ducros”. NobelPrize.org (April 2020). 11 November 2020閲覧。
  22. ^ “Nomination Archive - Carl Gustaf Estlander”. NobelPrize.org (April 2020). 11 November 2020閲覧。
  23. ^ “Nomination Archive - Auguste Sabatier”. NobelPrize.org (April 2020). 11 November 2020閲覧。
  24. ^ “Nomination Archive - Paul Duproix”. NobelPrize.org (April 2020). 11 November 2020閲覧。
  25. ^ “Nomination Archive - Charles Borgeaud”. NobelPrize.org (April 2020). 11 November 2020閲覧。
  26. ^ “Nomination Archive - Charles Renouvier”. NobelPrize.org (April 2020). 11 November 2020閲覧。
  27. ^ “Nomination Archive - Giacomo Stampa”. NobelPrize.org (April 2020). 11 November 2020閲覧。
  28. ^ “Nomination Archive - Ossip Lourié”. NobelPrize.org (April 2020). 11 November 2020閲覧。
  29. ^ “Nomination Archive - João Da Comara”. NobelPrize.org (April 2020). 11 November 2020閲覧。
  30. ^ “Nomination Archive - Malwida von Meysenbug”. NobelPrize.org (April 2020). 11 November 2020閲覧。
  31. ^ “Nomination Archive - Émile Zola”. NobelPrize.org (April 2020). 11 November 2020閲覧。
  32. ^ “Nomination Archive - Ferenc Kemény”. NobelPrize.org (April 2020). 11 November 2020閲覧。
  33. ^ “Nomination Archive - Gaston Paris”. NobelPrize.org (April 2020). 11 November 2020閲覧。
  34. ^ “Nomination Archive - Gaspar Núñez de Arce”. NobelPrize.org (April 2020). 11 November 2020閲覧。
  35. ^ “Nomination Archive - Alexander Baumgartner”. NobelPrize.org (April 2020). 11 November 2020閲覧。
  36. ^ “Nomination Archive - Alexandru Dimitrie Xenopol”. NobelPrize.org (April 2020). 11 November 2020閲覧。
  37. ^ “Nomination Archive - Antonio Fogazzaro”. NobelPrize.org (April 2020). 11 November 2020閲覧。
  38. ^ “Nomination Archive - Paul Sabatier”. NobelPrize.org (April 2020). 11 November 2020閲覧。
  39. ^ “Nomination Archive - Theodor Mommsen”. NobelPrize.org (April 2020). 11 November 2020閲覧。
  40. ^ “Nomination Archive - Bjørnstjerne Martinius Bjørnson”. NobelPrize.org (April 2020). 11 November 2020閲覧。
  41. ^ “Nomination Archive - José Echegaray y Eizaguirre”. NobelPrize.org (April 2020). 11 November 2020閲覧。
  42. ^ “Nomination Archive - Giosuè Carducci”. NobelPrize.org (April 2020). 11 November 2020閲覧。
  43. ^ “Nomination Archive - Gerhart Hauptmann”. NobelPrize.org (April 2020). 11 November 2020閲覧。
  44. ^ “Nomination Archive - William Yeats”. NobelPrize.org (April 2020). 11 November 2020閲覧。
  45. ^ “Nomination Archive - Anatoly Koni”. NobelPrize.org (April 2020). 11 November 2020閲覧。
  46. ^ “Nomination Archive - Ventura Fernández López”. NobelPrize.org (April 2020). 11 November 2020閲覧。
  47. ^ “Nomination Archive - Karl Weitbrecht”. NobelPrize.org (April 2020). 11 November 2020閲覧。
  48. ^ “Nomination Archive - Hartmann Grisar”. NobelPrize.org (April 2020). 11 November 2020閲覧。
  49. ^ “Nomination Archive - Herbert Spencer”. NobelPrize.org (April 2020). 11 November 2020閲覧。
  50. ^ “Nomination Archive - Bernard Bosanquet”. NobelPrize.org (April 2020). 11 November 2020閲覧。
  51. ^ “Nomination Archive - Marcel Barrière”. NobelPrize.org (April 2020). 11 November 2020閲覧。
  52. ^ “Nomination Archive - Gustav Falke”. NobelPrize.org (April 2020). 11 November 2020閲覧。
  53. ^ “Nomination Archive - Archibald Robertson”. NobelPrize.org (April 2020). 11 November 2020閲覧。
