利用者:加藤勝憲/不正流用
| 産業財産権 | |
|---|---|
| 知的創造物についての権利等 | |
| 営業上の標識についての権利等 | |
法律上、不正流用とは、他人の名前、肖像、身元、財産、発見、発明などを本人の許可なく不正に使用し、その結果、その人に損害を与えることを指す。
Another use of the word refers to intentional and illegal use of property or funds; it can particularly refer to when done by a public official.
Criminal law
[編集]刑法では、不正流用とは、特に公務員、信託の管財人、故人の遺産の執行者または管理者、または他人の資産を管理および保護する責任 (受託者責任) を持つ人物が、他人の財産または資金を自分の使用またはその他の許可されていない目的のために故意に違法に使用することで、管轄区域と財産の価値によっては、不正流用は重罪、つまり懲役刑に処せられる犯罪となる場合がある。
In criminal law, misappropriation is the intentional, illegal use of the property or funds of another person for one's own use or other unauthorized purpose, particularly by a public official, a trustee of a trust, an executor or administrator of a deceased person's estate or by any person with a responsibility to care for and protect another's assets (a fiduciary duty). Depending upon the jurisdiction and value of the property, misappropriation may be a felony, a crime punishable by a prison sentence.
Scientific research
[編集]In scientific research, misappropriation is a type of research misconduct. An investigator, scholar or reviewer can obtain novel ideas during the process of the exchange of ideas amongst colleagues and peers. However, improper use of such information could constitute fraud. This can include plagiarism of work or to make use of any information in breach of any duty of confidentiality associated with the review of manuscripts or grant applications.[要出典]
Consequences of misappropriation
[編集]Misappropriation can have very serious consequences, including imprisonment, fines, probation, and a permanent criminal record.
The punishment for misappropriation may be determined by the value of the property affected and previous criminal record.
Defenses
[編集]Since misappropriation is considered a form of theft, arguments countering charges of theft can be modified and utilized against misappropriation, including:
- Property did not belong to the plaintiff. Information which is available to everyone, such as facts in a news story, is considered public and thus cannot be owned by the plaintiff.
- Independent development of property. The defendant did not “take” the plaintiff's trade secrets if the defendant created the trade secrets independent of the plaintiff's knowledge, resources and involvement.
- Consent by the plaintiff. If the plaintiff had given the defendant permission to use the property for a purpose, then the defendant cannot be guilty of misuse if the defendant used the property for that purpose.
Differences between misappropriation and embezzlement
[編集]Embezzlement is misappropriation when the property or funds involved have been lawfully entrusted to the embezzler. In circumstances where the funds are accessible to, but not entrusted to, the perpetrator, it is not embezzlement but can still be considered larceny, misappropriation, misapplication, or some other similar term.
Examples of misappropriation
[編集]For an example, see §1803 of the Judicial Council of California's Civil Jury Instructions from 2013.
References
[編集][[Category:法律用語]] [[Category:経済犯罪]] [[Category:刑法]]