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「学校内における体罰」の版間の差分

出典: フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア(Wikipedia)』
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徳楓 (会話 | 投稿記録)
各国の状況: 一部の日本語の翻訳
徳楓 (会話 | 投稿記録)
日本語翻訳一部です
75行目: 75行目:
! 州 !! 公立学校overnment schools !! 私立学校n-government schools
! 州 !! 公立学校overnment schools !! 私立学校n-government schools
|-style="vertical-align: top;"
|-style="vertical-align: top;"
| Victoria州 || 11983年に禁止される83年に禁止される<ref name=Ruff>{{cite news|url=http://trove.nla.gov.au/ndp/del/article/118180111|title=Senator keeps up fight against cane in schools|date=19 December 1985|newspaper=The Canberra Times|page=2|first=Marcia|last=Ruff}}</ref> || 2006に禁止された
| Victoria州 || 1983年に禁止される<ref name=Ruff>{{cite news|url=http://trove.nla.gov.au/ndp/del/article/118180111|title=Senator keeps up fight against cane in schools|date=19 December 1985|newspaper=The Canberra Times|page=2|first=Marcia|last=Ruff}}</ref> || 2006に禁止された
|-style="vertical-align: top;"
|-style="vertical-align: top;"
| Queenslandss<ref>Criminal Code Act (Qld), s280.</ref> || B994年に禁止されるned in 1994.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://trove.nla.gov.au/ndp/del/article/132382553|title=Qld schools consign cane to history|date=27 May 1992|page=20|newspaper=The Canberra Times|quote=Corporal punishment will be phased out by the end of the 1994 school year}}</ref> || 禁止されれいないt banned.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.news.com.au/news/teachers-given-the-cane-go-ahead/story-fna7dq6e-1225699569725|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150911095234/http://www.news.com.au/news/teachers-given-the-cane-go-ahead/story-fna7dq6e-1225699569725|archivedate=11 September 2015|title=Teachers given the cane go-ahead in some Queensland schools|date=29 March 2009|deadurl=no}}</ref>
| Queenslandss<ref>Criminal Code Act (Qld), s280.</ref> || 1994年に禁止される.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://trove.nla.gov.au/ndp/del/article/132382553|title=Qld schools consign cane to history|date=27 May 1992|page=20|newspaper=The Canberra Times|quote=Corporal punishment will be phased out by the end of the 1994 school year}}</ref> || 禁止されれいない.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.news.com.au/news/teachers-given-the-cane-go-ahead/story-fna7dq6e-1225699569725|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150911095234/http://www.news.com.au/news/teachers-given-the-cane-go-ahead/story-fna7dq6e-1225699569725|archivedate=11 September 2015|title=Teachers given the cane go-ahead in some Queensland schools|date=29 March 2009|deadurl=no}}</ref>
|-style="vertical-align: top;"
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| [[New South Wales]]<ref>[http://www.austlii.edu.au/au/legis/nsw/consol_act/ea1990104/s47.html Education Act 1990 (NSW), s47(h)], s3 and s 35 (2A)</ref> || 1987年に一番目に止される.<ref name=Ruff/><ref>{{cite news|url=http://trove.nla.gov.au/ndp/del/article/118178521|title=Caning gets the cut from 1987|newspaper=The Canberra Times|page=18|date=13 December 1985}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://trove.nla.gov.au/ndp/del/article/118305760|title=WA to decide on caning of girls|date=24 May 1987|newspaper=The Canberra Times|page=3|quote=Following the decision, the NSW State Government banned the use of canes in all schools in that state.}}</ref> Brin 1年に再法化される989<ref>{{cite news|url=http://trove.nla.gov.au/ndp/del/article/122270970|title=NSW schools say no to use of the cane|date=20 June 1989|page=11|newspaper=The Canberra Times|quote=The Fair Discipline Code... reversed the NSW Labor Government's two-year-old ban on the cane for the state's 2300 schools}}</ref>nin年に再禁止される1995.<ref name=NSW>{{cite news|url=http://trove.nla.gov.au/ndp/del/article/133918194|newspaper=The Canberra Times|page=8|date=6 December 1995|title=NSW vetoes school cane|quote=NSW Education Minister John Aquilina said corporal punishment would be outlawed in public schools from today, and in non-government schools from 1997}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://trove.nla.gov.au/ndp/del/article/133920440|title=Cane ban no bar to discipline: Carr|page=2|newspaper=The Canberra Times|date=17 December 1995}}</ref> || i199に禁止される.<ref name=NSW/>
