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World Heritage Sites in Croatia
yellow = Cultural, green = Natural

The United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) World Heritage Sites are places of importance to cultural or natural heritage as described in the UNESCO World Heritage Convention, established in 1972.[1] Croatia, following its declaration of independence from Yugoslavia on 25 June 1991, succeeded the convention on 6 July 1992.[2]

Currently, there are ten sites inscribed on the list and 15 sites on the tentative list. The first three sites, Historical Complex of Split with the Palace of Diocletian, Dubrovnik, and Plitvice Lakes National Park, were inscribed to the list at the 3rd UNESCO session in 1979. Further sites were added in 1997, 2000, 2008, 2016, and 2017.[2] In total, there are eight cultural and two natural sites, as determined by the organization's selection criteria. Three of the sites are shared with other countries.[2]

During the Croatian War of Independence, following the breakup of Yugoslavia, military confrontations took place in Dubrovnik (Siege of Dubrovnik) and in the Plitvice Lakes area. Extensive artillery damage in Dubrovnik and landmines laid around Plitvice resulted in the two sites being listed as endangered in 1991. Following their restoration, Plitvice and Dubrovnik were removed from the list of endangered sites in 1997 and 1998, respectively.[3][4] Although Croatia's World Heritage Sites generate large numbers of visitors, new threats are emerging due to the detrimental effects of uncontrolled mass tourism.[5][6]

World Heritage Sites

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UNESCO lists sites under ten criteria; each entry must meet at least one of the criteria. Criteria i through vi are cultural, whereas vii through x are natural.[7]

  * Transnational site
Site Image Location Year listed UNESCO data Description
Plitvice Lakes National Park Plitvička Jezera 1979 98; vii, viii, ix (natural) Over time, water has flowed over the natural limestone and chalk, creating natural dams which in turn have created a series of connecting lakes, waterfalls, and caves. The nearby forests are home to bears, wolves, and many rare bird species.[8]
Historical Complex of Split with the Palace of Diocletian Split 1979 97; ii, iii, iv (cultural) The palace was built by the Roman emperor Diocletian at the turn of the fourth century AD, and later served as the basis of the city of Split. A cathedral was built in the Middle Ages inside the ancient mausoleum, along with churches, fortifications, Gothic and Renaissance palaces. The Baroque style makes up the rest of the area.[9]
Old City of Dubrovnik Dubrovnik 1979 95; i, iii, iv (cultural) Dubrovnik became a prosperous Maritime Republic during the Middle Ages, it became the only eastern Adriatic city-state to rival Venice. Supported by its wealth and skilled diplomacy, the city achieved a remarkable level of development, particularly during the 15th and 16th centuries.[10]
Episcopal Complex of the Euphrasian Basilica in the Historic Centre of Poreč Poreč 1997 809; ii, iv (cultural) The episcopal complex, with its striking mosaics dating back to the 6th century, is one of the best examples of early Byzantine art and architecture in the Mediterranean region and the world. It includes the basilica itself, a sacristy, a baptistery, and the bell tower of the nearby archbishop's palace.[11]
Historic city of Trogir Trogir 1997 810; ii, iv (cultural) Trogir's rich culture was created under the influence of old Greeks, Romans, and Venetians. It is the best-preserved Romanesque-Gothic complex not only in the Adriatic, but in all of Central Europe. Trogir's medieval core, surrounded by walls, comprises a preserved castle and tower and a series of dwellings and palaces from the Romanesque, Gothic, Renaissance, and Baroque periods.[12]
Šibenik Cathedral of St James Šibenik 2000 963; i, ii, iv (cultural) The cathedral is a triple-nave basilica with three apses and a dome (32メートル (105 ft) high inside) and is also one of the most important Renaissance architectural monuments in the eastern Adriatic.[13]
Stari Grad Plain Hvar 2008 1240; ii, iii, v (cultural) The Stari Grad Plain is an agricultural landscape that was set up by the ancient Greek colonists in the 4th century BC, and remains in use today. The plain is generally still in its original form. The ancient layout has been preserved by careful maintenance of the stone walls over 24 centuries.[14]
Stećci Medieval Tombstones Graveyards* Dubravka, Cista Velika 2016 1504; iii, vi (cultural) Stećci (sing. stećak) or the medieval tombstones are the monolith stone monuments found in the regions of the present Bosnia and Herzegovina, parts of Croatia, Serbia, and Montenegro. They first appeared in the 12th century and reached their peak in the 14th and 15th century. There are two sites inscribed in Croatia, in Dubravka and in Cista Velika.[15]
Venetian Works of defence between 15th and 17th centuries* Zadar, Šibenik 2017 1533; iii, iv (cultural) This property consists of 15 components of defence works in Italy, Croatia, and Montenegro, spanning more than 1,000 kilometres between the Lombard region of Italy and the eastern Adriatic Coast. The introduction of gunpowder led to significant shifts in military techniques and architecture. Croatian sites include the defensive system of Zadar and St. Nicholas Fortress in Šibenik.[16]
Primeval Beech Forests of the Carpathians and Other Regions of Europe* Paklenica, Northern Velebit National Park 2017 1133; ix (natural) This transboundary site (shared with Albania, Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Germany, Italy, Poland, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, and Ukraine) encompasses the isolated refuges from which the European beech has spread across the continent since the end of the last Ice Age. This successful expansion is related to the tree’s flexibility and tolerance of different climatic, geographical and physical conditions.[17]

