利用者:おいしい豚肉/sandbox/コンガル・カイフ

コンガル・カイフ (アイルランド語: Congal Cáech)、あるいはコンガル・クライン (アイルランド語: Congal Cláen)は中世アイルランドのクルスニ (ダール・ナラディ)の王。、在位期間はおよそ626年から637年と見られる。 一部文献は彼はタラ王でもあったとするが、異論も多く2010年の時点では定説はない。

Congal Cáech (also Congal Cláen) was a king of the Cruthin of Dál nAraidi in the medieval Irish province of Ulaid, from around 626 to 637. He was king of Ulaid from 627–637 and, according to some sources, High King of Ireland.

史料

コンガルの生涯と時代を語る資料は限られており、一般的に彼の死後長い時を経てから書かれた物とされている。アイルランドの諸年代記におけるこの時期についての記述は、聖コルンバが6世紀中葉に修道院を創建したアイオナ島に保管されていた年代記に多くを依拠している。これらの年代記は後世に筆写された物のみが現存している。

Of these, the Annals of Ulster and the Annals of Tigernach are generally considered to be the most reliable and representative of the original material. アイルランド史についてのもう一つの早期の史料である、アダムナーンの『コルンバ伝』は直接コンガルについて触れていないが、何人かのコンガルの同時代人に言及するため出来事の背景を知る助けとなる。また、コンガルは7世紀後半に書かれた養蜂に関する早期のアイルランドの法律 Bechbretha' から言及されている。これはコンガルの添え名を説明すると称している。

後世に書かれた『マグ・ラトの戦い』 (モイラの戦い)や『ドゥーン・ナ・ゲードの宴』 (雁の砦の宴) などの、史料としては信頼性に欠ける韻文や散文で書かれた説話にもコンガルは登場する。二つの説話は中期アイルランド語の時期の物であり、おそらく『マグ・ラトの戦い』は10世紀初頭に、『ドゥーン・ナ・ゲードの宴』は11世紀か12世紀（おそらくは後者）に書かれた。

He also appears later and less reliable materials such as verse and prose tales, including the Cath Maige Rátha (The Battle of Moira) and Fled Dúin na nGéd (The Feast of Dún na nGéd, literally The Feast at the Fort of the Geese), both of which date from the Middle Irish period, perhaps the early 10th century for the Cath Maige Rátha and the 11th or 12th, perhaps later, for Fled Dúin na nGéd. Those genealogies which include Congal are contradictory.

Origins

While Irish history in this period is replete with the names of persons, about whom little is usually known save for their ancestry and the date and manner of their death, no early source preserves Congal's ancestry. According to later materials Congal was the son of Scandal Sciathlethan and grandson of Fiachnae mac Báetáin. In the 6th and 7th centuries the Dal nAraide were part of a confederation of Cruithne tribes in Ulaid (Ulster) and were the dominant members. The main ruling line of the Dal nARaide was known as the Uí Chóelbad based in Mag Line, east of Antrim town in modern county Antrim. It is possible that Congal did not belong to this branch of the Cruithne but some other rival branch and so would not be the grandson of Fiachnae who was of this branch

The Fled Dúin na nGéd makes Congal a grandson of Eochaid Buide, King of Dál Riata, which is unconfirmed by other sources but chronologically feasible although it contains an anachronism in that Eochaid Buide's death is recorded years before the Battle of Mag Rath. This would make Congal the son of his ally Domnall Brecc's sister.

King of Ulaid

Congal is presumed to have become king of the Dál nAraidi in 626 following the death of Fiachnae, but he is unlikely to have imposed himself as king of the Ulaid until some time after the death of Fiachnae mac Demmáin in 627. He first appears in the record in 628, when he killed Suibne Mend of the Cenél nEógain, supposedly High King of Ireland, at Traig Bréni on the shore of Lough Swilly. This killing may have opened Congal's way to becoming king of the Ulaid, but it also brought Domnall mac Áedo of the Cenél Conaill, Congal's nemesis, to the headship of the Northern Uí Néill. According to the Fled Dúin na nGéd, Domnall was the foster-father of Congal. Domnall had clashed with Suibne earlier that year and it is possible that Domnall and Congal were acting in collusion.

This same saga records a slight that Congal suffered at the feast which seems to have turned him against his foster-father. In 629 they clashed and Congal was defeated by Domnall mac Áedo at the Battle of Dún Ceithirn (Duncairn, near Coleraine, modern County Londonderry) and fled the field of battle.

In 629, the Dal nAraide appear to have defeated the Dál Riata at Fid Eóin, killing Connad Cerr, although the victor is named as Maél Caích, perhaps an otherwise unknown brother of Congal. As well as their king, the Dál Riata suffered the loss of two grandsons of Áedán mac Gabráin and the Bernician exile Osric (perhaps a son of Æthelfrith) was also killed. It is possible that upon becoming King of Ulaid, Congal resigned the affairs of Dal nAraide to Maél Caích mac Scandail who met opposition from other Criuthne led by Dícuil mac Echach who may have been a member of the Latharna of Larne (a Dal nAraide tribe).