| [[New South Wales]]s州<ref>[http://www.austlii.edu.au/au/legis/nsw/consol_act/ea1990104/s47.html Education Act 1990 (NSW), s47(h)], s3 and s 35 (2A)</ref> || 1987年に一番目に止される.<ref name=Ruff/><ref>{{cite news|url=http://trove.nla.gov.au/ndp/del/article/118178521|title=Caning gets the cut from 1987|newspaper=The Canberra Times|page=18|date=13 December 1985}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://trove.nla.gov.au/ndp/del/article/118305760|title=WA to decide on caning of girls|date=24 May 1987|newspaper=The Canberra Times|page=3|quote=Following the decision, the NSW State Government banned the use of canes in all schools in that state.}}</ref> 11989再法化される<ref>{{cite news|url=http://trove.nla.gov.au/ndp/del/article/122270970|title=NSW schools say no to use of the cane|date=20 June 1989|page=11|newspaper=The Canberra Times|quote=The Fair Discipline Code... reversed the NSW Labor Government's two-year-old ban on the cane for the state's 2300 schools}}</ref>1995年に再禁止される.<ref name=NSW>{{cite news|url=http://trove.nla.gov.au/ndp/del/article/133918194|newspaper=The Canberra Times|page=8|date=6 December 1995|title=NSW vetoes school cane|quote=NSW Education Minister John Aquilina said corporal punishment would be outlawed in public schools from today, and in non-government schools from 1997}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://trove.nla.gov.au/ndp/del/article/133920440|title=Cane ban no bar to discipline: Carr|page=2|newspaper=The Canberra Times|date=17 December 1995}}</ref> || 1997年に禁止される.<ref name=NSW/>
|-style="vertical-align: top;"
|-style="vertical-align: top;"
| [[Tasmania]]<ref>[http://www.austlii.edu.au/au/legis/tas/consol_act/ea1994104/s82a.html Education Act 1994 (Tas), s82A].</ref> || 1999に禁止される.<ref name=Tas>{{cite news|title=Spank curb Bid for child punishment laws|first=Martine|last=Haley|date=8 April 2001|newspaper=Sunday Tasmanian|page=1}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Leaders against return to corporal punishment|newspaper=The Examiner|location=Launceston, Tasmania|date=2 June 2014|first=Bernadette|last=Habel|page=6}}</ref> || n 19に禁止される9.<ref name=Tas/>
| [[Tasmania]]<ref>[http://www.austlii.edu.au/au/legis/tas/consol_act/ea1994104/s82a.html Education Act 1994 (Tas), s82A].</ref> || 1999に禁止される.<ref name=Tas>{{cite news|title=Spank curb Bid for child punishment laws|first=Martine|last=Haley|date=8 April 2001|newspaper=Sunday Tasmanian|page=1}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Leaders against return to corporal punishment|newspaper=The Examiner|location=Launceston, Tasmania|date=2 June 2014|first=Bernadette|last=Habel|page=6}}</ref> || n 19に禁止される9.<ref name=Tas/>
|-style="vertical-align: top;"
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| [[Australian Capital Territory]]<ref>[http://austlii.law.uts.edu.au/au/legis/act/consol_act/ea2004104/s7.html Education Act 2004 (ACT), s7(4)].</ref> || 1988年に禁止される<ref>{{cite news|url=http://trove.nla.gov.au/ndp/del/article/122116636|title=ACT Schools Authority decides to abolish cane|date=20 November 1987|newspaper=The Canberra Times|first=Jeannie|last=Zakharov|page=14}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://trove.nla.gov.au/ndp/del/article/122369931|title=Libs push for discipline codes, including corporal punishment, in ACT schools|first=Karen|last=Hobson|date=13 July 1991|page=1|newspaper=The Canberra Times}}</ref> || 1997年に禁止される