  54. ^ “Nomination Archive - Henrik Johan Ibsen”. NobelPrize.org (April 2020). 11 November 2020閲覧。
  55. ^ “Nomination Archive - Houston Stewart Chamberlain”. NobelPrize.org (April 2020). 11 November 2020閲覧。
  56. ^ “Nomination Archive - Lev Nikolaevich Tolstoy”. NobelPrize.org (April 2020). 11 November 2020閲覧。
  57. ^ “Nomination Archive - George Meredith”. NobelPrize.org (April 2020). 11 November 2020閲覧。
  58. ^ “Nomination Archive - Sir Lewis Morris”. NobelPrize.org (April 2020). 11 November 2020閲覧。
  59. ^ “Nomination Archive - Theodor Zahn”. NobelPrize.org (April 2020). 11 November 2020閲覧。
  60. ^ “Nomination Archive - Charles Wagner”. NobelPrize.org (April 2020). 11 November 2020閲覧。
  61. ^ “Nomination Archive - John Morley”. NobelPrize.org (April 2020). 11 November 2020閲覧。
  62. ^ “Nomination Archive - Juhani Aho”. NobelPrize.org (April 2020). 11 November 2020閲覧。
  63. ^ “Nomination Archive - Arne Garborg”. NobelPrize.org (April 2020). 11 November 2020閲覧。
  64. ^ “Nomination Archive - Rudyard Kipling”. NobelPrize.org (April 2020). 11 November 2020閲覧。
  65. ^ “Nomination Archive - Maurice Maeterlinck”. NobelPrize.org (April 2020). 11 November 2020閲覧。
  66. ^ “Nomination Archive - François Coppée”. NobelPrize.org (April 2020). 11 November 2020閲覧。
  67. ^ “Nomination Archive - Carl Friedrich Glasenapp”. NobelPrize.org (April 2020). 11 November 2020閲覧。
  68. ^ “Nomination Archive - Robert Langton Douglas”. NobelPrize.org (April 2020). 11 November 2020閲覧。
  69. ^ “Nomination Archive - Albert Sorel”. NobelPrize.org (April 2020). 11 November 2020閲覧。
  70. ^ “Nomination Archive - Iwan Gilkin”. NobelPrize.org (April 2020). 11 November 2020閲覧。
  71. ^ “Nomination Archive - Algernon Charles Swinburne”. NobelPrize.org (April 2020). 11 November 2020閲覧。
  72. ^ “Nomination Archive - Marcelino Menéndez y Pelayo”. NobelPrize.org (April 2020). 11 November 2020閲覧。
  73. ^ “Nomination Archive - Georg Morris Cohen Brandes”. NobelPrize.org (April 2020). 11 November 2020閲覧。
  74. ^ “Nomination Archive - Selma Lagerlöf”. NobelPrize.org (April 2020). 11 November 2020閲覧。
  75. ^ “Nomination Archive - Anatole France”. NobelPrize.org (April 2020). 11 November 2020閲覧。
  76. ^ “Nomination Archive - Émilie Lerou”. NobelPrize.org (April 2020). 11 November 2020閲覧。
  77. ^ “Nomination Archive - Demitrios Bernardakis”. NobelPrize.org (April 2020). 11 November 2020閲覧。
  78. ^ “Nomination Archive - Jaroslav Vrchlický”. NobelPrize.org (April 2020). 11 November 2020閲覧。
  79. ^ “Nomination Archive - William Chapman”. NobelPrize.org (April 2020). 11 November 2020閲覧。
  80. ^ “Nomination Archive - Eliza Orzeszkowa”. NobelPrize.org (April 2020). 11 November 2020閲覧。
  81. ^ “Nomination Archive - Godfrey Sweven”. NobelPrize.org (April 2020). 11 November 2020閲覧。
  82. ^ “Nomination Archive - John M Brown”. NobelPrize.org (April 2020). 11 November 2020閲覧。
  83. ^ “Nomination Archive - Louis Franck”. NobelPrize.org (April 2020). 11 November 2020閲覧。
  84. ^ “Nomination Archive - Gaston Boissier”. NobelPrize.org (April 2020). 11 November 2020閲覧。
  85. ^ “Nomination Archive - William Neidig”. NobelPrize.org (April 2020). 11 November 2020閲覧。
