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「オルレアン包囲戦」の版間の差分

出典: フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア(Wikipedia)』
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|combatant2=[[Image:France moderne.svg|20px]] [[フランス王国]]<br>[[Image:Royal coat of arms of Scotland.svg|20px]] [[スコットランド王国]]
|combatant2=[[Image:France moderne.svg|20px]] [[フランス王国]]<br>[[Image:Royal coat of arms of Scotland.svg|20px]] [[スコットランド王国]]
|commander1=[[File:Montacute Arms.svg|20px]] [[トマス・モンタキュート (第4代ソールズベリー伯)|ソールズベリー伯]]{{KIA}}<br>[[File:De La Pole Coat of Arms.jpg|20px]] [[ウィリアム・ドゥ・ラ・ポール (サフォーク公)|サフォーク公]]<br>[[File:Arms of Talbot.svg|20px]] [[ジョン・タルボット (初代シュルーズベリー伯)|ジョン・タルボット]]<br>ウィリアム・グラスデール{{KIA}}
|commander1=[[File:Montacute Arms.svg|20px]] [[トマス・モンタキュート (第4代ソールズベリー伯)|ソールズベリー伯]]{{KIA}}<br>[[File:De La Pole Coat of Arms.jpg|20px]] [[ウィリアム・ドゥ・ラ・ポール (サフォーク公)|サフォーク公]]<br>[[File:Arms of Talbot.svg|20px]] [[ジョン・タルボット (初代シュルーズベリー伯)|ジョン・タルボット]]<br>ウィリアム・グラスデール{{KIA}}
|commander2=[[File:Blason comte fr Longueville (ancien).svg|20px]] [[ジャン・ド・デュノワ]]<br>[[File:Coat of Arms of Jeanne d'Arc.svg|20px]] [[ジャンヌ・ダルク]]{{WIA}} <br> [[File:Blason Gilles de Rais.svg|20px]] [[ジル・ド・レ]]<br>[[File:Blason famille Brosse.svg|20px]] Jean de Boussac<br>[[File:Blason Etienne de Vignolles (La Hire).svg|20px]] [[ラ・イル]]
|commander2=[[File:Blason comte fr Longueville (ancien).svg|20px]] [[ジャン・ド・デュノワ]]<br>[[File:Coat of Arms of Jeanne d'Arc.svg|20px]] [[ジャンヌ・ダルク]]{{WIA}} <br> [[File:Blason Gilles de Rais.svg|20px]] [[ジル・ド・レ]]<br>[[File:Blason famille Brosse.svg|20px]] ジャン・ドゥ・ブザック<br>[[File:Blason Etienne de Vignolles (La Hire).svg|20px]] [[ラ・イル]]
|strength1=5,000人<ref name="Charles Cuissard 1429, p. 410">Paul Charpentier et Charles Cuissard, Journal du siège d'Orléans, 1428-1429, H. Herluison, 1896. (p. 410)</ref>
|strength1=5,000人<ref name="Charles Cuissard 1429, p. 410">Paul Charpentier et Charles Cuissard, Journal du siège d'Orléans, 1428-1429, H. Herluison, 1896. (p. 410)</ref>
|strength2=軍人 6,400人、武装市民 3,000人<ref name="Charles Cuissard 1429, p. 410"/>
|strength2=軍人 6,400人、武装市民 3,000人<ref name="Charles Cuissard 1429, p. 410"/>
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=== State of the conflict ===
=== State of the conflict ===
After the brief fallout over Hainaut in 1425-26, [[Kingdom of England|English]] and [[Burgundian (party)|Burgundian]] arms renewed their alliance and offensive on the Dauphin's France in 1427. The [[Orléanais]] region southwest of Paris was of key importance, not only for controlling the [[Loire river]], but also to smoothly connect the English area of operations in the west and the Burgundian area of operations in the east. French arms had been largely ineffective before the Anglo-Burgundian onslaught until the siege of [[Montargis]] in late 1427, when [[La Hire|Étienne de Vignolles ("La Hire")]] and [[Jean de Dunois|John of Orléans, Count of Dunois ("the Bastard of Orléans")]] managed to successfully force the siege to be lifted. The relief of Montargis, the first effective French action in years, emboldened sporadic uprisings in the thinly-garrisoned English-occupied region of [[Maine (province)|Maine]] to the west, threatening to undo recent English gains.<ref name=Ramsay375>Ramsay (1892: p.375-76)</ref>
After the brief fallout over Hainaut in 1425-26, [[イングランド王国]][[:en:Burgundian (party)|ブルゴーニュ派]] arms renewed their alliance and offensive on the Dauphin's France in 1427. The [[Orléanais]] region southwest of Paris was of key importance, not only for controlling the [[Loire river]], but also to smoothly connect the English area of operations in the west and the Burgundian area of operations in the east. French arms had been largely ineffective before the Anglo-Burgundian onslaught until the siege of [[Montargis]] in late 1427, when [[La Hire|Étienne de Vignolles ("La Hire")]] and [[Jean de Dunois|John of Orléans, Count of Dunois ("the Bastard of Orléans")]] managed to successfully force the siege to be lifted. The relief of Montargis, the first effective French action in years, emboldened sporadic uprisings in the thinly-garrisoned English-occupied region of [[Maine (province)|Maine]] to the west, threatening to undo recent English gains.<ref name=Ramsay375>Ramsay (1892: p.375-76)</ref>


However, the French failed to capitalize on the aftermath of Montargis, in large part because the French court was embroiled in an internal power struggle between the [[Constable of France|constable]] [[Arthur de Richemont]] and the chamberlain [[Georges de la Trémoille]], a new favorite of the [[Charles VII of France|Dauphin Charles]]. John of Dunois, La Hire and [[Poton de Xaintrailles]] were partisans of La Trémoille, while [[Charles I, Duke of Bourbon|Charles de Bourbon (Count of Clermont)]] (son of the imprisoned duke of Bourbon), the [[Marshal of France|marshal]] [[Jean de Brosse|Jean de Brosse (Sieur de Boussac)]] and [[John Stewart of Darnley]] (head of the Scottish auxiliary forces), were lined up with the constable.<ref name=Ramsay386>Ramsay (1892: p.386)</ref><ref>Beaucourt (1882: p.144-68)</ref> The inner French conflict had reached such a point that their partisans were fighting each other in the open field by mid-1428.
However, the French failed to capitalize on the aftermath of Montargis, in large part because the French court was embroiled in an internal power struggle between the [[Constable of France|constable]] [[Arthur de Richemont]] and the chamberlain [[Georges de la Trémoille]], a new favorite of the [[Charles VII of France|Dauphin Charles]]. John of Dunois, La Hire and [[Poton de Xaintrailles]] were partisans of La Trémoille, while [[Charles I, Duke of Bourbon|Charles de Bourbon (Count of Clermont)]] (son of the imprisoned duke of Bourbon), the [[Marshal of France|marshal]] [[Jean de Brosse|Jean de Brosse (Sieur de Boussac)]] and [[John Stewart of Darnley]] (head of the Scottish auxiliary forces), were lined up with the constable.<ref name=Ramsay386>Ramsay (1892: p.386)</ref><ref>Beaucourt (1882: p.144-68)</ref> The inner French conflict had reached such a point that their partisans were fighting each other in the open field by mid-1428.
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The English availed themselves of French paralysis to raise fresh reinforcements in England in early 1428, raising a new force of 2,700 men (450 men-at-arms and 2,250 longbowmen), brought over by [[Thomas Montacute, 4th Earl of Salisbury|Thomas Montacute (Earl of Salisbury)]].<ref name=Ramsay380>Ramsay (1892: p.380)</ref> These were bolstered by new levies raised in Normandy and Paris, and joined by auxiliaries from Burgundy and vassal domains in Picardie and Champagne, to a total strength possibly as great as 10,000. At the council of war in the Spring of 1428, the English regent [[John of Lancaster, 1st Duke of Bedford|John Duke of Bedford]] determined the direction of English arms would be towards the west, to stomp out the fires in the Maine and lay siege to [[Angers]].<ref name=Ramsay381>Ramsay (1892: p.381)</ref> The city of [[Orléans]] was not originally on the menu - indeed, Bedford had secured a private deal with Dunois, whose attentions were focused on the Richemont-La Trémoille conflict, then raging violently in the [[Berry (province)|Berri]].<ref name=Ramsay382>Ramsay (1892: p.382)</ref> As [[Charles, Duke of Orléans]] was at the time in English captivity, it would have been contrary to the customs of knightly war to seize the possessions of a prisoner. Bedford agreed to leave Orléans alone, but, for some reason, changed his mind shortly after the arrival of English reinforcements under Salisbury in July 1428. In a memorandum written in later years, Bedford expressed that the siege of Orléans "was taken in hand, God knoweth by what advice", suggesting it was probably Salisbury's idea, not his.<ref>Ramsay (1892: p.398)</ref>
The English availed themselves of French paralysis to raise fresh reinforcements in England in early 1428, raising a new force of 2,700 men (450 men-at-arms and 2,250 longbowmen), brought over by [[Thomas Montacute, 4th Earl of Salisbury|Thomas Montacute (Earl of Salisbury)]].<ref name=Ramsay380>Ramsay (1892: p.380)</ref> These were bolstered by new levies raised in Normandy and Paris, and joined by auxiliaries from Burgundy and vassal domains in Picardie and Champagne, to a total strength possibly as great as 10,000. At the council of war in the Spring of 1428, the English regent [[John of Lancaster, 1st Duke of Bedford|John Duke of Bedford]] determined the direction of English arms would be towards the west, to stomp out the fires in the Maine and lay siege to [[Angers]].<ref name=Ramsay381>Ramsay (1892: p.381)</ref> The city of [[Orléans]] was not originally on the menu - indeed, Bedford had secured a private deal with Dunois, whose attentions were focused on the Richemont-La Trémoille conflict, then raging violently in the [[Berry (province)|Berri]].<ref name=Ramsay382>Ramsay (1892: p.382)</ref> As [[Charles, Duke of Orléans]] was at the time in English captivity, it would have been contrary to the customs of knightly war to seize the possessions of a prisoner. Bedford agreed to leave Orléans alone, but, for some reason, changed his mind shortly after the arrival of English reinforcements under Salisbury in July 1428. In a memorandum written in later years, Bedford expressed that the siege of Orléans "was taken in hand, God knoweth by what advice", suggesting it was probably Salisbury's idea, not his.<ref>Ramsay (1892: p.398)</ref>