| [[Australian Capital Territory]]<ref>[http://austlii.law.uts.edu.au/au/legis/act/consol_act/ea2004104/s7.html Education Act 2004 (ACT), s7(4)].</ref> || 1988年に禁止される<ref>{{cite news|url=http://trove.nla.gov.au/ndp/del/article/122116636|title=ACT Schools Authority decides to abolish cane|date=20 November 1987|newspaper=The Canberra Times|first=Jeannie|last=Zakharov|page=14}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://trove.nla.gov.au/ndp/del/article/122369931|title=Libs push for discipline codes, including corporal punishment, in ACT schools|first=Karen|last=Hobson|date=13 July 1991|page=1|newspaper=The Canberra Times}}</ref> || 1997年に禁止される
|-style="vertical-align: top;"
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| [[Northern Territory]]<ref>Criminal Code Act (NT), s11.</ref> || 禁止されていないが教育委員会の教育方針に反するnned, but contrary to Education Department policy.<ref>{{cite web|title=Northern Territory loophole lets teachers smack kids|url=http://www.news.com.au/national/northern-territory-loophole-lets-teachers-smack-kids/story-e6frfkvr-1225853429357|website=news.com.au|publisher=News Limited|accessdate=15 February 2015|date=14 April 2010|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150216001342/http://www.news.com.au/national/northern-territory-loophole-lets-teachers-smack-kids/story-e6frfkvr-1225853429357|archivedate=16 February 2015}}</ref> || 2009に禁止される
| [[Northern Territory]]<ref>Criminal Code Act (NT), s11.</ref> || 禁止されていないが教育委員会の教育方針に反する.<ref>{{cite web|title=Northern Territory loophole lets teachers smack kids|url=http://www.news.com.au/national/northern-territory-loophole-lets-teachers-smack-kids/story-e6frfkvr-1225853429357|website=news.com.au|publisher=News Limited|accessdate=15 February 2015|date=14 April 2010|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150216001342/http://www.news.com.au/national/northern-territory-loophole-lets-teachers-smack-kids/story-e6frfkvr-1225853429357|archivedate=16 February 2015}}</ref> || 2009に禁止される
|-style="vertical-align: top;"
|-style="vertical-align: top;"
| [[South Australia]] || 1991に禁止される || 禁止されていない
| [[South Australia]] || 1991に禁止される || 禁止されていない
|-style="vertical-align: top;"
|-style="vertical-align: top;"
| Western Australia || 1999年に禁止される<ref>School Education Regulations, s40, cf Criminal Code Act, s257.</ref><br>E実質的に教育委会によって7.<ref>{{cite web|title=School Education Bill - Committee|url=http://www.parliament.wa.gov.au/hansard/hans35.nsf/c02fad1ff7f00ecbc82572e4002d0af9/a005162d3d01eaff4825662c000fcb03?OpenDocument|website=Hansard|publisher=Parliament of Western Australia|accessdate=15 February 2015}}</ref>禁止される || 2015年に禁止される<ref>{{cite news|title=Last WA school using corporal punishment forced to end practice from next term|date=7 January 2015|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150130083847/http://www.abc.net.au/news/2015-01-07/last-school-to-cease-corporal-punishment-in-wa/6004992|archivedate=30 January 2015|url=http://www.abc.net.au/news/2015-01-07/last-school-to-cease-corporal-punishment-in-wa/6004992|publisher=Australian Broadcasting Corporation}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|newspaper=The Australian|first=Andrew|last=Burrell|date=8 January 2015|title=Corporal punishment ban widened |page=3}}</ref>
| Western Australia || 1999年に禁止される<ref>School Education Regulations, s40, cf Criminal Code Act, s257.</ref><br>実質的に1987に教育委会によって禁止される || 2015年に禁止される<ref>{{cite news|title=Last WA school using corporal punishment forced to end practice from next term|date=7 January 2015|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150130083847/http://www.abc.net.au/news/2015-01-07/last-school-to-cease-corporal-punishment-in-wa/6004992|archivedate=30 January 2015|url=http://www.abc.net.au/news/2015-01-07/last-school-to-cease-corporal-punishment-in-wa/6004992|publisher=Australian Broadcasting Corporation}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|newspaper=The Australian|first=Andrew|last=Burrell|date=8 January 2015|title=Corporal punishment ban widened |page=3}}</ref>
|}
|}



