利用者:ツバル/sandbox/三峡ダム
水運
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The installation of ship locks is intended to increase river shipping from ten million to 100 million tonnes annually, as a result transportation costs will be cut between 30 and 37%. Shipping will become safer, since the gorges are notoriously dangerous to navigate.[1] Ships with much deeper draft will be able to navigate 2,400キロメートル (1,500 mi) upstream from Shanghai all the way to Chongqing. It is expected that shipping to Chongqing will increase fivefold.[2][3]
There are two series of ship locks installed near the dam (北緯30度50分12秒 東経111度1分10秒 / 北緯30.83667度 東経111.01944度). Each of them is made up of five stages, with transit time at around four hours. Maximum vessel size is 10,000 tons.[4] The locks are 280 m long, 35 m wide, and 5 m deep (918 × 114 × 16.4 ft).[5][6] That is 30 m longer than those on the St Lawrence Seaway, but half as deep. Before the dam was constructed, the maximum freight capacity at the Three Gorges site was 18.0 million tonnes per year. From 2004 to 2007, a total of 198 million tonnes of freight passed through the locks. The freight capacity of the river increased six times and the cost of shipping was reduced by 25%. The total capacity of the ship locks is expected to reach 100 million tonnes per year.[1]
These locks are staircase locks, whereby inner lock gate pairs serve as both the upper gate and lower gate. The gates are the vulnerable hinged type, which, if damaged, could temporarily render the entire flight unusable. As there are separate sets of locks for upstream and downstream traffic, this system is more water efficient than bi-directional staircase locks.
船舶昇降機
[編集]In addition to the canal locks, there is a ship lift, a kind of elevator for vessels. The ship lift can lift ships of up to 3,000 tons.[7][8] The vertical distance traveled is 113 metres,[9] and the size of the ship lift's basin is 120×18×3.5 metres. The ship lift takes 30 to 40 minutes to transit, as opposed to the three to four hours for stepping through the locks.[10] One complicating factor is that the water level can vary dramatically. The ship lift must work even if water levels vary by 12 meters (39 ft) on the lower side, and 30 metres on the upper side.
The ship lift's design uses a helical gear system, to climb or descend a toothed rack.[11]
The ship lift was not yet complete when the rest of the project was officially opened on May 20, 2006.[12][13] In November 2007 it was reported in the local media that construction of the ship lift started in October 2007.[14]
In February 2012 Xinhua reported that the four towers that are to support the ship lift had almost been completed.[15]
The report said the towers had reached 189 metres of the anticipated 195 metres, the towers would be completed by June 2012 and the entire shiplift in 2015.
As of May 2014, the ship lift was expected to be completed by July 2015.[16] It was tested in December 2015 and announced complete in January 2016.[7][17] Lahmeyer, the German firm that designed the ship lift, said it will take a vessel less than an hour to transit the lift.[11]
An article in Steel Construction says the actual time of the lift will be 21 minutes.[18] It says that the expected dimensions of the 3,000メトリックトン (3,000,000 kg) passenger vessels the ship lift's basin was designed to carry will be 84.5メートル (277 ft) X 17.2メートル (56 ft) X 2.65メートル (8.7 ft).
The trials of elevator finished in July of 2016, the first cargo ship was lifted in July 15, the lift time comprised 8 minutes.[19]
連水鉄道
[編集]他に、ダム地区をバイパスする短距離の連水鉄道を建設する計画がある。 Two short rail lines, one on each side of the river, are to be constructed. The 88 kilometer long northern portage railway (北岸翻坝铁路) will run from the Taipingxi port facility (太平溪港) on the northern side of the Yangtze, just upstream from the dam, via Yichang East Railway Station to the Baiyang Tianjiahe port facility in Baiyang Town (白洋镇), below Yichang.[20]
The 95 kilometer long southern portage railway (南岸翻坝铁路) will run from Maoping (upstream of the dam) via Yichang South Railway Station to Zhicheng (on the Jiaozuo–Liuzhou Railway).[20]
In late 2012, preliminary work started along both future railway routes.[21]
- ^ a b “长江电力(600900)2008年上半年发电量完成情况公告 – 证券之星 (The Three Gorges sluice year transported goods volume may amount to 100,000,000 tons)”. Xinhua. (January 23, 2007) August 9, 2008閲覧。 translation
- ^ Joseph J. Hobbs; Andrew Dolan (2008). World Regional Geography. Cengage Learning. p. 376. ISBN 978-0-495-38950-7
- ^ “The Three Gorges Dam”. Washington Post. (1997年). オリジナルのDecember 14, 2011時点におけるアーカイブ。 December 14, 2011閲覧. "A maximum depth of 574 feet. This is expected to allow 10,000-ton ocean-going cargo ships and passenger liners to navigate 1,500 miles inland to Chongqing."