=== Salisbury's approach ===
=== ソールズベリー公's approach ===
7月と8月の間、ソールズベリー公は、パリ南西部の田園地帯に侵攻し、Nogent-le-Roi、[[ランブイエ]]および[[シャルトル]]周辺のエリアを回復した。<ref name=Ramsay381/> その後、ソールズベリー公は、南西の[[アンジェ]]方面には向かわず、南東のオルレアン方面に進軍した。ロワール川方面を攻め、8月に[[:en:Le Puiset|Le Puiset]]と[[:en:Janville, Eure-et-Loir|ジャンヴィル]]を占領した。そこからは、オルレアンを北側から直接攻めずに、町を通過して、まずオルレアンの西側の田園地帯を占領した。彼は素早く攻略した[[:en:Meung-sur-Loire|Meung-sur-Loire]]の町でロワール川にたどり着いた。(別働隊が川を渡り、[[:en:Cléry-Saint-André|Cléry]]の聖堂を略奪した。)<ref name=Ramsay381/><ref>Cousinot's Pucelle (p.257)</ref> 彼は[[ブロワ]]方面の下流側に若干の攻勢をかけ、[[:en:Beaugency|Beaugency]]のの橋と城を奪取した。ここで彼はロワール川を渡り、南側からオルレアンに接近し、10月7日にオルレアンから1マイル程離れた[[オリヴェ (ロワレ県)|オリヴェ]]の町に到着した。<ref name=Ramsay382/> その間に、John de La Pole指揮下のイングランド軍の別部隊が、オルレアン東部の上流地域を占領するために送られてきていた。10月5日に[[:en:Jargeau|Jargeau]]の町が陥落し、その後程なくして[[:en:Châteauneuf-sur-Loire|Châteauneuf-sur-Loire]]が陥落した、その一方でブルゴーニュ派勢力が、更に上流側の[[シュリー=シュル=ロワール]]を攻略した。<ref name=Ramsay381/> オルレアンは切り離され、包囲された。
7月と8月の間、ソールズベリー公は swept through the countryside southwest of Paris - recovering [[Nogent-le-Roi]], [[Rambouillet]] and the area around [[Chartres]].<ref name=Ramsay381/> Then, rather than continuing southwest to Angers, Salisbury turned abruptly southeast towards Orléans instead. Pressing towards the Loire, Salisbury seized [[Le Puiset]] and [[Janville, Eure-et-Loir|Janville]] (with some difficulty) in August. From there, rather than descending directly on Orléans from the north, Salisbury skipped over the city to seize the countryside west of it. He reached the [[Loire river]] at [[Meung-sur-Loire]], which he promptly seized (a detachment of his men crossed the river then to plunder the abbey of [[Cléry-Saint-André|Cléry]]).<ref name=Ramsay381/><ref>Cousinot's Pucelle (p.257)</ref> He pressed a little downriver, in the direction of Blois, to take the bridge and castle of [[Beaugency]]. Salisbury crossed the Loire at the point, and turned up to approach Orléans from the south. Salisbury arrived at [[Olivet, Loiret|Olivet]], just one mile south of Orléans, on October 7.<ref name=Ramsay382/> In the meantime, an English detachment, under [[John de La Pole]], had been sent to seize the regions upriver, east of Orléans: [[Jargeau]] fell on October 5, [[Châteauneuf-sur-Loire]] immediately after, while further upriver, the Burgundians took [[Sully-sur-Loire]].<ref name=Ramsay381/> Orléans was cut off and surrounded.


[[Image:View of Orléans 1428 - Project Gutenberg etext 19488.jpg|thumb|500px|Orléans in 1428-9, the time of the Siege]]
[[Image:View of Orléans 1428 - Project Gutenberg etext 19488.jpg|thumb|500px|包囲戦のあった1428-1429年のオルレアン]]
Manning the defenses of Orléans, John of Dunois had watched the tightening English noose and took care to prepare the city for siege. Dunois correctly anticipated that the English would aim for the bridge, nearly {{frac|1|4}}&nbsp;mile (400&nbsp;m) long, that led from the south shore of the Loire into the center of the city of Orléans on the north shore. The bridge passed over the riverine island of St. Antoine, an optimal location for Salisbury to position English cannon within range of Orléans city center.<ref name=Ramsay382/> At the southern end of the bridge was a turreted [[gatehouse]], ''Les Tourelles'', which stood in the river, connected by a [[drawbridge]] to the southern bank. Dunois rapidly erected a large earthwork [[bulwark]] (''Boulevart'') on the south shore itself, which he packed with the bulk of his troops, thus creating a large fortified complex to protect the bridge.<ref name=Ramsay383>Ramsay (1892: p.383)</ref> Just across from the Boulevart was an [[Augustinian]] [[friary]], which could be used as a flanking firing position on any approach to the bridge, although it seems Dunois decided not to make use of it. On his orders, the southern suburbs of Orléans were evacuated and all structures leveled to prevent giving the English cover.<ref name=Ramsay383/>
[[ジャン・ド・デュノワ]]は 、オルレアンの防御に人員を配置し、イングランド軍の包囲網を監視し、オルレアンの町が包囲戦に備えることに気を配った。デュノワは、約{{frac|1|4}}&nbsp;mile (400&nbsp;m)の長さの橋に狙いを定め、ロワール川南岸より、北岸の都市であるオルレアン中心部に入ってくることを正確に予測していた。この橋は、ソールズベリー公がオルレアン中心部の射程圏にイングランド軍の大砲を配置するのに最適な場所である中州のSt. Antoine島を通過していた。<ref name=Ramsay382/> 橋の南端は、小塔のある守衛詰所「Les Tourelles」であり、川の上に建ち、[[跳ね橋]]で南岸と繋がっていた。デュノワは急いで南岸に大きな土塁(Boulevart)を築き、大部分の軍を配置して、橋を防御する大きな要塞化された複合施設を造りあげた。<ref name=Ramsay383>Ramsay (1892: p.383)</ref> Just across from the Boulevart was an [[Augustinian]] [[friary]], which could be used as a flanking firing position on any approach to the bridge, although it seems Dunois decided not to make use of it. 彼の命により、オルレアン南部の郊外の住民は避難し、すべての建物は、イングランド軍に奪取されるのを防ぐために破壊された。<ref name=Ramsay383/>


