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Locations of World Heritage Sites in Greenland
Locations of World Heritage Sites in Denmark. Red dots indicate cultural sites and green dots indicate natural sites.

The United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) World Heritage Sites are places of importance to cultural or natural heritage as described in the UNESCO World Heritage Convention, established in 1972.[1] Denmark ratified the convention on 25 July 1979, making its historical sites eligible for inclusion on the list.[2]

The first site in Denmark to be added to the list was Jelling Mounds, Runic Stones and Church, inscribed at the 18th Session of the World Heritage Committee, held in 1994 in Phuket, Thailand.[3] Further sites were added in 1995, 2000, 2004, 2009, 2014, 2017, and 2018. As of 2019, Denmark has ten sites inscribed on the list and a further four on the tentative list. Three sites, Kujataa, Aasivissuit – Nipisat, and Ilulissat Icefjord, are located in Greenland, which is an autonomous territory within the Kingdom of Denmark.[4]

Seven sites in Denmark are cultural and three are natural.[2] The natural site Wadden Sea is shared with Germany and the Netherlands. In 2014, the Danish part of the site was added to the existing site in the other two countries, listed in 2009.[5]

World Heritage Sites

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UNESCO lists sites under ten criteria; each entry must meet at least one of the criteria. Criteria i through vi are cultural, whereas vii through x are natural.[6]

  * Transnational site
Site Image Location Year listed UNESCO data Description
Jelling Mounds, Runic Stones and Church Two standing stones with runic inscriptions and figurative carvings Jelling 1994 697; iii (cultural) The monuments at Jelling include runestones, burial mounds, and a church. They document the Danish transition from Norse paganism to Christianity in the 10th century. The two burial mounds are pagan, as well as the older runestone, raised by king Gorm the Old. The larger runestone mentions the Christianization of Denmark and was raised by king Harald Bluetooth, who also erected the nearby church.[7]
Roskilde Cathedral Roskilde Cathedral, a brick building with two spires. Look from above. Roskilde 1995 695; ii, iv (cultural) The construction of the cathedral started in the 12th century in Romanesque and continued in Gothic style in the 13th century. It is built in brick, thus an early example of a major ecclesiastical building built in this material in Northern Europe, and has been the main burial site for Danish monarchs since the 15th century.[8]
Kronborg Castle Kronborg Castle, a fortified brick structure, seen from a distance. Helsingør 2000 696; iv (cultural) The Renaissance castle, mostly built in the late 16th century, is strategically located at the narrowest point of the Øresund strait. It was destroyed by a fire in 1629 but rebuilt shortly after in almost precisely the same shape, with further military modification carried out in the following century. Kronborg, as Elsinore, is the setting of William Shakespeare's play Hamlet.[9]
Ilulissat Icefjord A massive iceberg in the sea full of smaller icebergs. Avannaata, Greenland 2004 1149; vii, viii (natural) Ilulissat Icefjord is one of the few places where the Greenland ice sheet meets the sea, in the Sermeq Kujalleq glacier. This is one of the most active glaciers in the world, which annually calves over 35立方キロメートル (8.4 cu mi) of ice. It has been studied for over 250 years, providing insight into icecap glaciology and climate change.[10]
Stevns Klint A look at the cliff from Old Højerup Church Stevns 2014 1416; viii (natural) Stevns Klint is a 15キロメートル (9.3 mi) long coastal cliff, rich with fossils. It offers exceptional evidence of the impact of the Chicxulub meteorite that crashed into the planet at the end of the Cretaceous period, about 66 million years ago, causing the Cretaceous–Paleogene extinction event. The site also bears witness to the development of flora and fauna following the recovery after the mass extinction.[11]
Wadden Sea* Sea with birds flying above Wadden Sea National Park 2014 1314; viii, ix, x (natural) The Wadden Sea is the largest unbroken system of intertidal sand and mud flats in the world. It is an important biodiversity spot, harbouring species such as harbour seal, grey seal, and harbour porpoise. The sites in Germany and the Netherlands were inscribed to the World Heritage List in 2009, the site in Denmark was added in 2014.[5]
Christiansfeld, a Moravian Church Settlement A church building, a frontal view. A park with a fountain in front of the church. Christiansfeld 2015 1468; iii, iv (cultural) Christiansfeld, founded in 1773, is an example of a planned settlement of the Moravian Church, a Protestant denomination, reflecting the egalitarian philosophy of the community. The settlement includes important buildings for the common welfare, such as communal houses for the congregation's widows and unmarried men and women.[12]
The par force hunting landscape in North Zealand A feeding station in Kægersborg Dyrehave, forest in the background Store Dyrehave, Gribskov, Jægersborg Dyrehave/Jægersborg Hegn 2015 1469; ii, iv (cultural) The site encompasses two forests where Danish nobility practiced par force hunting, which is hunting with hounds. The peak activity was reached between the 17th and late 18th century. The forests were modified according to the Baroque landscape planning principles, with hunting lanes laid out in a star system, featuring additional fences, orientation points, and hunting lodges.[13]
Kujataa Greenland: Norse and Inuit Farming at the Edge of the Ice Cap Hvalsey Church ruins Kujalleq, Greenland 2017 1536; v (cultural) Kujataa is a farming landscape in Southern Greenland which was shaped by two cultures—by Norsemen between the 10th and 15th century, and Inuit since the 18th century. Although the two cultures are distinct, both relied on a combination of farming, pastoralism and hunting of marine mammals.[14]
Aasivissuit – Nipisat. Inuit Hunting Ground between Ice and Sea – Qeqqata, Greenland 2018 1557; v (cultural) The area contains evidence of 4200 years of human history, connected to hunting of marine and land animals, such as the caribou. Archaeological sites can be dated to various periods, including Saqqaq (2500-700 BC), Dorset (800 BC-1 AD), Thule Inuit (from the 13th century) and colonial periods (from the 18th century).[15]

