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Founding
[編集]Earlier movements
[編集]BLM claims inspiration from the civil rights movement, the Black Power movement, the 1980s Black feminist movement, Pan-Africanism, the Anti-Apartheid Movement, hip hop, LGBTQ social movements, and Occupy Wall Street.[1] Several media organizations have referred to BLM as "a new civil rights movement."[2][3][4] Some of the protesters, however, actively distinguish themselves from the older generation of black leadership, such as Al Sharpton, by their aversion to middle-class traditions such as church involvement, Democratic Party loyalty, and respectability politics.[5][6] Political scientist Frederick C. Harris has argued that this "group-centered model of leadership" is distinct from the older charismatic leadership model that characterized civil rights organizations like Jesse Jackson's Rainbow PUSH Coalition and Sharpton's National Action Network.[7]
Online campaign
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In the summer of 2013, after George Zimmerman's acquittal for the shooting death of Trayvon Martin, the movement began with the hashtag #BlackLivesMatter.[8] The movement was co-founded by three black community organizers: Alicia Garza, Patrisse Cullors, and Opal Tometi.[9][10] Garza, Cullors and Tometi met through "Black Organizing for Leadership & Dignity" (BOLD), a national organization that trains community organizers.[1] They began to question how they were going to respond to what they saw as the devaluation of black lives after Zimmerman's acquittal. Garza wrote a Facebook post titled "A Love Note to Black People" in which she said: "Our Lives Matter, Black Lives Matter". Cullors replied: "#BlackLivesMatter". Tometi then added her support, and Black Lives Matter was born as an online campaign.[1]
Ferguson activism
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In August 2014, BLM members organized their first in-person national protest in the form of a "Black Lives Matter Freedom Ride" to Ferguson, Missouri after the shooting of Michael Brown.[1] More than five hundred members descended upon Ferguson to participate in non-violent demonstrations. Of the many groups that descended on Ferguson, Black Lives Matter emerged from Ferguson as one of the best organized and most visible groups, becoming nationally recognized as symbolic of the emerging movement.[1]
Since then, Black Lives Matter has organized thousands of protests and demonstrations. Expanding beyond street protests, BLM has expanded to activism on American college campuses, such as the 2015–16 University of Missouri protests.[11]
Inclusivity of the movement
[編集]Black Lives Matter incorporates those traditionally on the margins of black freedom movements.[1] The organization's website, for instance, states that Black Lives Matter is "a unique contribution that goes beyond extrajudicial killings of Black people by police and vigilantes" and, embracing intersectionality, that "Black Lives Matter affirms the lives of Black queer and trans folks, disabled folks, black-undocumented folks, folks with records, women, and all Black lives along the gender spectrum."[12] All three founders of the Black Lives Matter movement are women, and Garza and Cullors identify as queer.[13] Additionally, Elle Hearns, one of the founding organizers of the global network, is a transgender woman.[14] The founders believe that their backgrounds have paved the way for Black Lives Matter to be an intersectional movement. Several hashtags such as #BlackWomenMatter, #BlackGirlsMatter, #BlackQueerLivesMatter, and #BlackTransLivesMatter have surfaced on the BLM website and throughout social media networks. Marcia Chatelain, associate professor of history at Georgetown University, has praised BLM for allowing "young, queer women [to] play a central role" in the movement.[15][16]
References
[編集]- ^ a b c d e f “Black Lives Matter: The Growth of a New Social Justice Movement”. BlackPast.org. December 18, 2016閲覧。
- ^ Day, Elizabeth (July 19, 2015). “#BlackLivesMatter: the birth of a new civil rights movement”. The Guardian. December 18, 2016閲覧。
- ^ Ross, Janell (August 19, 2015). “How Black Lives Matter moved from a hashtag to a real political force”. The Washington Post. November 19, 2015閲覧。
- ^ Demby, Gene (December 31, 2014). “The Birth of a New Civil Rights Movement”. Politico. December 18, 2016閲覧。
- ^ Cooper, Brittney (August 26, 2014). “Al Sharpton does not have my ear: Why we need new black leadership now”. Salon. December 18, 2016閲覧。
- ^ “The Fight for the Soul of the Black Lives Matter Movement”. Gothamist (April 7, 2015). November 8, 2016時点のオリジナルよりアーカイブ。December 18, 2016閲覧。
- ^ Harris, Frederick C. (Summer 2015). “The Next Civil Rights Movement?”. Dissent December 18, 2016閲覧。
- ^ Guynn, Jessica (March 4, 2015). “Meet the woman who coined #BlackLivesMatter”. USA Today December 18, 2016閲覧。
- ^ Hunt, Jazelle (January 13, 2015). “Black Lives Still Matters to Grassroots and Black Media”. Black Voice News. December 18, 2016閲覧。
- ^ Zarya, Valentina (July 19, 2015). “Founders of #BlackLivesMatter: Getting credit for your work matters”. Fortune. December 18, 2016閲覧。
- ^ “How Black Lives Matter, born on the streets, is rising to power on campus”. The Washington Post (November 17, 2015). December 18, 2016閲覧。
- ^ “About the Black Lives Matter Network”. December 18, 2016閲覧。
- ^ Dalton, Deron (May 4, 2015). “The Three Women Behind The Black Lives Matter Movement”. MadameNoire. December 18, 2016閲覧。
- ^ “For Elle Hearns, the fight against transphobia starts with dismantling white supremacy”. Mic.com (October 2, 2017). October 2, 2017閲覧。
- ^ “Women and Black Lives Matter: An Interview with Marcia Chatelain”. Dissent (Summer 2015). December 18, 2016閲覧。
- ^ Eligon, John (November 18, 2015). “One Slogan, Many Methods: Black Lives Matter Enters Politics”. The New York Times July 12, 2016閲覧。
Further reading
[編集]| ぴすけぴすけ/sandboxに関する 図書館収蔵著作物 |
- “The Matter of Black Lives”. The New Yorker (March 14, 2016). Template:Cite webの呼び出しエラー：引数 accessdate は必須です。
- Cole, Teju (July 26, 2016). “The Superhero Photographs of the Black Lives Matter Movement”. The New York Times Magazine
- Miller, Lisa L. (August 5, 2016). “Black Activists Don't Ignore Crime”. The New York Times. Template:Cite webの呼び出しエラー：引数 accessdate は必須です。
- Stephen, Bijan (November 2015). “Social Media Helps Black Lives Matter Fight the Power”. Wired. Template:Cite webの呼び出しエラー：引数 accessdate は必須です。
- Stevens, Melissa (July 28, 2016). “I'm a GOP Delegate and I Wore a 'Black Lives Matter' Shirt to the RNC”. Time. Template:Cite webの呼び出しエラー：引数 accessdate は必須です。
Bibliographies
- Bernard, Marie Lyn (2014年). “#BlackLivesMatter: A Longform Reading List”. Autostraddle. Template:Cite webの呼び出しエラー：引数 accessdate は必須です。
- Cheng, Selina (July 2016). “The complete summer reading syllabus on Black Lives Matter”. Quartz. Atlantic Media. Template:Cite webの呼び出しエラー：引数 accessdate は必須です。
- Oakland Public Library (2014年). “Listen, Learn, Participate: A #BlackLivesMatter Resource Series”. Template:Cite webの呼び出しエラー：引数 accessdate は必須です。 (Bibliography)
- Teller, Malcolm (July 2016). “Black Lives Matter Reference Guide”. Template:Cite webの呼び出しエラー：引数 accessdate は必須です。