== 包囲戦の初期段階 ==
== 包囲戦の初期段階 ==
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[[File:Siege Orleans.jpg|thumbnail|350px|オルレアン包囲戦におけるイングランドの外塁]]
[[File:Siege Orleans.jpg|thumbnail|350px|オルレアン包囲戦におけるイングランドの外塁]]
南岸において、イングランド軍の中心は、橋の複合施設 (composed of the トゥレル=ブールバールと要塞化されたオーガスティンで構成されていた)であった。東側からの橋への進入はSt. Jean-le-Blanc砦で監視され、一方橋の西側へは、Champ de St. Privé砦で監視された。 St. Privéは、Charlemagne島 (島には他の砦がある)への橋も監視していた。Charlemagne橋の反対側であるロワール川北岸は、イングランド軍の最大の防塁で、イングランドの軍事行動の中枢部であるSt. Laurent砦で監視していた。
南岸において、イングランド軍の中心は、橋の複合施設 (トゥレル=ブールバールと要塞化されたオーガスティンで構成されていた)であった。東側からの橋への進入はSt. Jean-le-Blanc砦で監視され、一方橋の西側へは、Champ de St. Privé砦で監視された。 St. Privéは、Charlemagne島 (島には他の砦がある)への橋も監視していた。Charlemagne橋の反対側であるロワール川北岸は、イングランド軍の最大の防塁で、イングランドの軍事行動の中枢部であるSt. Laurent砦で監視していた。
Above that were a series of smaller outworks, in order: the bastille de la Croiz Boisse, the bastille des Douze Pierres (nicknamed "London"), the bastille de Pressoir Aps (nicknamed "Rouen") and, just north of the city, the bastille de St. Pouair (nicknamed "Paris"), all on top of the main roads.<ref>Cousinot's Pucelle ([http://books.google.com/books?id=a1v9GCEt5KAC&pg=PA265#v=onepage&q&f=false p.265])</ref> Then came the great northeastern gap, although its back was mostly covered by thick forest of the Bois d'Orléans. Finally, some 2&nbsp;km east of the city, on the north bank, there was the isolated bastille of St. Loup.
その上は、多くの小さな外塁があり、順番にCroiz Boisse砦、Douze Pierres (愛称「ロンドン」)Pressoir Aps (愛称「Rouen)、そして街のちょうど北側にSt. Pouair (愛称「パリ」)が置かれ、主要な通りの上部に置かれていた。<ref>Cousinot's Pucelle ([http://books.google.com/books?id=a1v9GCEt5KAC&pg=PA265#v=onepage&q&f=false p.265])</ref> その背後は、大部分がBois d'Orléansの深い森で覆われいたとはいえ、then came the great northeastern gap.結局、町から東に約2&nbsp;kmの北岸にあったSt. Loup砦は孤立した。


Orléans's position seemed gloomy. Although the French still held isolated citadels like [[Montargis]] to the northeast and [[Gien]] upriver,<ref name=Ramsay387>Ramsay (1892: p.387)</ref> any relief would have to come from [[Blois]], to the southwest, exactly where the English had concentrated their forces. Provisions convoys had to follow dangerous circuitous routes swinging around to reach the city from the northeast. Few made it through, and the city soon began to feel the pinch. Should Orléans fall, it would effectively make the recovery of the northern half of France all but impossible, and prove fatal to the Dauphin Charles's bid for the crown. When the French [[French States-General|Estates]] met at [[Chinon]] in September 1428, they pressed the Dauphin to make peace with [[Philip III of Burgundy]] "at any price".<ref>Ramsay (1892: p.386n4.)</ref>
オルレアンの位置は、絶望的に思えた。フランス軍が、まだオルレアン北東部の[[モンタルジ]]や、上流の[[ジアン]]に、孤立した城を有していたとはいえ、<ref name=Ramsay387>Ramsay (1892: p.387)</ref>イングランドが軍隊を集めているオルレアン南西の[[ブロワ]]から本来来るはずの救援が来ていなかった。北東側からオルレアンにたどり着くまでに、補給部隊は、危険な迂回ルートをグルグル回らなければならなかった。Few made it through, and the city soon began to feel the pinch. Should Orléans fall, it would effectively make the recovery of the northern half of France all but impossible, and prove fatal to the Dauphin Charles's bid for the crown. When the French [[French States-General|Estates]] met at [[Chinon]] in September 1428, they pressed the Dauphin to make peace with [[Philip III of Burgundy]] "at any price".<ref>Ramsay (1892: p.386n4.)</ref>


==ニシンの戦い==
==ニシンの戦い==
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ルヴレでの敗北により、フランス軍の士気は大きく低下した。Bickering and recriminations immediately followed as Clermont and Dunois blamed each other for the disaster, reopening the fissures between the Richemont and La Tremoille parties. Clermont, disgusted, quit the field and retired to his estates, refusing to participate further.<ref name=Ramsay386/> Once again, the Dauphin Charles was advised to sue for peace with Burgundy and should that fail, to consider abdicating and retiring to the [[Dauphiné]], perhaps even going into exile in Scotland.<ref name=Ramsay386/> In March, John of Dunois made an irresistible offer to [[Philip III of Burgundy]], offering to turn Orléans over to him, to hold as a neutral territory on behalf of his captive half-brother [[Charles, Duke of Orléans]].<ref>Cousinot's Pucelle (p.269)</ref> Burgundy hurried to Paris in early April to persuade the English regent John of Bedford to take the offer. But Bedford, certain Orléans was on the verge of falling, refused to surrender his prize. The disappointed Philip withdrew his Burgundian auxiliaries from the English siege in a huff.<ref>Ramsay (1892: p.386-87)</ref>
ルヴレでの敗北により、フランス軍の士気は大きく低下した。Bickering and recriminations immediately followed as Clermont and Dunois blamed each other for the disaster, reopening the fissures between the Richemont and La Tremoille parties. Clermont, disgusted, quit the field and retired to his estates, refusing to participate further.<ref name=Ramsay386/> Once again, the Dauphin Charles was advised to sue for peace with Burgundy and should that fail, to consider abdicating and retiring to the [[Dauphiné]], perhaps even going into exile in Scotland.<ref name=Ramsay386/> In March, John of Dunois made an irresistible offer to [[Philip III of Burgundy]], offering to turn Orléans over to him, to hold as a neutral territory on behalf of his captive half-brother [[Charles, Duke of Orléans]].<ref>Cousinot's Pucelle (p.269)</ref> Burgundy hurried to Paris in early April to persuade the English regent John of Bedford to take the offer. But Bedford, certain Orléans was on the verge of falling, refused to surrender his prize. The disappointed Philip withdrew his Burgundian auxiliaries from the English siege in a huff.<ref>Ramsay (1892: p.386-87)</ref>