- ^ “Yangtze as a vital logistics aid” (Chinese). China Economic Review. (May 30, 2007). オリジナルのAugust 7, 2010時点におけるアーカイブ。 June 3, 2007閲覧。
- ^ “Three Gorges Dam”. Missouri Chapter American Fisheries Society (April 20, 2002). August 9, 2008時点のオリジナルよりアーカイブ。November 23, 2010閲覧。 mirror
- ^ “Its Buildings with Biggest Indices”. China Three Gorges Project (2002年). August 9, 2008時点のオリジナルよりアーカイブ。November 23, 2010閲覧。
- ^ a b “The world's largest "L boat lift" Three Gorges Dam successfully tested” (Chinese). Chutianjinbao News. (January 14, 2016) February 15, 2016閲覧。
- ^ MacKie, Nick (May 4, 2005). “China's west seeks to impress investors”. BBC. オリジナルのAugust 9, 2008時点におけるアーカイブ。 November 23, 2010閲覧。
- ^ “Its Buildings with Biggest Indices”. China Three Gorges Project (2002年). October 23, 2013時点のオリジナルよりアーカイブ。November 23, 2010閲覧。
- ^ MacKie, Nick (May 4, 2005). “China's west seeks to impress investors”. BBC November 23, 2010閲覧。
- ^ a b “Three Gorges Dam Ship Lift, People’s Republic of China” (2013年). April 19, 2016閲覧。
- ^ “Three Gorges dam ready to go”. The Taipei Times. (May 21, 2006). オリジナルのAugust 9, 2008時点におけるアーカイブ。 November 23, 2010閲覧。
- ^ “China Completes Three Gorges Dam”. CBS News. (May 20, 2006). オリジナルのAugust 9, 2008時点におけるアーカイブ。 November 23, 2010閲覧。
- ^ “三峡升船机开工建设_荆楚网 (Three Gorges ship lift operation construction)”. CnHubei. (November 10, 2007) August 9, 2008閲覧。 translation
- ^ “Tower columns for Three Gorges shiplift to be built”. Yichang, Hubei Province: Xinhua. (February 27, 2012). オリジナルのFebruary 27, 2013時点におけるアーカイブ。. "The entire shiplift will be completed in 2015."
- ^ “Three Gorges Dam exceeds cargo target set for 2030”. South China Morning Post (May 23, 2014). 12 October 2015閲覧。
- ^ Wang Yichen (February 17, 2016). “China shifts from follower to leader in hydropower development”. China Economic Net. オリジナルのFebruary 18, 2016時点におけるアーカイブ。. "CTGC announced on January 6 that the Three Gorges ship lift with the maximum lifting height reaching 113 meters and allowing ships with displacement of 3000-ton passing the dam has conducted real vessel experiment successfully in late December last year."
- ^ “Ship lift at Three Gorges Dam, China − design of steel structures”. Steel construction 2 (2009年). April 19, 2016閲覧。 “The ship chamber is designed for passenger ships with a max. water displacement of 3000 tonnes, max. length of 84.5 m, max. width of 17.2 m and max. draught of 2.65 m.”
- ^ “Phase I Field Trial of Ship Lift at Three Gorges Dam Successfully Ends” (English). CHINA THREE GORGES PROJECT. (2016年8月14日) 2016年8月14日閲覧。
- ^ a b “湖北议案提案：提升三峡翻坝转运能力 [Hubei's Proposal: raise the Three Gorges dam-bypassing transportation capacity]” (Chinese). People's Daily. (March 17, 2013). オリジナルのMay 10, 2013時点におけるアーカイブ。 April 20, 2016閲覧. "二、加快构建长期翻坝运输体系，并将疏港交通项目纳入三峡后扶规划。支持建设三峡大坝坝首太平溪至夷陵区张家口36.2公里的三峡翻坝高速公路江北段，与沪蓉高速公路互通；支持建设南北两岸三峡翻坝铁路，即夷陵太平溪港――宜昌火车东站――白洋田家河港88公里的北岸翻坝铁路，秭归茅坪港――宜昌火车南站――焦柳铁路枝城站95公里的南岸翻坝铁路；支持翻坝港口和翻坝物流园建设，加快形成完善的南北分流、水陆（铁）联运的翻坝转运格局，充分发挥长江黄金水道优势。"
- ^ “三峡翻坝铁路前期工作启动 建成实现水铁联运 [Dam in Three Gorges railway preliminary work completed to start the implementation of water and railway transport]” (Chinese). (October 12, 2012). オリジナルのSeptember 4, 2015時点におけるアーカイブ。 April 20, 2016閲覧. "据透露，已经于去年底开工建设的紫云地方铁路,预计明年建成通车。紫云地方铁路接轨于国家铁路焦柳线枝江站，连接猇亭、白洋、姚家港三大开发区以及云池、白洋、田家河、姚家港四大港口，线路总长36.5公里，建成后年货运能力将达到1500万吨。"