2016年9月22日 (木) 11:34時点における版

学校内における体罰(がっこうないにおけるたいばつ)(英:CORPORAL PUNISHIMENT IN SCHOOL)は、学校内での学生による望ましくない行動に対して、意図的に痛みや不快感を与えることを指す。手で[1](場合によって籐製の杖や木製の櫂、スリッパ、革紐、木製の物差しを持つ形で)、学生の臀部[2]を打つことがしばしば含まれる。

英語圏では、体罰の学校での使用は歴史的に、コモンローでいうところの"In loco parentis"(親の立場)、すなわち教員が子どもの世話をする上で親と同じ権限が与えられているとみなすという権威づけによって正当化されてきた。

学校内における体罰の支持者は、無秩序に対してすぐに効果をもたらすこと、その生徒を停学とせずに速やかに教室の授業に復帰することを効果として主張している。多くの医学・心理学者の団体を含む反対派は、人権擁護団体とともに、体罰は長期的に見て有効ではなく、学習の妨げとなり、さまざまな精神的苦痛と反社会的行動をもたらし、子どもの権利を侵害する暴力の一形態であると主張する。

1783年、ポーランドは、学校での体罰を禁止する最初の国となった。学校での体罰はすでにヨーロッパではどの国でもおこなわれていない。2015年時点では、ほとんどの先進国は、アメリカ合衆国オーストラリアの一部の州、およびシンガポールの一部を除いて、体罰の慣習を廃止している。アフリカとアジアの多くの国ではいまだに日常的におこなわれている。イギリスでは1986年に国から資金を受けている学校で禁止された。資金援助を受けていない公立および私立学校については、イングランドとウェールズでは1999年、スコットランドでは2000年、北アイルランドでは2003年に禁止となった。

定義

学校内における体罰については、20世紀後半から21世紀初頭においてさまざまな定義づけがなされている。たとえば、「子どもの望ましくない行動もしくは言動に対して、意図的に苦痛を与える[3]」、「生徒の許容されない行動に対し、教育機関の当事者によりペナルティとして意図的に与えられる身体的な苦痛や不快感[4]」、そして「行動を変える手段として意図的に肉体的な苦痛を与える(当面の危害から生徒や他の人々を守るために一時的に身体を拘束する目的で用いるのではない)[5]」といったものである。

広まり

体罰は、世界の多くの地域の学校で広くおこなわれたが、ここ数十年では、ヨーロッパや南米の大半、ならびにカナダ、韓国、南アフリカ、ニュージーランドおよび他のいくつかの国でで非合法化された。アフリカや東南アジア、および中東の多くの国では依然として残存している(下記にある、各国のリストを参照)​​。

アメリカ合衆国ではほとんどの州立学校で体罰を非合法化している一方、主に南部西部では許容され続けている[6]アメリカ合衆国教育省によると、21万6000人以上の学生が、2008 - 2009年の学期に体罰を受けた[7]

学校における体罰はヨーロッパ諸国ではすでにおこなわれていない。

Much of the traditional culture that surrounds corporal punishment in school, at any rate in the English-speaking world, derives largely from British practice in the 19th and 20th centuries, particularly as regards the caning of teenage boys.[8] There is a vast amount of literature on this, in both popular and serious culture.[9][10] Britain itself outlawed the practice in 1987 for state schools[11][12][13] and more recently for all schools.[14][15]

The doctrine of in loco parentis lets school officials stand in for parents as comparable authority figures.[4] The doctrine has its origins in an English common-law precedent of 1770.[5]

1839 caricature by George Cruikshank of a school flogging

Many schools in Singapore and Malaysia use caning (for boys) as a routine official punishment for misconduct, as also some African countries. In some Middle Eastern countries whipping is used. (See list of countries, below.)

In most of continental Europe, school corporal punishment has been banned for several decades or longer, depending on the country (See list of countries, below).

From the 1917 Russian revolution onwards, corporal punishment was outlawed in the Soviet Union, because it was deemed contrary to Soviet ideology.[16] Communists in other countries such as Britain took the lead in campaigning against school corporal punishment, which they viewed as a symptom of the decadence of capitalist education systems.[17] In the 1960s, Soviet visitors to western schools expressed shock at the caning of boys there.[18] Other communist regimes followed suit: for instance, corporal punishment was "unknown" by students in North Korea in 2007.[19] In mainland China, corporal punishment in schools was outlawed in 1986,[20] although the practice remains common, especially in rural areas.[21]

According to the American Academy of Pediatrics, there are three broad rationales for the use of corporal punishment in schools: beliefs, based in traditional religion, that adults have a right, if not a duty, to physically punish misbehaving children; a disciplinary philosophy that corporal punishment builds character, being necessary for the development of a child's conscience and their respect for adult authority figures; and beliefs concerning the needs and rights of teachers, specifically that corporal punishment is essential for maintaining order and control in the classroom.[4]

生徒への影響

School officials and policymakers often rely on personal anecdotes to argue that school corporal punishment improves students' behavior and achievement.[22] However, there is a lack of empirical evidence showing that corporal punishment leads to better control in the classroom. In particular, evidence does not suggest that it enhances moral character development, increases students' respect for teachers or other authority figures, or offers greater security for teachers.[23]

A number of medical, pediatric or psychological societies have issued statements opposing all corporal punishment in schools, citing such outcomes as poorer academic achievement, increases in antisocial behaviour, injuries to students, and an unwelcoming learning environment. They include the American Medical Association,[24] the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry,[3] the American Academy of Pediatrics,[4][25][26] the Society for Adolescent Medicine,[5][27] the American Psychological Association,[28] the Royal College of Paediatrics and Child Health,[29][30] the Royal College of Psychiatrists,[31] the Canadian Paediatric Society[32] and the Australian Psychological Society,[33] as well as the United States' National Association of Secondary School Principals.[34]