It was on the very day of the Battle of the Herrings that a young French peasant girl, [[Joan of Arc]], was meeting with [[Robert de Baudricourt]], the ''Dauphinois'' captain of [[Vaucouleurs]], trying to explain to the sceptical captain her divinely-ordained mission to rescue the Dauphin Charles and deliver him to his royal coronation at [[Rheims]]. She had met and been rebuffed by Baudricourt twice before, but apparently this time he assented and arranged to escort her to the Dauphin's court in [[Chinon]]. According to the ''[[Chronique de la Pucelle]]'', at this meeting with Baudricourt, Joan disclosed that the Dauphin's arms had suffered a great reversal near Orléans that day, and if she were not sent to him soon, there would be others.<ref>Cousinot's ''Pucelle'' ([http://books.google.com/books?id=a1v9GCEt5KAC&pg=PA272#v=onepage&q&f=false p.272]). For contemporary testimonials of the meetings with Baudricourt given at Joan's trial, see Quicherat's ''Proces'', v.1 [http://books.google.com/books?id=gmcaAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA53#v=onepage&q&f=false p.53], v.2 [http://books.google.com/books?id=BRnejD0_kAMC&pg=PA436#v=onepage&q&f=false p.436], [http://books.google.com/books?id=BRnejD0_kAMC&pg=PA456#v=onepage&q&f=false p.456])</ref> Accordingly, when news of the defeat at Rouvray reached Vaucouleurs, Baudricourt became convinced of the girl's prescience and agreed to escort her. Whatever the truth of the story — and it is not accepted by all authorities — Joan left Vaucouleurs on February 23 for Chinon.
ちょうどニシンの戦いの日に、フランスの農家の若い娘[[ジャンヌ・ダルク]]が、[[:en:Vaucouleurs|Vaucouleurs]]''Dauphinois''の大佐である[[:en:Robert de Baudricourt|Robert de Baudricourt]]と会い、シャルル7世を救援し、[[ランス (マルヌ県)|ランス]]で彼の戴冠式を行なうという彼女の神から与えられた使命を、懐疑的であった大佐に説明した。 She had met and been rebuffed by Baudricourt twice before, but apparently this time he assented and arranged to escort her to the Dauphin's court in [[Chinon]]. According to the ''[[Chronique de la Pucelle]]'', at this meeting with Baudricourt, Joan disclosed that the Dauphin's arms had suffered a great reversal near Orléans that day, and if she were not sent to him soon, there would be others.<ref>Cousinot's ''Pucelle'' ([http://books.google.com/books?id=a1v9GCEt5KAC&pg=PA272#v=onepage&q&f=false p.272]). For contemporary testimonials of the meetings with Baudricourt given at Joan's trial, see Quicherat's ''Proces'', v.1 [http://books.google.com/books?id=gmcaAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA53#v=onepage&q&f=false p.53], v.2 [http://books.google.com/books?id=BRnejD0_kAMC&pg=PA436#v=onepage&q&f=false p.436], [http://books.google.com/books?id=BRnejD0_kAMC&pg=PA456#v=onepage&q&f=false p.456])</ref> Accordingly, when news of the defeat at Rouvray reached Vaucouleurs, Baudricourt became convinced of the girl's prescience and agreed to escort her. Whatever the truth of the story — and it is not accepted by all authorities — Joan left Vaucouleurs on February 23 for Chinon.


==ジャンヌ・ダルクがオルレアンへ到着==
==ジャンヌ・ダルクがオルレアンへ到着==
数年の間、フランスを救済する武装した少女に関する漠然とした予言がフランス国内に広まっていた。これらの多くで、武装した少女が、ジャンヌの生誕地である[[Domrémy-la-Pucelle|Domrémy]]のある[[Lorraine (province)|Lorraine]]国境から現れるであろうと予言していた。<ref>Domrémy was in the [[Duchy of Bar]], right on the edge of the [[Duchy of Lorraine]].</ref> 結果として、包囲されていたオルレアンの市民に、ジャンヌが王に謁見した旅のことが伝わると、市民の期待と希望が高まった。
For years, vague [[Maid of Lorraine prophecies|prophecies]] had been circulating in France concerning an armored maiden who would rescue France. Many of these prophecies foretold that the armored maiden would come from the borders of [[Lorraine (province)|Lorraine]], where [[Domrémy-la-Pucelle|Domrémy]], Joan's birthplace, is located.<ref>Domrémy was in the [[Duchy of Bar]], right on the edge of the [[Duchy of Lorraine]].</ref> As a result, when word reached the besieged citizens of Orléans concerning Joan's journey to see the King, expectations and hopes were high.


Escorted by Baudricourt, Joan arrived in [[Chinon]] on March 6, 1429, and met with the skeptical La Trémoille. On March 9, she finally met the Dauphin Charles, although it would be a few days more before she had a private meeting where the Dauphin was finally convinced of her "powers" (or at least, her usefulness).<ref>Ramsay (1892: p.390); Beaucourt (1882: v.2, [http://books.google.com/books?id=CjcOAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA204#v=onepage&q&f=false p.204-9])</ref> Nonetheless, he insisted she first proceed to [[Poitiers]] to be examined by church authorities. With the clerical verdict that she posed no harm and could be safely taken on, Dauphin Charles finally accepted her services on March 22. She was provided with a suit of plate armor, a banner, a pageboy, and heralds.
1429年3月6日、ジャンヌはBaudricourtに護衛されて、[[シノン]]に到着し、懐疑的であったLa Trémoilleと面会した。3月9日、ついに彼女はシャルル7世に謁見した。(シャルル7世が最終的に彼女の「(魔)力(または彼女の有用性)」を確信した遭遇は、この2、3日前であった)<ref>Ramsay (1892: p.390); Beaucourt (1882: v.2, [http://books.google.com/books?id=CjcOAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA204#v=onepage&q&f=false p.204-9])</ref> それにも関わらず、he insisted she first proceed to [[Poitiers]] to be examined by church authorities. With the clerical verdict that she posed no harm and could be safely taken on, Dauphin Charles finally accepted her services on March 22. She was provided with a suit of plate armor, a banner, a pageboy, and heralds.


[[File:Jeanne d'Arc, victorieuse des anglais, rentre à Orléans et est acclamée par la population - Jean Jacques Scherrer 1887.png|thumb|250px|Joan of Arc enters Orléans (painting by J.J. Sherer, 1887)]]Joan's first mission was to join a convoy assembling at [[Blois]], under the command of Marshals [[Jean de Brosse|de Boussac]] and [[Gilles de Rais]], bringing supplies to Orléans. It was from Blois that Joan dispatched her famous missives to the English siege commanders, calling herself "the Maiden" (''La Pucelle''), and ordering them, in the name of God, to "Begone, or I will make you go".<ref>For the letters, see Cousinot's Pucelle ([http://books.google.com/books?id=a1v9GCEt5KAC&pg=PA281#v=onepage&q&f=false p.281])</ref>
[[File:Jeanne d'Arc, victorieuse des anglais, rentre à Orléans et est acclamée par la population - Jean Jacques Scherrer 1887.png|thumb|250px|Joan of Arc enters Orléans (painting by J.J. Sherer, 1887)]]Joan's first mission was to join a convoy assembling at [[Blois]], under the command of Marshals [[Jean de Brosse|de Boussac]] and [[Gilles de Rais]], bringing supplies to Orléans. It was from Blois that Joan dispatched her famous missives to the English siege commanders, calling herself "the Maiden" (''La Pucelle''), and ordering them, in the name of God, to "Begone, or I will make you go".<ref>For the letters, see Cousinot's Pucelle ([http://books.google.com/books?id=a1v9GCEt5KAC&pg=PA281#v=onepage&q&f=false p.281])</ref>

2015年6月5日 (金) 01:09時点における版

オルレアン包囲戦
百年戦争
Joan of Arc at the Siege of Orléans by Jules Lenepveu
オルレアン包囲戦におけるジャンヌ・ダルク by Jules Eugène Lenepveu, painted 1886–1890
12 October 1428 – 8 May 1429
(6ヶ月3週5日間)
場所オルレアン、フランス
結果 フランスの決定的な勝利
衝突した勢力
イングランド王国 フランス王国
スコットランド王国
指揮官
ソールズベリー伯 
サフォーク公
ジョン・タルボット
ウィリアム・グラスデール 
ジャン・ド・デュノワ
ジャンヌ・ダルク戦傷
ジル・ド・レ
ジャン・ドゥ・ブザック
ラ・イル
戦力
5,000人[1] 軍人 6,400人、武装市民 3,000人[1]
被害者数
4,000人以上[1] 2,000人[1]