Tentative list

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In addition to sites inscribed on the World Heritage list, member states can maintain a list of tentative sites that they may consider for nomination. Nominations for the World Heritage list are only accepted if the site was previously listed on the tentative list.[16] 2019年現在, Denmark has recorded four sites on its tentative list.[2]

Site Image Location Year listed UNESCO criteria Description
Amalienborg and its district Amalienborg, look at the square from above Copenhagen 1993 i, ii, iv (cultural) Amalienborg was built in the 18th century as an extension of medieval Copenhagen. The main square contains four identical palaces, designed by Niels Eigtved in the Rococo style for chosen noble families. The equestrian statue of king Frederick V is erected in the middle.[17][18]
Moler landscapes of the Liim Fiord Hanklit cliff, look from above Jutland 2010 viii, ix (natural) The Western Liim Fiord contains deposits of rare diatomite from the Lower Eocene, locally known as mo-clay. The largest deposits are found around the islands of Mors and Fur. The deposits contain large quantities of fossils, including birds, reptiles, and fish.[19]
Viking Age Ring Fortresses Trelleborg ring fortress from above Fyrkat, Aggersborg, Nonnebakken, Trelleborg, Borgring 2018 iv (cultural) These fortresses, all following the same standard circular shape, were built in a very short time window, around AD 975–80, during the reign of king Harald Bluetooth. Since they functioned for only a short period of time and were later mostly undisturbed, they provide an important insight into the Viking Age Denmark.[20]
The Maritime Heritage of Dragør Old Town and Harbour - A ‘skipper-town’ from the era of the great tall ships in the 18th and 19th centuries Dragør Harbour panorama with boats and houses Dragør 2019 ii, iii, iv, v (cultural) The town of Dragør is strategically located on the coast of the Øresund strait. Both the well-preserved Old Town and the Harbour bear testimony to the time when Denmark was an important seafaring nation, with ships from Dragør sailing not only to the Baltic and Northern Europe but also to the Americas, Africa, and Asia.[21]

