利用者:加藤勝憲/主任仲買人

ファクターとは、ファクトレージと呼ばれる手数料を受け取って商品を販売する貿易商の一種である。ファクターは、自分自身の名前で営業し、元本を明らかにしない商取引の受託者である。ファクターがコミッション・マーチャントと異なる点は、ファクターは委託を受けて商品（または船荷証券のような商品を表す権利書類）を所有するが、コミッション・マーチャントは所有しない商品を見本に基づいて販売する点である[1]。

A factor is a type of trader who receives and sells goods on commission, called factorage. A factor is a mercantile fiduciary transacting business that operates in their own name and does not disclose their principal. A factor differs from a commission merchant in that a factor takes possession of goods (or documents of title representing goods, such as a bill of lading) on consignment, but a commission merchant sells goods not in their possession on the basis of samples.

現代のファクター・ビジネスの大半は繊維分野であるが、ファクターは靴、家具、金物、その他の産業でも大いに活用されている。ファクターが活動する貿易分野の数は増加している[いつ?][いつ?] イギリスでは、ほとんどのファクターは1889年のファクター法に基づく商人代理人の定義に該当し、したがってそのような権限を有する[2] ファクターは、ファクターの活動から生じる元本に対するあらゆる債権をカバーする、委託された商品に対する所有権の先取特権を有する[3]。

Most modern factor business is in the textile field, but factors are also used to a great extent in the shoe, furniture, hardware, and other industries. The number of trade areas in which factors operate has increased.^[いつ?]^{[<span title="The time period mentioned near this tag is ambiguous. (July 2024)">when?</span>]} In the United Kingdom, most factors fall within the definition of a mercantile agent under the Factors Act 1889,^{[注釈 1]} and therefore have the powers of such. A factor has a possessory lien over the consigned goods that covers any claims against the principal arising out of the factor's activity.

その語源は、ラテン語で「行う人、作る人」を意味するfacit「彼／彼女が／それを行う／作る」からきている。歴史的には、ファクターは工場として知られる一種の交易所に席を置いていた。

The term derives from the Latin for "doer, maker", from facit, "he/she/it does/makes". Historically, a factor had their seat at a sort of trading post known as a factory.

History

20世紀以前は、ファクターは商取引の仲介役であり、その主な役割は、委託された商品の倉庫保管と販売、代金決済、バイヤーの信用保証、時には商品の販売前にプリンシパルに現金を立替払いすることであった。彼らのサービスは海外貿易において特に価値があり、ファクターは植民地開拓と発展の偉大な時代において重要な人物となった[4]。

Before the 20th century, factors were mercantile intermediaries whose main functions were warehousing and selling consigned goods, accounting to principals for the proceeds, guaranteeing buyers' credit, and sometimes making cash advances to principals prior to the sale of the goods. Their services were of particular value in foreign trade, and factors became important figures in the great period of colonial exploration and development.

Mercantile factors

比較的大規模な商社では、いくつかの等級のファクターを含む階層を持つことができた。イギリスの東インド会社の階層では、「ファクター」は「ライター」（下級事務員）と「下級商人」の間に位置づけられていた[5]。

A relatively large mercantile company could have a hierarchy including several grades of factor. The British East India Company hierarchy ranked "factors" between "writers" (junior clerks) and "junior merchants".^[2]

北米では、1821年にノースウェスト会社と合併して再編成されたハドソンズ・ベイ・カンパニーには、チーフ・トレーダーとチーフ・ファクターの階級を含む嘱託役員がいた。HBCが統治していた証書では、チーフ・ファクターは25人、チーフ・トレーダーは28人であった[6]。チーフ・ファクターは通常、管理上の高い地位にあった。

In North America the Hudson's Bay Company, as restructured after merging with the North West Company in 1821, had commissioned officers who included the ranks of chief trader and chief factor. They all shared the profits of the company during its monopoly years. In the deed poll under which the HBC was governed, there were 25 chief factors and 28 chief traders. Chief factors usually held high administrative positions.

オランダ東インド会社やイギリス東インド会社は、アジア各地の貿易拠点に拠点を置いていた。しかし、18世紀から19世紀初頭にかけての中国と日本では、政府はヨーロッパの貿易商を狭い地域に限定していた。日本との貿易が始まる前、オランダの工場は長崎沖の島である出島での操業を許可され、中国ではイギリスは広東の十三工場と沙面島に限定されていた。

The Dutch East India Company and the British East India Company based factors at trading posts in numerous sites all over Asia. In 18th- and early 19th-century China and Japan, however, the governments limited European traders to small, defined areas: the Dutch Factory was allowed to operate on Dejima, an island off Nagasaki, before the opening of trade with Japan; and in China the British were limited to Thirteen Factories and Shamian Island areas of Canton.

