ドーセット文化

ドーセット文化（Dorset culture）は、紀元前500年から紀元後1000年-1500年の間続いたパレオ・エスキモーの文化である。前ドーセット文化に続き、北アメリカの北極圏のイヌイットの文化に先行した。最初の発見がなされたカナダのヌナブト準州にあるドーセット岬にちなんで名付けられた。文化は、狩猟と道具製作技術の明確な差違により、4つの段階があると定義されている。

ドーセット文化は、早くて紀元後1000年、遅くも紀元後1500年までには消滅したようである。11世紀にアラスカから東に移住し開始したトゥーレ人は、最終的にドーセット文化人が住んでいた土地に分布を広げた。イヌイットとドーセット人が混淆したという強力な証拠は無く、遺伝学的研究はからも、ドーセット人は後のイヌイット系の集団とは明瞭に区別され、ドーセット人とトゥーレの人々の間の遺伝的または文化的相互作用の証拠は事実上なかったことが示されている^[1]。

イヌイットの伝説は、彼らがTuniitまたはSivullirmiut（「最初の住民」の意）と呼んだ人々に遭遇したことを語っている。伝説によると、最初の住民はイヌイットより背が高くて強い巨人だったが、交流することを恐れ、「簡単に逃げる」ことができたという^[2]。ドーセット人とノース人の間に、接触と貿易関係が存在したかは、議論中である^[3]^[4]^[5]^[6]。

遺骨の遺伝子

2014年8月にScienceに発表された遺伝学的研究では、カナダとグリーンランドの紀元前170年と紀元後1320年の19人のドーセット人の遺体が分析された。抽出されたmtDNAの16のサンプルは、ハプログループD2a1（12のサンプル）、D2a（3つのサンプル）、およびDに属すると決定された^[7]。これらのハプログループは、先行するサカク文化でも優勢であり、2つの文化の担い手の遺伝的連続性を示唆している。研究の著者は、サカク人とドーセット人の祖先が紀元前4000年頃に単一の明確な移動によってシベリアから北アメリカに入った後、数千年の間遺伝的にほとんど孤立したままであったことを示唆した。ドーセット人は、シベリアから分布を拡大した紀元後1300年頃にドーセット人を完全に置き換えたトゥーレ人とは、遺伝的に異なっていた^[7]。この研究では、ドーセット人とグリーンランドノース人の間の遺伝的混合の証拠は見つからなかった。

脚注

^ “Dorset DNA: Genes Trace the Tale of the Arctic's Long-Gone 'Hobbits' - NBC News” (英語). NBC News
^ “When science meets aboriginal oral history” (英語). Toronto Star
^ Weber, Bob (22 July 2018). “Ancient Arctic people may have known how to spin yarn long before Vikings arrived”. Old theories being questioned in light of carbon-dated yarn samples. CBC. 2 January 2019閲覧。 “… Michele Hayeur Smith of Brown University in Rhode Island, lead author of a recent paper in the Journal of Archaeological Science. Hayeur Smith and her colleagues were looking at scraps of yarn, perhaps used to hang amulets or decorate clothing, from ancient sites on Baffin Island and the Ungava Peninsula. The idea that you would have to learn to spin something from another culture was a bit ludicrous," she said. "It's a pretty intuitive thing to do.”
^ Barber, Elizabeth Wayland (1992) Prehistoric Textiles: The Development of Cloth in the Neolithic and Bronze Ages with Special Reference to the Aegean, Princeton University Press, "We now have at least two pieces of evidence that this important principle of twisting for strength dates to the Palaeolithic. In 1953, the Abbé Glory was investigating floor deposits in a steep corridor of the famed Lascaux caves in southern France […] a long piece of Palaeolithic cord […] neatly twisted in the S direction […] from three Z-plied strands […]" ISBN 0-691-00224-X
^ Smith, Michèle Hayeur; Smith, Kevin P.; Nilsen, Gørill (August 2018). “Journal of Archaeological Science”. Dorset, Norse, or Thule? Technological Transfers, Marine Mammal Contamination, and AMS Dating of Spun Yarn and Textiles from the Eastern Canadian Arctic (Elsevier). doi:10.1016/j.jas.2018.06.005. "However, the date received on Sample 4440b from Nanook clearly indicates that sinew was being spun and plied at least as early, if not earlier, than yarn at this site. We feel that the most parsimonious explanation of this data is that the practice of spinning hair and wool into plied yarn most likely developed naturally within this context of complex, indigenous, Arctic ﬁber technologies, and not through contact with European textile producers. [. . .] Our investigations indicate that Paleoeskimo (Dorset) communities on Baffin Island spun threads from the hair and also from the sinews of native terrestrial grazing animals, most likely musk ox and arctic hare, throughout the Middle Dorset period and for at least a millennium before there is any reasonable evidence of European activity in the islands of the North Atlantic or in the North American Arctic"
^ Armstrong, Jane (20 November 2012). “Vikings in Canada?”. A researcher says she’s found evidence that Norse sailors may have settled in Canada’s Arctic. Others aren’t so sure.. Maclean's. 15 January 2019閲覧。 “In fact, Fitzhugh thinks the cord at the centre of Sutherland’s “eureka” moment is a Dorset artifact. “We have very good evidence that this kind of spun cordage was being used hundreds of years before the Norse arrived in the New World, in other words 500 to 600 CE, at the least,” he says.”
^ ^a ^b Raghavan, Maanasa; et al. (August 29, 2014). "The genetic prehistory of the New World Arctic". Science. American Association for the Advancement of Science. 345 (6200). doi:10.1126/science.1255832. PMID 25170159. Retrieved July 5, 2020.