オルレアン包囲戦 (1428–1429) は、イングランドフランス百年戦争においてターニングポイントとなった、フランスオルレアンで起きた戦闘である。この包囲戦は、ジャンヌ・ダルクの主要な軍事行動における最初の勝利であり、1415年アジャンクールの戦いで敗れた後のフランスにとって、最初の大きな勝利であった。この包囲戦の結果、その後のイングランドの軍事力は、下降線となっていった。オルレアンは、イングランド、フランスの双方にとって、戦略的にもシンボルとしても重要な街であった。現代の一致した意見としては、仮にオルレアンが陥落していたならば、イングランドの摂政ジョン・オブ・ランカスターにより、フランス全土を征服するというヘンリー5世の野望が実現されていたというものである。半年間に渡り、イングランドは優勢であったが、ジャンヌ・ダルクの到着後9日間で、イングランドによる包囲は崩壊した。

背景

百年戦争

オルレアン包囲戦は、百年戦争中に起き、イングランドとフランスをそれぞれ支配していた王家間で、フランスの支配権を争った戦いである。この争いはイングランドのエドワード3世が、フランスの王位を主張した1337年に始まった。この主張は、ウィリアム1世から継承された主張が元になっており、政略結婚により強化されていた。

1415年のアジャンクールの戦いの決定的な勝利により、イングランドが優勢となり、北部フランスの広範囲を占領した。1420年のトロワ条約により、イングランドのヘンリー5世がフランス摂政となった。この条約によりヘンリー5世は、当時フランス王であったシャルル6世の娘のキャサリンと結婚し、シャルル6世の死去に伴い、フランス王位を継承した。シャルル6世の息子で、条約前はフランス王位の推定相続人であったシャルル7世は、フランス王位を継承しなかった。

地理

オルレアンは、フランス北中部のロワール川沿いの町である。包囲戦の際、オルレアンはフランス王位に忠誠を誓っていた都市の中で、最北に位置していた。イングランドとその同盟国であったブルゴーニュ公国は、パリを含めて、フランス北部の残りの地域を支配していた。主要河川沿いに位置していたオルレアンの場所は、イングランドにとってフランス中央部へ軍事行動をするための最後の障害となっていた。イングランドは既にフランスの南西部の海岸地帯も支配していた。

アルマニャック派

オルレアンは、15世紀初期の政治において、オルレアン公国の首都として、シンボル的な重要性を持っていた。オルレアン公爵は、アルマニャック派として知られた政治的党派の長であり、トロワ条約を拒絶し、フランス王として戴冠していないシャルル7世の主張を支持していた。この党派は、2世代に渡って存在した。そのリーダーであったオルレアン公爵は、数少ないアジャンクールの戦いの戦闘参加者の1人であり、戦闘の後も14年間、イングランドの囚人の状態であった。

騎士道の慣習として、侵略してきた軍隊に対して、戦闘すること無しに降伏した都市は、新しい領主から寛大な処遇を受けることとなっており、逆に抵抗した都市は、手荒い占領を受けることとなっていた。このような状況下において、集団処刑が行われていた事例は明らかになっていない。中世後期の論理によれば、オルレアンの町は戦闘をエスカレートさせ、イングランド軍に暴力行為をさせたため、君主が征服されることは、市民が厳しい報復にさらされる結果となることを意味していた。オルレアンのアルマニャック派との結びつきのため、町が陥落した場合、報復を逃れることはあり得なかった。

Preparations

State of the conflict

After the brief fallout over Hainaut in 1425-26, イングランド王国ブルゴーニュ派 arms renewed their alliance and offensive on the Dauphin's France in 1427. The Orléanais region southwest of Paris was of key importance, not only for controlling the Loire river, but also to smoothly connect the English area of operations in the west and the Burgundian area of operations in the east. French arms had been largely ineffective before the Anglo-Burgundian onslaught until the siege of Montargis in late 1427, when Étienne de Vignolles ("La Hire") and John of Orléans, Count of Dunois ("the Bastard of Orléans") managed to successfully force the siege to be lifted. The relief of Montargis, the first effective French action in years, emboldened sporadic uprisings in the thinly-garrisoned English-occupied region of Maine to the west, threatening to undo recent English gains.[2]

However, the French failed to capitalize on the aftermath of Montargis, in large part because the French court was embroiled in an internal power struggle between the constable Arthur de Richemont and the chamberlain Georges de la Trémoille, a new favorite of the Dauphin Charles. John of Dunois, La Hire and Poton de Xaintrailles were partisans of La Trémoille, while Charles de Bourbon (Count of Clermont) (son of the imprisoned duke of Bourbon), the marshal Jean de Brosse (Sieur de Boussac) and John Stewart of Darnley (head of the Scottish auxiliary forces), were lined up with the constable.[3][4] The inner French conflict had reached such a point that their partisans were fighting each other in the open field by mid-1428.

The English availed themselves of French paralysis to raise fresh reinforcements in England in early 1428, raising a new force of 2,700 men (450 men-at-arms and 2,250 longbowmen), brought over by Thomas Montacute (Earl of Salisbury).[5] These were bolstered by new levies raised in Normandy and Paris, and joined by auxiliaries from Burgundy and vassal domains in Picardie and Champagne, to a total strength possibly as great as 10,000. At the council of war in the Spring of 1428, the English regent John Duke of Bedford determined the direction of English arms would be towards the west, to stomp out the fires in the Maine and lay siege to Angers.[6] The city of Orléans was not originally on the menu - indeed, Bedford had secured a private deal with Dunois, whose attentions were focused on the Richemont-La Trémoille conflict, then raging violently in the Berri.[7] As Charles, Duke of Orléans was at the time in English captivity, it would have been contrary to the customs of knightly war to seize the possessions of a prisoner. Bedford agreed to leave Orléans alone, but, for some reason, changed his mind shortly after the arrival of English reinforcements under Salisbury in July 1428. In a memorandum written in later years, Bedford expressed that the siege of Orléans "was taken in hand, God knoweth by what advice", suggesting it was probably Salisbury's idea, not his.[8]

ソールズベリー公's approach

7月と8月の間、ソールズベリー公は、パリ南西部の田園地帯に侵攻し、Nogent-le-Roi、ランブイエおよびシャルトル周辺のエリアを回復した。[6] その後、ソールズベリー公は、南西のアンジェ方面には向かわず、南東のオルレアン方面に進軍した。ロワール川方面を攻め、8月にLe Puisetジャンヴィルを占領した。そこからは、オルレアンを北側から直接攻めずに、町を通過して、まずオルレアンの西側の田園地帯を占領した。彼は素早く攻略したMeung-sur-Loireの町でロワール川にたどり着いた。(別働隊が川を渡り、Cléryの聖堂を略奪した。)[6][9] 彼はブロワ方面の下流側に若干の攻勢をかけ、Beaugencyのの橋と城を奪取した。ここで彼はロワール川を渡り、南側からオルレアンに接近し、10月7日にオルレアンから1マイル程離れたオリヴェの町に到着した。[7] その間に、John de La Pole指揮下のイングランド軍の別部隊が、オルレアン東部の上流地域を占領するために送られてきていた。10月5日にJargeauの町が陥落し、その後程なくしてChâteauneuf-sur-Loireが陥落した、その一方でブルゴーニュ派勢力が、更に上流側のシュリー=シュル=ロワールを攻略した。[6] オルレアンは切り離され、包囲された。

包囲戦のあった1428-1429年のオルレアン

ジャン・ド・デュノワは 、オルレアンの防御に人員を配置し、イングランド軍の包囲網を監視し、オルレアンの町が包囲戦に備えることに気を配った。デュノワは、約14 mile (400 m)の長さの橋に狙いを定め、ロワール川南岸より、北岸の都市であるオルレアン中心部に入ってくることを正確に予測していた。この橋は、ソールズベリー公がオルレアン中心部の射程圏にイングランド軍の大砲を配置するのに最適な場所である中州のSt. Antoine島を通過していた。[7] 橋の南端は、小塔のある守衛詰所「Les Tourelles」であり、川の上に建ち、跳ね橋で南岸と繋がっていた。デュノワは急いで南岸に大きな土塁(Boulevart)を築き、大部分の軍を配置して、橋を防御する大きな要塞化された複合施設を造りあげた。[10] Just across from the Boulevart was an Augustinian friary, which could be used as a flanking firing position on any approach to the bridge, although it seems Dunois decided not to make use of it. 彼の命により、オルレアン南部の郊外の住民は避難し、すべての建物は、イングランド軍に奪取されるのを防ぐために破壊された。[10]

