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利用者:加藤勝憲/半導体不足

詳細は「2020–present global chip shortage」を参照

A chip shortage, also referred to as semiconductor shortage or chip famine, is a phenomenon in the integrated circuit (chip) industry when demand for silicon chips outstrips supply.

不足自体の発端

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チップ不足は通常、社会学的または物理学的な変化により、特定のチップが需要を満たすのに十分な数量を生産できなくなった場合に発生する。チップ不足が深刻化したのは1988年で、日米のチップメーカーが協定を結んだ結果、生産量が大幅に減少した。新しい生産方式への変更も、新しいチップの需要を満たすのに十分な速さで新しい工場が建設されないため、チップ不足を引き起こす。例えば、1999年のスマートカードチップの不足や、2004年の他の種類のチップの配給がある。2011年の東日本大震災では、さまざまなシステムに必要な部品の調達が困難になった。

2000年にPCメーカーのゲートウェイがマイクロプロセッサーをインテルからAMDに切り替えたように、チップ不足はメーカーがチップの調達先を変更し、大きな利益損失を被る電子機器産業に大きな影響を与える可能性がある。メーカーによっては、特定のチップの不足を考慮して製品の設計を変更しなければならなかったり、代替チップを設計に組み込めるように設計の選択肢を残さなければならなかったりする。

不足の態様

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1986年の日米半導体貿易協定は、米国のチップメーカーが日本企業と競争できるようにするためのものだった[1]。しかし、この協定は意図しない結果を招いた。同協定は日本企業に対し、コストを下回るチップの販売、つまりダンピングをやめるよう求めたが、その結果、日本企業はダンピングの根本原因であるチップの生産と輸出を減らすことになった[2]。1988年、アメリカ企業は生産コストの高さとリスクの高さから、期待されたほど市場に再参入しなかった[2]。

In 1988, there was a shortage due to high demand. Workers at seven Hitachi factories had to work through their summer vacations to meet demand.[3] In 1994, there was a shortage due to new technologies being developed. The newer manufacturing processes required significantly cleaner “clean rooms” and many batches of integrated circuits were discarded due to manufacturing errors.

In 2000, Intel suffered a shortage of several products. Larger companies were able to receive the products they needed but smaller companies such as Gateway had to wait or find other chips.[4]

There was a lack of CDMA chips in 2004.[5] This was due to the strong push of mobile phone companies to introduce and establish CDMA in both the United States and India.

After the 2011 earthquake in Japan, there was a severe chip shortage of NAND memory and displays.[要出典]

On April 19, 2012, Qualcomm released a statement that they expected a shortage of their Snapdragon chip due to a lack of facilities to manufacture the 28 nm chip.[要出典]

2020年～現在 世界的なチップ不足

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From early 2020, the effects of and the mitigation of the COVID-19 pandemic caused disruptions in supply chains and logistics This was coupled with a 13% increase in global demand for PCs owing to some countries' shift to a stay-at-home economy,[6] and impacted the availability of key chips necessary for the manufacturing of electronics.[7] In 2021, the pandemic's impact on the manufacture of semiconductors in South Korea and Taiwan was cited as a cause for the shortage, with constrained supply impacting industries as broad as console gaming and the automotive industry.[8][9]

In February 2021, market analysts IHS Markit forecast the impact of the dearth to last through to the third quarter of 2021; lead times on chip supply at this time had already extended to 15 weeks, the longest lead time since 2017.[10] By April 2021, lead times for semiconductors from Broadcom Inc. had "extended to 22.2 weeks, up from 12.2 weeks in February 2020".[10]

As an example of the effects, at the end of Q1 2021, used car prices in some countries were increasing due to the demand from both economic recovery, as well as the chip shortage. The price of some cars increased as much as 10% in Q1.[11]

During the summer of 2021, severe weather events including the droughts in Taiwan were also a significant contributing factor. The droughts affected the production due to the lack of available ultrapure water that is needed to clean the factories and wafers.[12][13] Other factors cited as contributing to the shortage are the increased popularity of cryptocurrency[14] and the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine.[15]

Causes

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A 1993 dynamic random-access memory (DRAM) chip famine was caused by a factory explosion at the factory which produced 60% of the world's supply of resin used in chips.[16] From 1993 to 1994, there was a glut of chips and companies lost incentive to build new leading-edge factories. When the new generations came out, there were not enough factories to produce the new chips.[要出典]

An earlier chip famine might cause a slump in the market, which would result in fewer chips being manufactured. When the slump is over, the demand might grow too high for the companies to fulfill, resulting in a second shortage.

New generation chips are difficult to produce due to manufacturing capabilities. In many cases batches of product are discarded due to manufacturing defects in the first few runs, resulting in manufacturing capacity that could have gone to producing older chips not being used to ship newer chips either. Furthermore, customers often want the newest chips available and may not be willing to settle for older chips, so companies must wait for newer chips to put into their products.[17]

Conversely, older chips can also be subject to chip shortages. Older chips made on "mature node" equipment can easily go into shortage if demand spikes, because the production lines have already been fully depreciated and optimized. There is no easy way for chip foundries to scale up their production of older chips because the capital costs of setting up or expanding chip production lines are so high that they are economically justifiable only for new lines featuring the latest technology. This is what caused global shortages of older chips in 2021 during the COVID-19 pandemic.[18]

Effects

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The 1988 chip famine caused the delay of Zelda II: The Adventure of Link due to a lack of static random-access memory (SRAM).[19][20]