According to the American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP), research shows that corporal punishment is less effective than other methods of behaviour management in schools, and "praise, discussions regarding values, and positive role models do more to develop character, respect, and values than does corporal punishment".[4] They say that evidence links corporal punishment of students to a number of adverse outcomes, including: "increased aggressive and destructive behaviour, increased disruptive classroom behaviour, vandalism, poor school achievement, poor attention span, increased drop-out rate, school avoidance and school phobia, low self-esteem, anxiety, somatic complaints, depression, suicide and retaliation against teachers".[4] The AAP recommends a number of alternatives to corporal punishment including various nonviolent behaviour-management strategies, modifications to the school environment, and increased support for teachers.[4]

生徒への傷害

An estimated 1 to 2 percent of physically punished students in the United States are seriously injured, to the point of needing medical attention. According to the AAP and the Society for Adolescent Medicine, these injuries have included bruises, abrasions, broken bones, whiplash injury, muscle damage, brain injury, and even death.[4][5] Other reported injuries to students include "sciatic nerve damage"[4] "extensive hematomas", and "life-threatening fat hemorrhage".[5]

暴力の肯定

The AAP cautions that there is a risk of corporal punishment in schools fostering the impression among students that violence is an appropriate means for managing others' behaviour.[4] According to the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, "Corporal punishment signals to the child that a way to settle interpersonal conflicts is to use physical force and inflict pain".[3] And according to the Society for Adolescent Medicine, "The use of corporal punishment in schools promotes a very precarious message: that violence is an acceptable phenomenon in our society. It sanctions the notion that it is meritorious to be violent toward our children, thereby devaluing them in society's eyes. It encourages children to resort to violence because they see their authority figures or substitute parents doing it [...] Violence is not acceptable and we must not support it by sanctioning its use by such authority figures as school officials".[5]

代替となる手段

The Society for Adolescent Medicine recommends developing "a milieu of effective communication, in which the teacher displays an attitude of respect for the students", as well as instruction that is stimulating and appropriate to student's abilities, various nonviolent behaviour modification techniques, and involving students and parents in making decisions about school matters such as rules and educational goals. They suggest that student self-governance can be an effective alternative for managing disruptive classroom behaviour, while stressing the importance of adequate training and support for teachers.[5]

The AAP remarks that there has been "no reported increase in disciplinary problems in schools following the elimination of corporal punishment" according to evidence.[4]

生徒の人権

A number of international human-rights organizations including the UN Committee on the Rights of the Child, the Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe, and the Inter-American Commission on Human Rights have stated that physical punishment of any kind is a violation of children's human rights.[35][36][37]

According to the Committee on the Rights of the Child, "Children do not lose their human rights by virtue of passing through the school gates [...] the use of corporal punishment does not respect the inherent dignity of the child nor the strict limits on school discipline".[38] The Committee interprets Article 19 of the Convention on the rights of the child, which obliges member states to "take all appropriate legislative, administrative, social and educational measures to protect the child from all forms of physical or mental violence, injury or abuse […] while in the care of parent(s), legal guardian(s) or any other person who has the care of the child", to imply a prohibition on all forms of corporal punishment.

Other international human-rights bodies supporting prohibition of corporal punishment of children in all settings, including schools, include the European Committee of Social Rights and the African Committee of Experts on the Rights and Welfare of the Child. In addition, the obligation of member states to prohibit corporal punishment in schools and elsewhere was affirmed in the 2009 Cairo Declaration on the Convention on the Rights of the Child and Islamic Jurisprudence.[39]

各国の状況

欧州諸国の体罰状況
  学校や家庭の体罰が全て禁止されている
  学校だけで体罰が禁止されている
  体罰が禁止されていない但し学区によって禁止されている場合も多い

According to the Global Initiative to End All Corporal Punishment of Children, all forms of corporal punishment in schools are outlawed in 125 countries as of May 2015 (46 of these countries also prohibit corporal punishment of children in the home).[39]

アルゼンチン

Banned in 1813, corporal punishment was re-legalised in 1817 and punishments by physical pain lasted until the 1980s. The instruments were rebenques, slappings in the face and others.[40][41] All corporal punishment has now been prohibited; the ban is set to come into effect in 2016.[42]

オーストラリア

オーストリアでは体罰は州によって制限されているustral未だ私立学校には許容されている地域もlるaw今は本当の少しの学校で体罰を定めてる corporal punishment in schools are determined at individual state or territory level.[43][44] While still legal in private schools in some states, in practice, very few schools impose corporal punishment.[45]