包囲戦の初期段階

トゥレル攻撃

オルレアン包囲戦、1429年

オルレアン包囲戦は、正式には1428年10月12日に開始され、10月17日には砲撃が開始された。イングランドは10月21日に、城壁上の通路であるブールバールを攻撃したが、フランス軍のミサイル攻撃、ロープ網による包囲、熱した油、熱した石炭、生石灰などにより、退けられた。[10][11] イングランド軍は前線攻撃を止め、防塁を堀りはじめた。フランス軍はこれに対抗して、坑道支柱に火を放ち、10月23日にトゥレルに戻った。しかしその翌日の24日、トゥレルを嵐が襲った。[10] 離散したフランス軍は、追撃を防ぐためにいくつかの橋のアーチを爆破した。

トゥレル陥落により、オルレアンがイングランドに占領されるという運命が決まったかに見えた。しかし、多くの援軍を引き連れたブザック(Boussac)の指揮官のタイムリーな到着により、イングランドが橋を修復して、渡り、その後オルレアンを包囲することを未然に防いだ。[10] イングランドは2日後にも、ソールズベリー公爵トマス・モンタキュートが、トゥレルの軍事基地を監督している間に、大砲の砲火により跳ね上がった瓦礫で顔を打ち付け、後退を余儀なくされた。イングランドの軍事作戦は、ムン(Meung)という場所に手当てのために運ばれている間、中断していたが、約1週間後、ソールズベリー公爵は傷が原因で命を落とした。[12]

包囲

ソールズベリー公爵の負傷と死により、イングランドの軍事作戦が小康状態となったことで、オルレアン市民が残りの橋のアーチをすべて爆破する時間ができ、早期の橋の修復や、直接的な攻撃の可能性を消すことができた。11月中旬にベッドフォーロにより指名された、新しい包囲戦の指揮官であるウィリアム・ドゥ・ラ・ポールが、降伏させるために、町を包囲し、持久戦に持ち込んで飢えさせることを決定した。彼には堀が長く続く町を包囲するのに十分な人力が与えられていなかったため、外塁を造り始めた。数ヶ月を過ぎた頃には、2つの岸を繋ぐ橋が見渡せる川の中州であるCharlemagne島 (オルレアン西部)の北岸に7つの砦、南岸に4つの砦を築いていた。[13]

外塁の設置は困難を伴なうもので、フランスの守備隊が繰り返し反撃し、工事している者たちを悩ませ、冬期にイングランド軍のシェルターとして機能することを妨げるために、郊外の建築物(すべての教会を含む)を計画的に破壊した。1429年春まで経っても、イングランドの外塁は町の南部と西部を囲んでいただけに過ぎず、北東方面は(イングランド軍のパトロールが群がっていたとはいえ)基本的にがら空きであった。フランスの重装歩兵の構成部隊の多くは、パトロールを押し退け、町の内外を行き来できていたが、護衛されたはしけによる供給物を持って入ることは、入場する箇所やそこから離れた場所で、厳しくブロックされた。[13]

オルレアン包囲戦におけるイングランドの外塁

南岸において、イングランド軍の中心は、橋の複合施設 (トゥレル=ブールバールと要塞化されたオーガスティンで構成されていた)であった。東側からの橋への進入はSt. Jean-le-Blanc砦で監視され、一方橋の西側へは、Champ de St. Privé砦で監視された。 St. Privéは、Charlemagne島 (島には他の砦がある)への橋も監視していた。Charlemagne橋の反対側であるロワール川北岸は、イングランド軍の最大の防塁で、イングランドの軍事行動の中枢部であるSt. Laurent砦で監視していた。 その上は、多くの小さな外塁があり、順番にCroiz Boisse砦、Douze Pierres砦 (愛称「ロンドン」)、Pressoir Aps砦 (愛称「Rouen」)、そして街のちょうど北側にSt. Pouair砦 (愛称「パリ」)が置かれ、主要な通りの上部に置かれていた。[14] その背後は、大部分がBois d'Orléansの深い森で覆われいたとはいえ、then came the great northeastern gap.結局、町から東に約2 kmの北岸にあったSt. Loup砦は孤立した。

オルレアンの位置は、絶望的に思えた。フランス軍が、まだオルレアン北東部のモンタルジや、上流のジアンに、孤立した城を有していたとはいえ、[15]イングランドが軍隊を集めているオルレアン南西のブロワから本来来るはずの救援が来ていなかった。北東側からオルレアンにたどり着くまでに、補給部隊は、危険な迂回ルートをグルグル回らなければならなかった。Few made it through, and the city soon began to feel the pinch. Should Orléans fall, it would effectively make the recovery of the northern half of France all but impossible, and prove fatal to the Dauphin Charles's bid for the crown. When the French Estates met at Chinon in September 1428, they pressed the Dauphin to make peace with Philip III of Burgundy "at any price".[16]

ニシンの戦い

1428年10月、オルレアンへの脅威が、リシュモン(Richemont)とラ・トレムイユ(La Trémoille)のゲリラ隊に、一刻も早い一時停戦を促した。1429年初期、シャルル1世)は、オルレアン解放のために、フランス=スコットランド軍をブロワに集めた。[17][18] イングランド軍の包囲部隊はジョン・ファストルフ公の指揮下にあり、パリからイングランド軍の補給部隊が派遣されたことを聞き、シャルル1世はそれを迎撃するために回り道をすることを決定した。ジャン・ド・デュノワ指揮下のオルレアンからの軍は、イングランドの軍列を気付かれないように通過し加勢した。2月12日、2つの軍はジャンヴィルで合流し、ルヴレ(Rouvray)でイングランドの補給部隊を攻撃し、ニシンの戦いとして知られる交戦となった。この時、補給部隊が来る四旬節用のための大量の魚を積んでいたことから、この名が付いた。[1] The English, aware of their approach, formed a "laager" with the supply wagons, lining the circumference with bowmen. Clermont ordered the French to hold back, and let their cannon do the damage. But the Scottish regiments, led by John Stewart of Darnley, dissatisfied with the missile duel, decided to move in. The French lines hesitated, uncertain of whether to follow or remain back as ordered. Seeing the French immobilized or only timidly following, the English sensed an opportunity. The English cavalry burst out of the wagon fort, overwhelmed the isolated Scots, and threw back the hesitant French. Disorder and panic set in, and the French fell into retreat. Stewart of Darnley was killed, John of Dunois wounded. Fastolf brought the supplies in triumph to the English soldiers at Orléans three days later.[3]

ルヴレでの敗北により、フランス軍の士気は大きく低下した。Bickering and recriminations immediately followed as Clermont and Dunois blamed each other for the disaster, reopening the fissures between the Richemont and La Tremoille parties. Clermont, disgusted, quit the field and retired to his estates, refusing to participate further.[3] Once again, the Dauphin Charles was advised to sue for peace with Burgundy and should that fail, to consider abdicating and retiring to the Dauphiné, perhaps even going into exile in Scotland.[3] In March, John of Dunois made an irresistible offer to Philip III of Burgundy, offering to turn Orléans over to him, to hold as a neutral territory on behalf of his captive half-brother Charles, Duke of Orléans.[19] Burgundy hurried to Paris in early April to persuade the English regent John of Bedford to take the offer. But Bedford, certain Orléans was on the verge of falling, refused to surrender his prize. The disappointed Philip withdrew his Burgundian auxiliaries from the English siege in a huff.[20]

ちょうどニシンの戦いの日に、フランスの農家の若い娘ジャンヌ・ダルクが、VaucouleursDauphinoisの大佐であるRobert de Baudricourtと会い、シャルル7世を救援し、ランスで彼の戴冠式を行なうという彼女の神から与えられた使命を、懐疑的であった大佐に説明した。 She had met and been rebuffed by Baudricourt twice before, but apparently this time he assented and arranged to escort her to the Dauphin's court in Chinon. According to the Chronique de la Pucelle, at this meeting with Baudricourt, Joan disclosed that the Dauphin's arms had suffered a great reversal near Orléans that day, and if she were not sent to him soon, there would be others.[21] Accordingly, when news of the defeat at Rouvray reached Vaucouleurs, Baudricourt became convinced of the girl's prescience and agreed to escort her. Whatever the truth of the story — and it is not accepted by all authorities — Joan left Vaucouleurs on February 23 for Chinon.