  86. ^ “Nomination Archive - Max Bewer”. NobelPrize.org (April 2020). 11 November 2020閲覧。
  87. ^ “Nomination Archive - Pedro Figueroa”. NobelPrize.org (April 2020). 11 November 2020閲覧。
  88. ^ “Nomination Archive - Max Haushofer”. NobelPrize.org (April 2020). 11 November 2020閲覧。
  89. ^ “Nomination Archive - William Booth”. NobelPrize.org (April 2020). 11 November 2020閲覧。
  90. ^ “Nomination Archive - Joseph Widmann”. NobelPrize.org (April 2020). 11 November 2020閲覧。
  91. ^ “Nomination Archive - George Raymond”. NobelPrize.org (April 2020). 11 November 2020閲覧。
  92. ^ “Nomination Archive - Angelo de Gubernatis”. NobelPrize.org (April 2020). 11 November 2020閲覧。
  93. ^ “Nomination Archive - Borden Parker Bowne”. NobelPrize.org (April 2020). 11 November 2020閲覧。
  94. ^ “Nomination Archive - João Bonança”. NobelPrize.org (April 2020). 11 November 2020閲覧。
  95. ^ “Nomination Archive - Holger Drachmann”. NobelPrize.org (April 2020). 11 November 2020閲覧。
  96. ^ McLaren biography on Wikipedia
  97. ^ “Nomination Archive - Ian Maclaren”. NobelPrize.org (April 2020). 11 November 2020閲覧。
  98. ^ “Nomination Archive - Andrés Manjón”. NobelPrize.org (April 2020). 11 November 2020閲覧。
  99. ^ “Nomination Archive - Edouardo Benot”. NobelPrize.org (April 2020). 11 November 2020閲覧。
  100. ^ “Mark Twain misses getting the Nobel Prize”. The New York Times (20 August 1907). 2 January 2024閲覧。
  101. ^ “The Legacy Of Mark Twain: Why He Didn’t Win A Nobel Prize”. janetwhardy.com (4 January 2023). 2 January 2024閲覧。
  102. ^ “Nomination Archive - Georgios Souris”. NobelPrize.org (April 2020). 11 November 2020閲覧。
  103. ^ “Nomination Archive - Angel Guimerà y Jorge”. NobelPrize.org (April 2020). 11 November 2020閲覧。
  104. ^ “Nomination Archive - Paul Bourget”. NobelPrize.org (April 2020). 11 November 2020閲覧。
  105. ^ “Nomination Archive - Rudolf Eucken”. NobelPrize.org (April 2020). 11 November 2020閲覧。
  106. ^ “Nomination Archive - Julio Calcaño”. NobelPrize.org (April 2020). 11 November 2020閲覧。
  107. ^ “Nomination Archive - Alfred Hutchison”. NobelPrize.org (April 2020). 11 November 2020閲覧。
  108. ^ “Nomination Archive - Edmondo de Amicis”. NobelPrize.org (April 2020). 11 November 2020閲覧。
  109. ^ “Nomination Archive - Adolf von Harnack”. NobelPrize.org (April 2020). 11 November 2020閲覧。
  110. ^ “Nomination Archive - Elisabeth Förster-Nietzsche”. NobelPrize.org (April 2020). 11 November 2020閲覧。
  111. ^ “Nomination Archive - Verner von Heidenstam”. NobelPrize.org (April 2020). 11 November 2020閲覧。
  112. ^ “Nomination Archive - Eugène Melchoir de Vogüé”. NobelPrize.org (April 2020). 11 November 2020閲覧。
  113. ^ “Nomination Archive - Martin Greif”. NobelPrize.org (April 2020). 11 November 2020閲覧。
  114. ^ “Nomination Archive - Francesco d'Ovidio”. NobelPrize.org (April 2020). 11 November 2020閲覧。
  115. ^ “Nomination Archive - Ernest Lavisse”. NobelPrize.org (April 2020). 11 November 2020閲覧。
  116. ^ “Nomination Archive - Salvador Rueda”. NobelPrize.org (April 2020). 11 November 2020閲覧。
  117. ^ “Nomination Archive - Émile Verhaeren”. NobelPrize.org (April 2020). 11 November 2020閲覧。


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