King of Tara

Congal's bid for the kingship of Tara must have occurred after 629. Events in the midlands in the years 633–634 saw Congal's allies the Clann Cholmáin win a number of victories in Leinster and Meath which may be connected with the period of Congal's high kingship. Congal may have also supported the Cenél maic Ercae in their feud with the Cenél Feradaig branch of the Cenél nEógain

コンガルの添え名の「カイフ」は「片目を失明した」、「クライン」は「斜視の」を意味する。 コンガルの死と同時代に書かれた養蜂についての古代の法 Bechbretha の記述によれば、ドウナル・マク・アイダの所有する蜂にコンガルの片目が刺され失明に至ったことがこの添え名の由来であり、失明が原因でコンガルはタラ王の座を追われた。(王には五体満足であることが求められた。) 後の世の文献にはコンガルをアイルランド上王(凡そタラ王と同義)とするものはないが、『マグ・ラトの戦い』はウラズの人々が報復として蜂の持ち主の息子の片目を抉り出すことを要求したとしており、 Bechbretha の説明と呼応する。

これらの文献はダール・ナラディの有力部族である王族イー・ホイルヴァド (Uí Chóelbad) やダール・ヴィアダハからの敵意に晒されていた可能性のあるコンガルに仕掛けられた宣伝戦の一環なのかもしれない。 635年から636年の期間、ドウナル・マク・アイダの同盟はコンガルのそれに優勢であった。635年にはコンガルの同盟者であるクラン・ホルマーンが、その対抗者でありドウナル・マク・アイダの同盟者でもあるシール・ナイド・スラーネに敗北している。

クラン・ホルマーンは Domnall Brecc の一族と同盟していたため、この戦いが彼とコンガルの同盟を招いた真相である可能性はある。 Domnall Brecc はまたイー・ホイルヴァドに対しても敵意を抱いていたのかもしれない。 636年には Cenél Feradaig 族の Ailech 王(Kings of Ailech)である Ernaine mac Fiachnai が暗殺されるが、コンガルの同盟者である Cenél maic Ercae 族の利益になるよう亡き王の氏族を追放する事は叶わなかった。

マグ・ラト

Domnall mac Áedo dominated events in the years that followed, until around 637, when Congal, together with Domnall Brecc of Dál Riata challenged him at the battle of Mag Rath (Moira, County Down). Domnall mac Áedo was victorious and Congal was killed in the defeat. This battle appears in the Buile Shuibhne and is recounted in the Cath Maige Rath.

Reputation and representations

Congal is the protagonist of the Fled Dúin na nGéd. He appears in the Cath Maige Rath.

Irish poet Sir Samuel Ferguson wrote a length heroic poem on Congal, loosely based on the Fled Dúin na nGéd, entitled Congal: A Poem in Five Books (1907).

References

• Annals of Ulster AD 431–1201, CELT: Corpus of Electronic Texts, (2003), http://www.ucc.ie/celt/published/T100001A/index.html 23 March 2008閲覧。 
• Annals of Tigernach, CELT: Corpus of Electronic Texts, (1996), http://www.ucc.ie/celt/published/G100002/index.html 23 March 2008閲覧。 
• Fled Dúin na nGéd, CELT: Corpus of Electronic Texts, (2000), http://www.ucc.ie/celt/published/G302014/index.html 30 March 2008閲覧。 
• Sharpe, Richard, ed. (1995), Adomnán of Iona: Life of Saint Columba, London: Penguin, ISBN 0-14-044462-9 
• Adamson, Ian (1998), Dalaradia: Kingdom of the Cruthin, Belfast: Pretani Press, ISBN 0-948868-26-0 
• Bannerman, John (1974), Studies in the History of Dalriada, Edinburgh: Scottish Academic Press, ISBN 0-7011-2040-1 
• Byrne, Francis John (1973), Irish Kings and High-Kings, London: Batsford, ISBN 0-7134-5882-8 
• Charles-Edwards, T. M. (2004), “Domnall mac Áeda (d. 642)”, Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, Oxford: Oxford University Press, doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/50104, http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/50104 25 October 2007閲覧。 
•    (2004), “Congal Cáech (d. 637)”, Oxford Dictionary of National Biography,, Oxford: Oxford University Press, http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/50096 22 October 2007閲覧。 
•   , Early Christian Ireland, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, ISBN 0-521-36395-0 
• Ferguson, Samuel (1918), Graves, Alfred P., ed., Poems of Sir Samuel Ferguson, Dublin: Talbot Press, https://archive.org/details/poemsofsirsamuel00ferguoft 30 March 2008閲覧。 
• Kelly, Fergus [in 英語] (1988). A Guide to Early Irish Law. Early Irish Law Series 3. Dublin: DIAS. ISBN 0901282952。
• Mac Niocaill, Gearoid (1972), Ireland before the Vikings, Dublin: Gill and Macmillan
• Marstrander, Carl (1911), “A New Version of the Battle of Mag Rath”, Ériu 5: 226–247, http://www.ucd.ie/tlh/trans/cm.eriu.5.002.t.text.html 
• Ó Cróinín, Dáibhí (1995), Early Medieval Ireland: 400–1200, The Longman History of Ireland, London: Longman, ISBN 0-582-01565-0 
• O Donovan, John (1826), The Banquet of Dun Na N-Gedh and The Battle of Magh Rath, Dublin: Irish Archaeological Society, https://books.google.com/?id=ngIGAAAAQAAJ 
• Wiley, Dan M. (2005), “Fled Dúin na nGéd”, The Cycles of the Kings, http://www.hastings.edu/academic/english/Kings/Fled_Duin_na_nGed.htm 4 April 2007閲覧。