ジャンヌ・ダルクがオルレアンへ到着

数年の間、フランスを救済する武装した少女に関する漠然とした予言がフランス国内に広まっていた。これらの多くで、武装した少女が、ジャンヌの生誕地であるDomrémyのあるLorraine国境から現れるであろうと予言していた。[22] 結果として、包囲されていたオルレアンの市民に、ジャンヌが王に謁見した旅のことが伝わると、市民の期待と希望が高まった。

1429年3月6日、ジャンヌはBaudricourtに護衛されて、シノンに到着し、懐疑的であったLa Trémoilleと面会した。3月9日、ついに彼女はシャルル7世に謁見した。(シャルル7世が最終的に彼女の「(魔)力(または彼女の有用性)」を確信した遭遇は、この2、3日前であった)[23] それにも関わらず、he insisted she first proceed to Poitiers to be examined by church authorities. With the clerical verdict that she posed no harm and could be safely taken on, Dauphin Charles finally accepted her services on March 22. She was provided with a suit of plate armor, a banner, a pageboy, and heralds.

Joan of Arc enters Orléans (painting by J.J. Sherer, 1887)

Joan's first mission was to join a convoy assembling at Blois, under the command of Marshals de Boussac and Gilles de Rais, bringing supplies to Orléans. It was from Blois that Joan dispatched her famous missives to the English siege commanders, calling herself "the Maiden" (La Pucelle), and ordering them, in the name of God, to "Begone, or I will make you go".[24]

The relief convoy, escorted by some 400-500 soldiers, finally left Blois on 27 or 28 April, in nearly religious processional array. Joan had insisted on approaching Orléans from the north (through the Beauce region), where English forces were concentrated, intent on fighting them immediately. But the commanders decided to take the convoy in a circuitous route around the south (through the Sologne region) without telling Joan, reaching the south bank of the Loire at Rully (near Chécy), some four miles east of the city. Orléans' commander, John of Dunois, came out to meet them across the river. Joan was indignant at the deception and ordered an immediate attack on St. Jean-le-Blanc, the nearest English bastille on the south bank. But Dunois, supported by the Marshals, protested and with some effort, finally prevailed on her to allow the city to be resupplied before any assaults on anything. The provisions convoy approached the landing of Port Saint-Loup, across the river from the English bastille of Saint-Loup on the north bank. While French skirmishers kept the English garrison of Saint-Loup contained, a fleet of boats from Orléans sailed down to the landing to pick up the supplies, Joan and 200 soldiers. One of Joan's reputed miracles was said to have taken place here: the wind which had brought the boats upriver suddenly reversed itself, allowing them to sail back to Orléans smoothly under the cover of darkness. Joan of Arc entered Orléans in triumph, on April 29, around 8:00 PM, to much rejoicing. The rest of the convoy returned to Blois.

攻城戦

Over the next couple of days, to boost morale, Joan paraded periodically around the streets of Orléans, distributing food to the people and salaries to the garrison. Joan of Arc also sent out messengers to the English bastions demanding their departure, which the English commanders greeted with jeers. Some even threatened to kill the messengers as "emissaries of a witch".

Joan participated in discussion of tactics with John of Dunois and the other French commanders. The Journal du siege d'Orléans, as quoted in Pernoud, reports several heated discussions over the next week concerning military tactics between Joan and Jean de Dunois, the Bastard of Orléans, who directed the city's defense.

Believing the garrison too small for any action, on May 1, Dunois left the city in the hands of La Hire and Joan and made his way personally to Blois to arrange for reinforcements. During this interlude, Joan went outside the city walls and scouted all of the English fortifications personally, at one point exchanging words with William Glasdale himself.

On May 3, Dunois's reinforcement convoy left Blois to head for Orléans. At the same time, other troop convoys set out from Montargis and Gien in the direction of Orléans. Dunois's military convoy arrived via the Beauce district, on the north bank of the river, in the early morning of May 4, in full view of the English garrison at St. Laurent. English declined to challenge the convoy's entry on account of its strength. Joan rode out to escort it in.

Assault on St. Loup

At noon that same day (May 4, 1429), apparently to secure the entry of more provisions convoys, which had taken the usual circuitous route via the east, Dunois launched an attack on the easterly English bastille of St. Loup together with the Montargis-Gien troops. Joan nearly missed out on it, having been napping when the assault began, but she hurried to join in.[25] The English garrison of 400 was heavily outnumbered by the 1,500 French assaulters. Hoping to divert the French away, the English commander, Lord John Talbot, launched an attack from St. Pouair, on the northern end of Orléans, but it was held back by a French sortie. After a few hours, St. Loup fell, with some 140 English killed and 40 prisoners taken. Some of the English defenders of St. Loup were captured in the ruins of a nearby church, their lives spared at Joan's request. Hearing that St. Loup had fallen, Talbot retired the northern assault.

Assault on the Augustines

The next day, May 5, was Ascension Day, and Joan urged an attack on the largest English outwork, the bastille of St. Laurent to the west. But the French captains, knowing its strength and that their men needed rest, prevailed on her to allow them to honor the feast-day in peace. [26] Overnight, in a war council, it was decided that the best course of action was to clear the English bastions on the south bank, where the English were weakest.

The operation began in the early morning of May 6. The citizens of Orléans, inspired by Joan of Arc, raised urban militias on her behalf and showed up at the gates, much to the distress of the professional commanders. Nonetheless, Joan prevailed upon the professionals to allow the militia to join. The French crossed the river from Orléans on boats and barges and landed on the island of St. Aignan, crossing over to the south bank via a makeshift pontoon bridge, landing on the stretch between the bridge complex and the bastille of St. Jean-le-Blanc. That plan had been to cut off and take St. Jean-le-Blanc from the west, but the English garrison commander, William Glasdale, sensing the intent of the French operation, had already hurriedly destroyed the St. Jean-le-Blanc outwork and concentrated his troops in the central Boulevart-Tourelles-Augustines complex.

Before the French had properly disembarked on the south bank, Joan of Arc reportedly launched a precipitous attack on the strongpoint of the Boulevart. This nearly turned into a disaster, as the assault was exposed on the flanks to English fire from the Augustines. The assault broke off when there were cries that the English garrison of the bastille of St. Privé further west was rushing upriver to reinforce Glasdale and cut them off. Panic set in, and the French assaulters retreated from the Boulevart back to the landing grounds, dragging the bewildered Joan back with them. Seeing the "witch" on the run and the "spell" broken, Glasdale's garrison burst out to give chase, but according to legend, Joan turned around on them alone, raised her holy standard and cried out "Ou Nom De" ("In the name of God"), which reportedly was sufficient to impress the English to halt their pursuit and return to the Boulevart.[27] The fleeing French troops turned around and rallied to her.

Watching the turn of events, Gilles de Rais persuaded Joan to immediately resume the assault, but to direct the French soldiers not on the Boulevart, but rather on the detached bastille of the Augustins. After heavy fighting that lasted the entire day, the Augustins was finally taken just before nightfall.

With the Augustins in French hands, Glasdale's garrison was blockaded in the Boulevart-Tourelles complex. That same night, what remained of the English garrison at St. Privé evacuated their outwork and went north of the river to join their comrades in St. Laurent. Glasdale was isolated, but he could count on a strong and well-esconsed English garrison of 700-800 troops.

Assault on the Tourelles

15th-century depiction of Joan of Arc leading an assault on an English fort at the siege of Orléans

Joan had been wounded in the foot in the assault on the Augustins, and taken back to Orléans overnight to recover, and as a result did not participate in the evening war council. The next morning, May 7, she was asked to sit out the final assault on the Boulevart-Tourelles, but she refused and roused to join the French camp on the south bank, much to the joy of the people of Orléans.[28] The citizens raised more levies on her behalf and set about repairing the bridge with beams to enable a two-sided attack on the complex. Artillery was positioned on the island of Saint-Antoine.