公立学校overnment schools 私立学校n-government schools
Victoria州 1983年に禁止される[46] 2006に禁止された
Queenslandss州[47] 1994年に禁止される.[48] 禁止されれいない.[49]
New South Waless州[50] 1987年に一番目に止される.[46][51][52] 11989再法化される[53]1995年に再禁止される.[54][55] 1997年に禁止される.[54]
Tasmania[56] 1999年に禁止される.[57][58] n 19に禁止される9.[57]
Australian Capital Territory[59] 1988年に禁止される[60][61] 1997年に禁止される
Northern Territory[62] 禁止されていないが教育委員会の教育方針に反する.[63] 2009に禁止される
South Australia州 1991年に禁止される 禁止されていない
Western Australia州 1999年に禁止される[64]
実質的に1987に教育委会によって禁止される
2015年に禁止される[65][66]

オーストリア

1974年に禁止された[67]

ボリビア

Corporal punishment in all settings, including schools, was prohibited in Bolivia in 2014. According to the Children and Adolescents Code, "The child and adolescent has the right to good treatment, comprising a non-violent upbringing and education... Any physical, violent and humiliating punishment is prohibited".[68]

ブラジル

Corporal punishment in all settings, including schools, was prohibited in Brazil in 2014. According to an amendment to the Code on Children and Adolescents 1990, "Children and Adolescents are entitled to be educated and cared for without the use of physical punishment or cruel or degrading treatment as forms of correction, discipline, education or any other pretext".[69]

ビルマ(ミャンマー)

Caning is commonly used by teachers as a punishment in schools.[70] The cane is applied on the students' buttocks, calves or palms of the hands in front of the class. Tramline cane marks could be left. Sit-ups with ears pulled and arms crossed, kneeling, and standing on the bench in the classroom are other forms of corporal punishments used in schools. Common reasons for punishment include talking in class, not finishing homework, mistakes made with classwork, fighting and truancy.[71][72]

カナダ

In Canadian Foundation for Children, Youth and the Law v. Canada (2004) the Supreme Court outlawed school corporal punishment.[73] In public schools, the usual implement was a rubber/canvas strap applied to the hands,[74] while private schools often used a paddle or cane administered to the student's posterior.[75][76] In many parts of Canada, 'the strap' had not been used in public schools since the 1970s or even earlier: thus, it has been claimed that it had not been used in Quebec since the 1960s,[77] and in Toronto it was banned in 1971.[1] However, some schools in Alberta had been using the strap up until the ban in 2004.[78]

カナダ諸州での学校における体罰禁止

カナダの複数の州は、国による2004年の禁止に先立ち、公立学校での体罰を禁止した。以下は年代順に並べたものである[要出典]

中国

Corporal punishment in China was officially banned after the communist revolution in 1949. The Compulsory Education Law of 1986 states: "It shall be forbidden to inflict physical punishment on students".[20] In practice, beatings by schoolteachers are common, especially in rural areas.[21][79]

コスタリカ

All corporal punishment, both in school and in the home, has been banned since 2008.

チェコ

Corporal punishment is outlawed under Article 31 of the Education Act.[80]

エジプト

A 1998 study found that random physical punishment (not proper formal corporal punishment) was being used extensively by teachers in Egypt to punish behavior they regarded as unacceptable. Around 80% of the boys and 60% of the girls were punished by teachers, using their hands, sticks, straps, shoes, punches and kicks as most common methods of administration. The most common reported injuries were bumps and contusions.[81]

フィンランド

Corporal punishment in public schools was banned in 1914, but remained de facto commonplace until 1984, when a law banning all corporal punishment of minors, even by parents, was introduced.[82][83]

フランス

The systematic use of corporal punishment has been absent from French schools since the 19th century.[84] There is no explicit legal ban on it,[85] but in 2008 a teacher was fined €500 for what some people describe as slapping a student.[86][87][88]

ドイツ

School corporal punishment, historically widespread, was outlawed in different states via their administrative law at different times. It was not completely abolished everywhere until 1983.[89] Since 1993, use of corporal punishment by a teacher has been a criminal offence. In that year a sentence by the Federal Court of Justice of Germany (Bundesgerichtshof, case number NStZ 1993,591) was published which overruled the previous powers enshrined in unofficial customary law (Gewohnheitsrecht) and upheld by some regional appeal courts (Oberlandesgericht, Superior State Court) even in the 1970s. They assumed a right of chastisement was a defense of justification against the accusation of "causing bodily harm" per Paragraph (=Section) 223 Strafgesetzbuch (Federal Penal Code).