外部リンク

『ドーセット文化』 - コトバンク

[1] “Dorset DNA: Genes Trace the Tale of the Arctic's Long-Gone 'Hobbits' - NBC News” (英語). NBC News

[2] “When science meets aboriginal oral history” (英語). Toronto Star

[CBC_2018-3] Weber, Bob (22 July 2018). “Ancient Arctic people may have known how to spin yarn long before Vikings arrived”. Old theories being questioned in light of carbon-dated yarn samples. CBC. 2 January 2019閲覧。 “… Michele Hayeur Smith of Brown University in Rhode Island, lead author of a recent paper in the Journal of Archaeological Science. Hayeur Smith and her colleagues were looking at scraps of yarn, perhaps used to hang amulets or decorate clothing, from ancient sites on Baffin Island and the Ungava Peninsula. The idea that you would have to learn to spin something from another culture was a bit ludicrous," she said. "It's a pretty intuitive thing to do.”

[barber1992-4] Barber, Elizabeth Wayland (1992) Prehistoric Textiles: The Development of Cloth in the Neolithic and Bronze Ages with Special Reference to the Aegean, Princeton University Press, "We now have at least two pieces of evidence that this important principle of twisting for strength dates to the Palaeolithic. In 1953, the Abbé Glory was investigating floor deposits in a steep corridor of the famed Lascaux caves in southern France […] a long piece of Palaeolithic cord […] neatly twisted in the S direction […] from three Z-plied strands […]" ISBN 0-691-00224-X

[JAS2018-5] Smith, Michèle Hayeur; Smith, Kevin P.; Nilsen, Gørill (August 2018). “Journal of Archaeological Science”. Dorset, Norse, or Thule? Technological Transfers, Marine Mammal Contamination, and AMS Dating of Spun Yarn and Textiles from the Eastern Canadian Arctic (Elsevier). doi:10.1016/j.jas.2018.06.005. "However, the date received on Sample 4440b from Nanook clearly indicates that sinew was being spun and plied at least as early, if not earlier, than yarn at this site. We feel that the most parsimonious explanation of this data is that the practice of spinning hair and wool into plied yarn most likely developed naturally within this context of complex, indigenous, Arctic ﬁber technologies, and not through contact with European textile producers. [. . .] Our investigations indicate that Paleoeskimo (Dorset) communities on Baffin Island spun threads from the hair and also from the sinews of native terrestrial grazing animals, most likely musk ox and arctic hare, throughout the Middle Dorset period and for at least a millennium before there is any reasonable evidence of European activity in the islands of the North Atlantic or in the North American Arctic"

[6] Armstrong, Jane (20 November 2012). “Vikings in Canada?”. A researcher says she’s found evidence that Norse sailors may have settled in Canada’s Arctic. Others aren’t so sure.. Maclean's. 15 January 2019閲覧。 “In fact, Fitzhugh thinks the cord at the centre of Sutherland’s “eureka” moment is a Dorset artifact. “We have very good evidence that this kind of spun cordage was being used hundreds of years before the Norse arrived in the New World, in other words 500 to 600 CE, at the least,” he says.”

[Raghavan2014-7] Raghavan, Maanasa; et al. (August 29, 2014). "The genetic prehistory of the New World Arctic". Science. American Association for the Advancement of Science. 345 (6200). doi:10.1126/science.1255832. PMID 25170159. Retrieved July 5, 2020.

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