References

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  1. ^ “The World Heritage Convention”. UNESCO World Heritage Centre. 27 August 2016時点のオリジナルよりアーカイブ。7 July 2019閲覧。
  2. ^ a b c “Denmark – Properties inscribed on the World Heritage List”. UNESCO World Heritage Centre. 29 June 2020時点のオリジナルよりアーカイブ。7 July 2019閲覧。
  3. ^ “18th Session of the World Heritage Committee”. UNESCO World Heritage Centre. 7 September 2020時点のオリジナルよりアーカイブ。25 September 2018閲覧。
  4. ^ Markku Suksi (2011). Sub-State Governance through Territorial Autonomy: A Comparative Study in Constitutional Law of Powers, Procedures and Institutions. Springer Science & Business Media. p. 576. ISBN 978-3-642-20048-9. https://books.google.com/books?id=d7UUkiwi_9cC&pg=PA576 
  5. ^ a b “Wadden Sea”. UNESCO World Heritage Centre. 20 August 2020時点のオリジナルよりアーカイブ。6 August 2019閲覧。
  6. ^ “UNESCO World Heritage Centre – The Criteria for Selection”. UNESCO World Heritage Centre. 12 June 2016時点のオリジナルよりアーカイブ。17 August 2018閲覧。
  7. ^ “Jelling Mounds, Runic Stones and Church”. UNESCO World Heritage Centre. 29 June 2020時点のオリジナルよりアーカイブ。6 August 2019閲覧。
  8. ^ “Roskilde Cathedral”. UNESCO World Heritage Centre. 29 June 2020時点のオリジナルよりアーカイブ。6 August 2019閲覧。
  9. ^ “Kronborg Castle”. UNESCO World Heritage Centre. 29 June 2020時点のオリジナルよりアーカイブ。6 August 2019閲覧。
  10. ^ “Ilulissat Icefjord”. UNESCO World Heritage Centre. 4 September 2020時点のオリジナルよりアーカイブ。6 August 2019閲覧。
  11. ^ “Stevns Klint”. UNESCO World Heritage Centre. 29 June 2020時点のオリジナルよりアーカイブ。6 August 2019閲覧。
  12. ^ “Christiansfeld, a Moravian Church Settlement”. UNESCO World Heritage Centre. 29 June 2020時点のオリジナルよりアーカイブ。6 August 2019閲覧。
  13. ^ “The par force hunting landscape in North Zealand”. UNESCO World Heritage Centre. 29 June 2020時点のオリジナルよりアーカイブ。6 August 2019閲覧。
  14. ^ “Kujataa Greenland: Norse and Inuit Farming at the Edge of the Ice Cap”. UNESCO World Heritage Centre. 7 September 2020時点のオリジナルよりアーカイブ。6 August 2019閲覧。
  15. ^ “Aasivissuit – Nipisat. Inuit Hunting Ground between Ice and Sea”. UNESCO World Heritage Centre. 13 July 2018時点のオリジナルよりアーカイブ。6 August 2019閲覧。
  16. ^ “Tentative Lists”. UNESCO World Heritage Centre. April 1, 2016時点のオリジナルよりアーカイブ。July 12, 2014閲覧。
  17. ^ “Amalienborg and its district”. UNESCO World Heritage Centre. 23 June 2020時点のオリジナルよりアーカイブ。6 August 2019閲覧。
  18. ^ “Amalienborg Palace – The Royal Residence”. copenhagenet.dk. 22 January 2020時点のオリジナルよりアーカイブ。19 October 2019閲覧。
  19. ^ “Moler landscapes of the Liim Fiord”. UNESCO World Heritage Centre. 23 June 2020時点のオリジナルよりアーカイブ。6 August 2019閲覧。
  20. ^ “Viking Age Ring Fortresses”. UNESCO World Heritage Centre. 23 June 2020時点のオリジナルよりアーカイブ。6 August 2019閲覧。
  21. ^ “The Maritime Heritage of Dragør Old Town and Harbour – A ‘skipper-town’ from the era of the great tall ships in the 18th and 19th centuries”. UNESCO World Heritage Centre. 23 June 2020時点のオリジナルよりアーカイブ。6 August 2019閲覧。
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