Tentative list

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In addition to the sites inscribed on the World Heritage list, member states can maintain a list of tentative sites that they may consider for nomination. Nominations for the World Heritage list are only accepted if the site was previously listed on the tentative list.[18] As of 2021, Croatia recorded fifteen sites on its tentative list.[19]

Site Image Location Year listed UNESCO criteria Description
Zadar – Episcopal complex Zadar County 2005 i, ii, iii, iv, vi (cultural) The site encompasses the Romanesque Zadar Cathedral, Church of St. Donatus from the 9th century, the archbishop’s palace, and other buildings. Originally a Liburnian settlement and later a Roman colony, Zadar still preserves its Roman forum and street plan.[20]
Historical-town planning ensemble of Ston with Mali Ston, connecting walls, the Mali Ston Bay nature reserve, Stonsko Polje and the salt pans Dubrovnik-Neretva County 2005 i, iii, iv, v (cultural) Ston was a major fort of the Republic of Ragusa. The area of this cultural property includes urban ensembles developed in accordance with the configuration of the ground and the preserved parts of the outstanding natural environment.[21]
Historical-Town Planning Ensemble Tvrđa (Fort) in Osijek Osijek-Baranja County 2005 i, iv, vi (cultural) Tvrđa, a Habsburg star fort, contains the best-preserved and largest ensemble of Baroque buildings in Croatia and has been described as a unique example of an 18th-century baroque military, administrative, and commercial urban center.[22]
Varaždin – Historic Nucleus and Old Town (the Castle) Varaždin County 2005 i, iii, iv, vi (cultural) The city nucleus represents an ensemble of medieval-renaissance-baroque buildings. For a brief period in the 18th century, Varaždin was the capital of Croatia.[23]
Burg – Castle of Veliki Tabor Krapina-Zagorje County 2005 iv (cultural) The castle, built in the 15th and 16th centuries, combines features of late Gothic and Renaissance architecture.[24]
Lonjsko Polje Nature Park Sisak-Moslavina County 2005 (mixed) The largest protected wetland in the Danube basin is an important habitat for birds and other animals. Large pasture lands have remained preserved to the present for indigenous livestock species found in this region.[25]
Velebit Mountain Lika-Senj County and Zadar County 2005 vii, viii, ix, x (natural) The largest mountain massive in Croatia, exhibiting a wide range of karst landforms.[26]
Diocletian's Palace and the Historical Nucleus of Split (extension) Split-Dalmatia County 2005 i, ii, iii, iv, v (cultural) Extension to the existing World Heritage Site, to include additional sites, including the Diocletian Aqueduct.[27]
Lubenice Primorje-Gorski Kotar County 2005 v (cultural) A village at a strategic location on the island of Cres, inhabited since the prehistoric era.[28]
Primošten Vineyards – Šibenik-Knin County 2007 v, vi (cultural) The Primošten vineyards represent a materialized traditional form of cultivating a specific kind of Mediterranean soil.[29]
Hermitage Blaca Split-Dalmatia County 2007 ii, v (cultural) The hermitage established in the 16th century by Glagolitic monks.[30]
City of Motovun Istria County 2007 ii, iv (cultural) A medieval town, developed from a prehistoric hill fort, that has preserved its medieval characteristics.[31]
The historic town of Korčula Dubrovnik-Neretva County 2007 ii, iii, iv, v (cultural) A historic fortified town on the protected east coast of the island of Korčula.[32]
Kornati National Park and Telašćica Nature Park Šibenik-Knin County and Zadar County 2007 vii, viii, x (natural) An isolated archipelago, exhibiting a wide range of Karst landforms, and an important protected area for marine wildlife.[33]
Frontiers of the Roman Empire – The Danube Limes (Croatia)* several sites along the Danube River 2020 ii, iii, iv (cultural) The Croatian part of the Danubian Limes was secured by forts and watchtowers, connected by military roads. There are 23 individual sites listed in this nomination.[34]