The day was spent in a largely fruitless bombardment and attempts to undermine the foundations of the complex, by mining and burning barges. As evening was approaching, John of Dunois had decided to leave the final assault for the next day. Informed of the decision, Joan called for her horse and rode off for a period of quiet prayer, then returned to the camp, grabbed a ladder and launched the frontal assault on the Boulevart herself, reportedly calling out to her troops "Tout est vostre - et y entrez!" ("All is yours, - go in!").[29] The French soldiery rushed in after her, swarming up the ladders into the Boulevart. Joan was struck down early in the assault by a crossbow quarrel (others report a bodkin arrow) in the shoulder and was hurriedly taken away. Rumors of her death bolstered the English defenders and faltered French morale. But, according to reports, she pulled the bolt out herself and, despite her injury, soon re-appeared in the French lines, giving the assaulters renewed inspiration. (In his rehabilitation trial testimony, Jean Pasquerel, Joan's confessor, stated that Joan herself had some type of premonition or foreknowledge of this event, stating the day before the attack that "tomorrow blood will flow from my body above my breast."[30])

The French carried the day and forced the English out of the Boulevart and back into the last redoubt of the Tourelles. But the drawbridge connecting them gave way, and Glasdale himself fell into the river and perished.[31] The French pressed on to storm the Tourelles itself, from both sides (the bridge now repaired). The Tourelles, half-burning, was finally taken in the evening.

English losses were heavy. Counting other actions on the day (notably the interception of reinforcements rushed to the defense), the English had suffered nearly a thousand killed, and 600 prisoners. 200 French prisoners were found in the complex and released.

包囲戦の終結

With Boulevart-Tourelles taken, the English had lost the south bank of the Loire. There was little point of continuing the siege, as Orléans could now be easily re-supplied indefinitely.

On the morning of May 8, the English troops on the north bank, under the command of William de la Pole (Earl of Suffolk) and Lord John Talbot, demolished their outworks and assembled in battle array in the field near St. Laurent. The French army under Dunois lined up before them. They stood facing each other immobile for about an hour, before the English withdrew from the field and marched off to join other English units in Meung, Beaugency and Jargeau. Some of the French commanders urged an attack to destroy the English army then and there. Joan of Arc reportedly forbade it, on account of it being Sunday.[32]

余波

The English did not consider themselves beaten. Although they had suffered a setback and tremendous losses at Orléans itself, the surrounding perimeter of the Orleanais region - Beaugency, Meung, Janville, Jargeau - was still in their hands. Indeed, it was possible for the English to reorganize and resume the siege of Orléans itself soon after, this time perhaps with more success, as the bridge was now repaired, and thus more susceptible to being taken by assault. Suffolk's priority that day (May 8) was to salvage what remained of English arms.

The French commanders realized as much, Joan less so. Leaving Orléans, she met the Dauphin Charles outside of Tours on May 13, to report her victory. She immediately called for a march northeast into Champagne, towards Rheims, but the French commanders knew they had to first clear the English out of their dangerous positions on the Loire.

The Loire Campaign began a couple of weeks later, after a period of rest and reinforcement. Volunteers of men and supplies swelled the French army, eager to serve under Joan of Arc's banner. Even the ostracized constable Arthur de Richemont was eventually permitted to join the campaign. After a series of brief sieges and battles at Jargeau (June 12), Meung (June 15) and Beaugency (June 17), the Loire was back in French hands. An English reinforcement army rushing from Paris under John Talbot was defeated at the Battle of Patay shortly after (June 18), the first significant field victory for French arms in years. The English commanders, the Earl of Suffolk and Lord Talbot, were taken prisoner in this campaign. Only thereafter did the French feel safe enough to accede to Joan's request for a march on Rheims.

After some preparation, the march on Rheims began from Gien on June 29, the Dauphin Charles following Joan and the French army through the dangerous Burgundian-occupied territory of Champagne. Although Auxerre (July 1) closed its gates and refused them entry, Saint-Florentin (July 3) yielded, as did, after some resistance, Troyes (July 11) and Châlons-sur-Marne (July 15). They reached Rheims the next day and the Dauphin Charles, with Joan at his side, was finally consecrated as King Charles VII of France on July 17, 1429.

Notes

  1. ^ a b c d Paul Charpentier et Charles Cuissard, Journal du siège d'Orléans, 1428-1429, H. Herluison, 1896. (p. 410)
  2. ^ Ramsay (1892: p.375-76)
  3. ^ a b c d Ramsay (1892: p.386)
  4. ^ Beaucourt (1882: p.144-68)
  5. ^ Ramsay (1892: p.380)
  6. ^ a b c d Ramsay (1892: p.381)
  7. ^ a b c Ramsay (1892: p.382)
  8. ^ Ramsay (1892: p.398)
  9. ^ Cousinot's Pucelle (p.257)
  10. ^ a b c d e Ramsay (1892: p.383)
  11. ^ Cousinot's Pucelle (p.261)
  12. ^ Ramsey, p.383-84
  13. ^ a b Ramsay (1892: p.384)
  14. ^ Cousinot's Pucelle (p.265)
  15. ^ Ramsay (1892: p.387)
  16. ^ Ramsay (1892: p.386n4.)
  17. ^ Ramsay (1892:p.385-86)
  18. ^ Cousinot's Pucelle (p.266)
  19. ^ Cousinot's Pucelle (p.269)
  20. ^ Ramsay (1892: p.386-87)
  21. ^ Cousinot's Pucelle (p.272). For contemporary testimonials of the meetings with Baudricourt given at Joan's trial, see Quicherat's Proces, v.1 p.53, v.2 p.436, p.456)
  22. ^ Domrémy was in the Duchy of Bar, right on the edge of the Duchy of Lorraine.
  23. ^ Ramsay (1892: p.390); Beaucourt (1882: v.2, p.204-9)
  24. ^ For the letters, see Cousinot's Pucelle (p.281)
  25. ^ Cousinot's Pucelle (p.288)
  26. ^ Ramsay (1892: p.393). This is according to Cousinot's Pucelle (p.289-90). However, Jean Pasquerel (in Quicherat, 1845: v.3, p.107) differs, and seems to suggest the suspension for Ascension Day was originally Joan's idea.
  27. ^ Cousinot's Pucelle, p.290-91; Ramsay (1892: p.394)
  28. ^ Cousinot's Pucelle (p.291-92)
  29. ^ Cousinot's Pucelle (p.293)
  30. ^ Quicherat Proces (1845: v.3, p.109). Note that Cousinot's Pucelle (p.293) separates the events, and reports that Joan was wounded in an earlier morning assault, and only after her recovery made the decision to initiate the afternoon assault.
  31. ^ Cousinot's Pucelle (p.294)
  32. ^ Cousinot's Pucelle (p.296)

References

  • Beaucourt, G. du Fresne de (1882) Histoire de Charles VII, v.2 Paris: Societe Bibliographique.
  • Cousinot de Montreuil, G. (1864) Chronique de la Pucelle ou chronique de Cousinot, edited by M. Vallet de Viriville, 1864, Paris: Delays. online
  • Paul K. Davis Besieged: 100 Great Sieges from Jericho to Sarajevo (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2001)
  • Kelly deVries, Joan of Arc: a Military Leader (Sutton Publishing, 1999)
  • Régine Pernoud and Marie-Véronique Clin, Joan of Arc: Her Story (New York, St. Martin's Press, 1998)
  • Quicherat, J. (1841–47) Procès de condamnation et de réhabilitation de Jeanne d'Arc dite La Pucelle, Paris: Renouard. v.1 v.2, vol. 3
  • J.R. Ramsay Lancaster and York: A century of English history, AD 1399-1485 (Oxford: Clarendon, 1892). v.1
  • Stephen Cooper, The Real Falstaff, Sir John Fastolf and the Hundred Years' War, (Pen & Sword 2010)

外部リンク

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