Colonial factors

他に正規の当局がない領土では、特に防衛が必要な場合、会社はファクターに、理論的には小規模な守備隊の指揮を含む、より高い階層の権限の下で総督の機能を果たすよう命じることができた。例えば、インドネシアのジャワ島にあるバンテンは、1603年から1682年まで東インド会社によって設立された交易所であり、一連のチーフ・ファクターによって運営されていた。

In territories without any other regular authorities, especially if in need of defence, the company could mandate its factor to perform the functions of a governor, theoretically under authority of a higher echelon, including command of a small garrison. For example, Banten, on the Indonesian island of Java, was from 1603 to 1682 a trading post established by the East India Company and run by a series of chief factors.

この用語とその複合語は、他の言語でも同等のポジションを表すのに使われる：

The term and its compounds are also used to render equivalent positions in other languages, such as:

Chief factor for the Dutch oppercommies, for instance of the Dutch West India Company on the Slave Coast of West Africa.
Chief factor for the Dutch opperhoofd (literally 'supreme head'; but also used for a Tribal Chief, as a Sachem of American Indians), e.g. in the Dutch factory on Dejima, mentioned above.

Debt factors

個人であれ会社（ファクタリング会社）であれ、デット・ファクターが短期融資の担保として帳簿上の債務（売掛金）を譲り受けることをファクタリングという。

A debt factor, whether a person or firm (factoring company), accepts as assignee book debts (accounts receivable) as security for short-term loans; this is known as factoring.

Judicial factor

スコットランドの法律では、司法要因は、後見人（家庭教師と呼ばれる）が任命されるまでの間（factor loco tutoris）、無能力者のため、または機能不全に陥ったパートナーシップのために、財産を管理するためにセッション裁判所によって任命される管財人の一種である。

In Scottish law, a judicial factor is a kind of trustee appointed by the Court of Session to administer an estate, for a ward (called a pupil) until a guardian (called a tutor) can be appointed (factor loco tutoris), for a person who is incapax, or for a partnership that is unable to function.

Notable factors

アレクサンダー・グラント・ダラス（1816-07-25 - 1882-01-03）は、ハドソン湾会社のロッキー山脈西部の監督官となり、北米のルパートランド（現在のアメリカ合衆国とカナダ）の総督となったチーフ・ファクターである。
Alexander Grant Dallas (1816-07-25 – 1882-01-03) was a Chief Factor who became superintendent of the west-of-the-Rockies portion of the Hudson's Bay Company and the Governor of Rupert's Land in North America, areas now in the United States and Canada.

Notes

^ Section 1(1) of the Factors Act 1889 defines a mercantile agent as "a mercantile agent having in the customary course of his business as such agent authority either to sell goods, or to consign goods for the purpose of sale, or to buy goods, or to raise money on the security of goods".^[1]

References

External links

WorldStatesmen, for Vietnam; see also under other countries

[[Category:交易の歴史]] [[Category:毛皮貿易]] [[Category:ハドソン湾会社]] [[Category:未査読の翻訳があるページ]]

^ UK Legislation, Factors Act 1889, section 1(1), accessed on 17 July 2024
^ Mill, James (1848) [1818]. The History of British India. 3 (4 ed.). London: J. Madden. p. 23 13 April 2022閲覧. "The several denominations of the Company's servants in India were, writers, factors, junior merchants, and senior merchants: the business of the writers [...] was that of clerking [...]. In the capacity of writers they remained during five years. The first promotion was to the rank of factor; the next to that of junior merchant; in each of which the period of service was three years."

[2] Section 1(1) of the Factors Act 1889 defines a mercantile agent as "a mercantile agent having in the customary course of his business as such agent authority either to sell goods, or to consign goods for the purpose of sale, or to buy goods, or to raise money on the security of goods".^[1]

[1] UK Legislation, Factors Act 1889, section 1(1), accessed on 17 July 2024

[3] Mill, James (1848) [1818]. The History of British India. 3 (4 ed.). London: J. Madden. p. 23 13 April 2022閲覧. "The several denominations of the Company's servants in India were, writers, factors, junior merchants, and senior merchants: the business of the writers [...] was that of clerking [...]. In the capacity of writers they remained during five years. The first promotion was to the rank of factor; the next to that of junior merchant; in each of which the period of service was three years."

[注釈 1]

[2]

[1]