See also

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References

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  1. ^ “UNESCO World Heritage Centre – The World Heritage Convention”. UNESCO World Heritage Centre (25 October 2015). 27 August 2016時点のオリジナルよりアーカイブ。26 December 2019閲覧。
  2. ^ a b c “Croatia”. UNESCO World Heritage Centre (25 July 2017). 29 June 2020時点のオリジナルよりアーカイブ。26 December 2019閲覧。
  3. ^ “World Heritage Committee: Twenty-first session”. UNESCO World Heritage Centre. 11 June 2003時点のオリジナルよりアーカイブ。14 November 2017閲覧。
  4. ^ “World Heritage Committee: Twenty-first session”. UNESCO World Heritage Centre (14 November 2017). 6 September 2011時点のオリジナルよりアーカイブ。26 December 2019閲覧。
  5. ^ Sven Milekic, Dusica Tomovic, Sinisa Jakov Marusic. “Uncontrolled Tourism Threatens Balkan UNESCO Sites”. Balkan Insight. 15 November 2017時点のオリジナルよりアーカイブ。14 November 2017閲覧。
  6. ^ “UNESCO World Heritage Centre - State of Conservation (SOC 2017) Plitvice Lakes National Park (Croatia)”. UNESCO World Heritage Centre. 23 June 2020時点のオリジナルよりアーカイブ。14 November 2017閲覧。
  7. ^ “UNESCO World Heritage Centre – The Criteria for Selection”. UNESCO World Heritage Centre. 12 June 2016時点のオリジナルよりアーカイブ。17 August 2018閲覧。
  8. ^ “Plitvice Lakes National Park”. UNESCO World Heritage Centre. 8 December 2005時点のオリジナルよりアーカイブ。30 August 2017閲覧。
  9. ^ “Historical Complex of Split with the Palace of Diocletian”. UNESCO World Heritage Centre. 29 June 2020時点のオリジナルよりアーカイブ。30 August 2017閲覧。
  10. ^ “Old City of Dubrovnik”. UNESCO World Heritage Centre. 29 June 2020時点のオリジナルよりアーカイブ。30 August 2017閲覧。
  11. ^ “Episcopal Complex of the Euphrasian Basilica in the Historic Centre of Poreč”. UNESCO World Heritage Centre. 29 June 2020時点のオリジナルよりアーカイブ。30 August 2017閲覧。
  12. ^ “Historic City of Trogir”. UNESCO World Heritage Centre. 29 June 2020時点のオリジナルよりアーカイブ。30 August 2017閲覧。
  13. ^ “The Cathedral of St James in Šibenik”. UNESCO World Heritage Centre. 29 June 2020時点のオリジナルよりアーカイブ。30 August 2017閲覧。
  14. ^ “Stari Grad Plain”. UNESCO World Heritage Centre. 29 June 2020時点のオリジナルよりアーカイブ。30 August 2017閲覧。
  15. ^ “Stećci Medieval Tombstones Graveyards”. UNESCO World Heritage Centre. 17 September 2017時点のオリジナルよりアーカイブ。30 August 2017閲覧。
  16. ^ “Venetian Works of Defence between the 16th and 17th Centuries: Stato da Terra – Western Stato da Mar”. UNESCO World Heritage Centre. 29 June 2020時点のオリジナルよりアーカイブ。30 August 2017閲覧。