ギリシャ

Corporal punishment in Greek primary schools was banned in 1998, and in secondary schools in 2005.[90]

インド

Corporal punishment is still used in most of India. The Delhi High Court banned its use in Delhi schools in 2000. 17 out of 29 states claim to apply the ban, though enforcement is lax.[91] A number of social and cultural groups, including Shankaracharya, are campaigning against corporal punishment in India. In many states, corporal punishment is still practised within most schools. Society for Prevention of Injuries & Corporal Punishment (SPIC) is actively running awareness campaigns to educate the teachers and students through conferences and scientific publications.[92]

アイルランド

In schools in Ireland, corporal punishment was banned by regulation in 1982, and its use became a criminal offence in 1996. [93]

イタリア

1928年に禁止された[94]

日本

1947年に禁止されたにもかかわらず、体罰は2010年代においても依然として複数の学校で見られ、とりわけ学校のスポーツクラブ(クラブ活動)に広まっている。In late 1987, about 60% of junior high school teachers felt it was necessary, with 7% believing it was necessary in all conditions, 59% believing it should be applied sometimes and 32% disapproving of it in all circumstances; while at elementary (primary) schools, 2% supported it unconditionally, 47% felt it was necessary and 49% disapproved.[95] As recent as December 2012, a high school student committed suicide after having been constantly beaten by his basketball coach.[96] An education ministry survey found that more than 10,000 students received illegal corporal punishment from more than 5,000 teachers across Japan in 2012 fiscal year alone.[97]

ルクセンブルク

Corporal punishment in schools was banned in 1845 and became a criminal offence in 1974 (Aggravated Assault on Minors under Authority) [98][99]

マレーシア

A picture showing the marks left on a Malaysian female student's palm after a caning

Caning is a common form of discipline in many Malaysian schools. Legally it should be applied only to male students, but the idea of making the caning of girls lawful has recently been debated. This would be applied to the palm of the hand, whereas boys are typically caned across the seat of the trousers.[100]

オランダ

Banned in 1920.[101]

ニュージーランド

Corporal punishment in New Zealand schools was abolished in 1987, but wasn't abolished legislatively until 23 July 1990, when Section 139A of the Education Act 1989 was inserted by the Education Amendment Act 1990. Section 139A prohibits anyone employed by a school or ECE provider, or anyone supervising or controlling students on the school's behalf, from using force by way of correction or punishment towards any student at or in relation to the school or the student under their supervision or control.[102] Teachers who administer corporal punishment can be found guilty of physical assault, resulting in termination and cancellation of teacher registration, and possibly criminal charges, with a maximum penalty of five years' imprisonment.[103]

As enacted, the law had a loophole: parents, provided they were not school staff, could still discipline their children on school grounds. In early 2007, a southern Auckland Christian school was found to be using this loophole to discipline students by corporal punishment, by making the student's parents administer the punishment.[104] This loophole was closed in May 2007 by the Crimes (Substituted Section 59) Amendment Act 2007, which enacted a blanket ban on parents administering corporal punishment to their children.

ノルウェー

Strongly restricted in 1889, completely banned in 1936.[要出典]

パキスタン

School corporal punishment in Pakistan is not very common in modern educational institutions although it is still used in schools across the rural parts of the country as a means of enforcing student discipline. The method has been criticised by some children's rights activists who claim that many cases of corporal punishment in schools have resulted in physical and mental abuse of schoolchildren. According to one report, corporal punishment is a key reason for school dropouts and subsequently, street children, in Pakistan; as many as 35,000 high school pupils in Pakistan are said to drop out of the education system each year because they have been punished or abused in school.[105]

フィリピン

Corporal punishment is prohibited in private and public schools.[106]

ポーランド

In 1783, Poland became the first country in the world to prohibit corporal punishment.[107] Peter Newell assumes that perhaps the most influential writer on the subject was the English philosopher John Locke, whose Some Thoughts Concerning Education explicitly criticised the central role of corporal punishment in education. Locke's work was highly influential, and may have helped influence Polish legislators to ban corporal punishment from Poland's schools in 1783. Today, the ban of corporal punishment in all forms is vested in Constitution of Poland[108][109]

ロシア

Banned in 1917.[16] Article 336 of the Labor Code of the Russian Federation states that a teacher who has used corporal punishment to a pupil (even once), shall be dismissed.

シンガポール

Corporal punishment is legal in Singapore schools (for male students only, it is illegal to inflict it on female students) and fully encouraged by the government in order to maintain strict discipline.[110] Only a light rattan cane may be used.[111] This must be administered in a formal ceremony by the school management after due deliberation, not by classroom teachers. Most secondary schools (whether independent, autonomous or government-controlled), and also some primary schools, use caning to deal with misconduct by boys.[112] At the secondary level, the rattan strokes are nearly always delivered to the student's clothed buttocks. The Ministry of Education has stipulated a maximum of six strokes per occasion. In some cases the punishment is carried out in front of the rest of the school instead of in private.[113]

南アフリカ

The use of corporal punishment in schools was prohibited by the South African Schools Act, 1996. According to section 10 of the act:

(1) No person may administer corporal punishment at a school to a learner. (2) Any person who contravenes subsection (1) is guilty of an offence and liable on conviction to a sentence which could be imposed for assault.[114]

In the case of Christian Education South Africa v Minister of Education the Constitutional Court rejected a claim that the constitutional right to religious freedom entitles private Christian schools to impose corporal punishment.