Shortages of Dynamic random-access memory, Static random-access memory, and processors led to raises the prices for remaining chips. In 2007, Lack of ICs for their Wii console caused the global Wii shortage.[21]

Lack of chips from the COVID supply disruption, caused researchers to develop solderless 3-D printable adapters for converting small outline integrated circuit (SOIC) components to be used in dual in-line package (DIP) package circuits (i.e., breadboards, protoboards, etc.).[22] The open-source hardware device, called an additive manufacture breakout board (AMBB) design, provided electronics designers with an increased selection of components for through-hole use by more than a factor of seven.[22]

References

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外部リンク

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[[Category:未査読の翻訳があるページ]]

  1. ^ “Chip Shortage Strains Computer Makers” (英語). Los Angeles Times (1988年3月3日). 2022年3月23日閲覧。
  2. ^ a b Pollack, Andrew; Times, Special To the New York (1988年3月12日). “Shortage of Memory Chips Has Industry Scrambling” (英語). The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. https://www.nytimes.com/1988/03/12/us/shortage-of-memory-chips-has-industry-scrambling.html 2022年3月23日閲覧。 
  3. ^ “Chip Shortage Spurs Japanese Workers to Forgo Vacations” (英語). Los Angeles Times (1988年7月24日). 2022年3月23日閲覧。
  4. ^ Magee. “Gateway to use AMD because of Intel chip famine” (英語). www.theregister.com. 2022年3月23日閲覧。
  5. ^ Malik (2004年5月10日). “CDMA chip shortage developing?” (英語). Gigaom. 2022年3月23日閲覧。
  6. ^ “MacBook and iPad production delayed as supply crunch hits Apple” (英語). Nikkei Asia. 2022年3月23日閲覧。
  7. ^ “Chip-shortage 'crisis' halts car-company output” (英語). BBC News. (2021年1月18日). https://www.bbc.com/news/technology-55704936 2021年1月18日閲覧。 
  8. ^ “Chip-shortage 'crisis' halts car-company output” (英語). BBC News. (2021年1月18日). https://www.bbc.com/news/technology-55704936 2022年3月23日閲覧。 
  9. ^ “How a Chip Shortage Snarled Everything From Phones to Cars”. www.bloomberg.com. 2022年3月23日閲覧。
  10. ^ a b “How a Chip Shortage Snarled Everything From Phones to Cars”. www.bloomberg.com. 2022年3月23日閲覧。
  11. ^ “These Used Cars Increased the Most in Q1 2021” (英語). Keemut Blog (2021年4月7日). 2022年3月23日閲覧。
  12. ^ “Taiwan is facing a drought, and it has prioritized its computer chip business over farmers.” (英語). The New York Times. (2021年4月8日). ISSN 0362-4331. https://www.nytimes.com/2021/04/08/business/taiwan-is-facing-a-drought-and-it-has-prioritized-its-computer-chip-business-over-farmers.html 2022年3月23日閲覧。 
  13. ^ Porter, Jon (17 February 2021). “Samsung forced to halt chip production in Austin due to power outages” (英語). The Verge. オリジナルの27 November 2021時点におけるアーカイブ。. https://web.archive.org/web/20211127030444/https://www.theverge.com/2021/2/17/22287054/samsung-chip-production-halted-austin-winter-storm-uri-power-blackouts 27 November 2021閲覧。 
  14. ^ “Crypto-miners are probably to blame for the graphics-chip shortage”. The Economist. (2021年6月19日). ISSN 0013-0613. オリジナルの2021年9月23日時点におけるアーカイブ。. https://web.archive.org/web/20210923000042/https://www.economist.com/graphic-detail/2021/06/19/crypto-miners-are-probably-to-blame-for-the-graphics-chip-shortage 2021年10月17日閲覧。 
  15. ^ “Ukraine supplies 90% of U.S. semiconductor-grade neon (and what it means to chip supply chain)”. VentureBeat. (24 February 2022). https://venturebeat.com/2022/02/24/ukraine-supplies-90-percent-of-us-semiconductor-grade-neon-what-it-means-to-chip-supply-chain/ 13 March 2022閲覧。 
  16. ^ “REAL CHIP SHORTAGE OR JUST A PANIC, CRUNCH IS LIKELY TO BOOST PC PRICES” (英語). Chicago Tribune. 2022年3月23日閲覧。
  17. ^ “Intel laptop chip shortage worsens | IT World Canada News” (英語). www.itworldcanada.com (2010年5月13日). 2022年3月23日閲覧。
  18. ^ “Why Shortages of a $1 Chip Sparked Crisis in Global Economy”. www.bloomberg.com. 2022年3月23日閲覧。
  19. ^ “High-Tech Crisis Forces Publishers to Make Tough Choices : Shortage of Memory Chips Hurting Video Game Makers” (英語). Los Angeles Times. 2016年3月6日時点のオリジナルよりアーカイブ。2022年3月23日閲覧。
  20. ^ “Adventure of Link delayed again”. Template:Cite webの呼び出しエラー：引数 accessdate は必須です。
  21. ^ “Nintendo delays Wii expansion plans” (英語). DIGITIMES. 2022年3月23日閲覧。
  22. ^ a b Brooks, Cameron K.; Peplinski, Jack E.; Pearce, Joshua M. (2023). “Overcoming Chip Shortages: Low-Cost Open-Source Parametric 3-D Printable Solderless SOIC to DIP Breakout Adapters” (英語). Inventions 8 (2): 61. doi:10.3390/inventions8020061. ISSN 2411-5134. 
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