  17. ^ “Ancient and Primeval Beech Forests of the Carpathians and Other Regions of Europe”. UNESCO World Heritage Centre. 2 March 2012時点のオリジナルよりアーカイブ。30 August 2017閲覧。
  18. ^ “UNESCO World Heritage Centre – Tentative Lists”. UNESCO World Heritage Centre. 20 July 2017時点のオリジナルよりアーカイブ。25 July 2017閲覧。
  19. ^ “UNESCO World Heritage Centre – Tentative Lists: Croatia”. UNESCO World Heritage Centre. 22 June 2020時点のオリジナルよりアーカイブ。25 July 2017閲覧。
  20. ^ “Zadar – Episcopal complex”. UNESCO World Heritage Centre. 30 June 2020時点のオリジナルよりアーカイブ。30 August 2017閲覧。
  21. ^ “Historical-town planning ensemble of Ston with Mali Ston, connecting walls, the Mali Ston Bay nature reserve, Stonsko Polje and the salt pans”. UNESCO World Heritage Centre. 23 June 2020時点のオリジナルよりアーカイブ。30 August 2017閲覧。
  22. ^ “Historical-Town Planning Ensemble Tvrda (Fort) in Osijek”. UNESCO World Heritage Centre. 23 June 2020時点のオリジナルよりアーカイブ。30 August 2017閲覧。
  23. ^ “Varazdin – Historic Nucleus and Old Town (the Castle)”. UNESCO World Heritage Centre. 30 June 2020時点のオリジナルよりアーカイブ。30 August 2017閲覧。
  24. ^ “Burg – Castle of Veliki Tabor”. UNESCO World Heritage Centre. 23 June 2020時点のオリジナルよりアーカイブ。30 August 2017閲覧。
  25. ^ “Lonjsko Polje”. UNESCO World Heritage Centre. 23 June 2020時点のオリジナルよりアーカイブ。30 August 2017閲覧。
  26. ^ “Velebit Mountain”. UNESCO World Heritage Centre. 30 June 2020時点のオリジナルよりアーカイブ。30 August 2017閲覧。
  27. ^ “Diocletian's Palace and the Historical Nucleus of Split (extension)”. UNESCO World Heritage Centre. 8 February 2020時点のオリジナルよりアーカイブ。30 August 2017閲覧。
  28. ^ “Lubenice”. UNESCO World Heritage Centre. 23 June 2020時点のオリジナルよりアーカイブ。30 August 2017閲覧。
  29. ^ “Primošten Vineyards”. UNESCO World Heritage Centre. 23 June 2020時点のオリジナルよりアーカイブ。30 August 2017閲覧。
  30. ^ “Hermitage Blaca”. UNESCO World Heritage Centre. 30 June 2020時点のオリジナルよりアーカイブ。30 August 2017閲覧。
  31. ^ “City of Motovun”. UNESCO World Heritage Centre. 1 July 2020時点のオリジナルよりアーカイブ。30 August 2017閲覧。
  32. ^ “The historic town of Korčula”. UNESCO World Heritage Centre. 30 June 2020時点のオリジナルよりアーカイブ。30 August 2017閲覧。
  33. ^ “Kornati National Park and Telašćica Nature Park”. UNESCO World Heritage Centre. 23 June 2020時点のオリジナルよりアーカイブ。30 August 2017閲覧。
  34. ^ “Frontiers of the Roman Empire – The Danube Limes (Croatia)”. UNESCO World Heritage Centre. 27 April 2021時点のオリジナルよりアーカイブ。15 April 2021閲覧。
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