韓国

Since 2011, all forms of caning are completely banned in the liberal regions of Seoul Metropolitan City, Gyeonggi Province, Gangwon Province, Gwangju Metropolitan City, 全羅北道 and 全羅南道. Other, more conservative, regions are governed by a national law enacted in 2011 which states that while caning is generally forbidden, it can be used indirectly to maintain school discipline.[115]

スペイン

Banned in 1985.[116]

スウェーデン

Corporal punishment at school has been prohibited in folkskolestadgan (the elementary school ordinance) since 1 January 1958. Its use by ordinary teachers in grammar schools had been outlawed in 1928.[117]

台湾

In 2006 Taiwan made corporal punishment in the school system illegal,[118] but it is still known to be practised (see Corporal punishment in Taiwan).

タイ王国

Corporal punishment in schools is illegal under the Ministry of Education Regulation on Student Punishment (2005) and the National Committee on Child Protection Regulation on Working Procedures of Child Protection Officers Involved in Promoting Behaviour of Students (2005), pursuant to article 65 of the Child Protection Act.[119]

ウクライナ

In Ukraine, "physical or mental violence" against children is forbidden by the Constitution (Art.52.2) and the Law on Education (Art.51.1, since 1991) which states that students and other learners have the right “to the protection from any form of exploitation, physical and psychological violence, actions of pedagogical and other employees who violate the rights or humiliate their honour and dignity”.[120] Standard instructions for teachers provided by the Ministry of Science and Education state that a teacher who has used corporal punishment to a pupil (even once), shall be dismissed.

アラブ首長国連邦

A federal law was implemented in 1998 which banned school corporal punishment. The law applied to all schools, both public and private.[121][122] Any teacher who engages in the practice would not only lose their job and teaching license, but will also face criminal prosecution for engaging in violence against minors and will also face child abuse charges.[123]

イギリス

In state-run schools, and also in private schools where at least part of the funding came from government, corporal punishment was outlawed by the British Parliament in 1986. In other private schools, it was banned in 1998 (England and Wales), 2000 (Scotland) and 2003 (Northern Ireland).[124]

The implement used in many state and private schools in England and Wales was often a rattan cane, struck either across the student's hands or (especially in the case of teenage boys) the clothed buttocks. "Slippering"—striking the buttocks with a rubber-soled gym shoe, or plimsoll shoe—was widely used in many schools, for example King's School, Macclesfield, a boys grammar school in Cheshire.[125] In a few English cities, a strap was used instead of the cane.[126] In Scotland a leather strap, the tawse, administered to the palms of the hands, was universal in state schools,[127] but some private schools used the cane.[128]

Prior to the ban in private schools in England, the "slippering" of a student at an independent boarding school was challenged in 1993 before the European Court of Human Rights. The Court ruled 5–4 in that case that the punishment was not severe enough to infringe the student's "freedom from degrading punishment" under article 3 of the European Convention on Human Rights. The dissenting judges argued that the ritualised nature of the punishment, given after several days and without parental consent, should qualify it as "degrading punishment".[129]

R (Williamson) v Secretary of State for Education and Employment (2005) was an unsuccessful challenge to the prohibition of corporal punishment contained in the Education Act 1996, by several headmasters of private Christian schools who argued that it was a breach of their religious freedom.

In response to a 2008 poll of 6,162 UK teachers by the Times Educational Supplement, 22% of secondary school teachers and 16% of primary school teachers supported "the right to use corporal punishment in extreme cases". The National Union of Teachers said that it "could not support the views expressed by those in favour of hitting children".[130][131]

アメリカ合衆国

There is no federal law addressing corporal punishment in public or private schools. In 1977, the Supreme Court ruling in Ingraham v. Wright held that the Eighth Amendment clause prohibiting "cruel and unusual punishments" did not apply to school students, and that teachers could punish children without parental permission.

As of 2015, 31 states and the District of Columbia have banned corporal punishment in public schools, though in some of these there is no explicit prohibition. Corporal punishment is also unlawful in private schools in Iowa and New Jersey. In 19 U.S. states, corporal punishment is lawful in both public and private schools.[132]

ベネズエラ

Corporal punishment in all settings, including schools, was prohibited in Venezuela in 2007. According to the Law for the Protection of Children and Adolescents, "All children and young people have a right to be treated well. This right includes a non-violent education and upbringing... Consequently, all forms of physical and humiliating punishment are prohibited".[133]

脚注

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