1991年、[[ソビエト連邦の崩壊]]によりウクライナは独立して国家となり、軍事的には中立を維持してきた<ref name=jbpress2010>{{Cite news|url=https://jbpress.ismedia.jp/articles/-/3077|title=それでも欧州統合路線を選ぶウクライナ 親ロとされる新大統領でもロシア寄りにならない理由|date=2010-03-26|author=藤森信吉|publisher=JBpress}}</ref>。2002年、ウクライナの政策に転換期が訪れた<ref name=jbpress2010 />。前年の2001年9月11日に[[アメリカ同時多発テロ事件]]が発生してロシアとアメリカ合衆国が互いに歩み寄ると、2002年、[[レオニード・クチマ|クチマ政権]]下のウクライナは以前から興味を示していたEU（[[欧州連合]]）および[[北大西洋条約機構]]（NATO）への加盟を目指す方向に大きく舵を切ったのである<ref name=jbpress2010 />。このような経緯でウクライナは西側諸国の軍事同盟NATOへの加盟を希望していたが、[[ドイツ]]・[[フランス]]などNATO側の一部諸国がこれを拒否していた<ref name="GourokuTsuyoshi">{{citation|和書|url=https://www.hit-u.ac.jp/kenkyu/eusi/eusicommentary/vol59.pdf|title=ウクライナとNATO加盟問題|date=2015-09-10|volume=59|last=合六|first=強|periodical=EUSI Commentary|publisher=EU Studies Institute in Tokyo}}</ref>。理由は、ウクライナ国民からの加盟への支持の低さや民主化の遅れ、法の支配、経済状況により条件を満たしていないことが主因であるが<ref>{{Cite web |title=米大統領、ウクライナ支援明言 ＮＡＴＯ加盟は慎重 |url=https://www.jiji.com/jc/article?k=2021090200632&g=int |website=時事ドットコム |accessdate=2022-03-12}}</ref>、加盟国がNATOとロシアの関係悪化を懸念したことも影響したともされる。その後、[[ヴィクトル・ヤヌコーヴィチ|ヤヌコーヴィチ政権]]によってNATO加盟をウクライナ自らが拒否した{{R|GourokuTsuyoshi}}。[[2014年]]、[[ユーロマイダン]]に始まる[[2014年ウクライナ騒乱|尊厳の革命]]の政変をうけ、ロシアはウクライナに帰属する親露派の多い[[クリミア半島]]の[[ロシアによるクリミアの併合|併合を宣言]]した。一方[[ペトロ・ポロシェンコ|ポロシェンコ政権]]下のウクライナは再びNATO加盟に向かった{{R|GourokuTsuyoshi}}。ウクライナ東部の[[ドンバス]]では戦闘が続き<ref>{{cite news|title= Ukraine-Russia crisis: What started the conflict and what will happen next?|url= https://english.elpais.com/usa/2022-01-27/ukraine-russia-crisis-what-started-the-conflict-and-what-will-happen-next.html|date=2022-01-27|newspaper=[[エル・パイス|El País]]}}</ref>、ウクライナはその後、親EUアメリカ的な政策を取り、[[2019年]]にEUとNATOの加盟を目指すように[[ウクライナ憲法|憲法]]を改正した<ref>{{cite news|title= Ukraine President Signs Constitutional Amendment On NATO, EU Membership|url= https://www.rferl.org/amp/ukraine-president-signs-constitutional-amendment-on-nato-eu-membership/29779430.html|date=2019-02-19|publisher=[[ラジオ・フリー・ヨーロッパ|Radio Free Europe / Radio Liberty]]}}</ref>。この頃のNATOはロシアの影響が強い東方に勢力を拡大しており、NATOはロシアと[[新冷戦]]と呼ばれるほど対立していた<ref>{{cite news|url=https://mainichi.jp/articles/20191221/k00/00m/030/188000c|title=ロシアと新たな対立 NATO、米欧亀裂で問われる存在意義|date=2019-12-21|publisher=毎日新聞}}</ref>。
1991年、[[ソビエト連邦の崩壊]]によりウクライナは独立して国家となり、軍事的には中立を維持してきた<ref name=jbpress2010>{{Cite news|url=https://jbpress.ismedia.jp/articles/-/3077|title=それでも欧州統合路線を選ぶウクライナ 親ロとされる新大統領でもロシア寄りにならない理由|date=2010-03-26|author=藤森信吉|publisher=JBpress}}</ref>。2002年、ウクライナの政策に転換期が訪れた<ref name=jbpress2010 />。前年の2001年9月11日に[[アメリカ同時多発テロ事件]]が発生してロシアとアメリカ合衆国が互いに歩み寄ると、2002年、[[レオニード・クチマ|クチマ政権]]下のウクライナは以前から興味を示していたEU（[[欧州連合]]）および[[北大西洋条約機構]]（NATO）への加盟を目指す方向に大きく舵を切ったのである<ref name=jbpress2010 />。このような経緯でウクライナは西側諸国の軍事同盟NATOへの加盟を希望していたが、[[ドイツ]]・[[フランス]]などNATO側の一部諸国がこれを拒否していた<ref name="GourokuTsuyoshi">{{citation|和書|url=https://www.hit-u.ac.jp/kenkyu/eusi/eusicommentary/vol59.pdf|title=ウクライナとNATO加盟問題|date=2015-09-10|volume=59|last=合六|first=強|periodical=EUSI Commentary|publisher=EU Studies Institute in Tokyo}}</ref>。理由は、ウクライナ国民からの加盟への支持の低さや民主化の遅れ、法の支配、経済状況により条件を満たしていないことが主因であるが<ref>{{Cite web |title=米大統領、ウクライナ支援明言 ＮＡＴＯ加盟は慎重 |url=https://www.jiji.com/jc/article?k=2021090200632&g=int |website=時事ドットコム |accessdate=2022-03-12}}</ref>、加盟国がNATOとロシアの関係悪化を懸念したことも影響したともされる。その後、[[ヴィクトル・ヤヌコーヴィチ|ヤヌコーヴィチ政権]]によってNATO加盟をウクライナ自らが拒否した{{R|GourokuTsuyoshi}}。[[2014年]]、[[ユーロマイダン]]に始まる[[2014年ウクライナ騒乱|尊厳の革命]]の政変をうけ、ロシアはウクライナに帰属する親露派の多い[[クリミア半島]]の[[ロシアによるクリミアの併合|併合を宣言]]した。一方[[ペトロ・ポロシェンコ|ポロシェンコ政権]]下のウクライナは再びNATO加盟に向かった{{R|GourokuTsuyoshi}}。ウクライナ東部の[[ドンバス]]では戦闘が続き<ref>{{cite news|title= Ukraine-Russia crisis: What started the conflict and what will happen next?|url= https://english.elpais.com/usa/2022-01-27/ukraine-russia-crisis-what-started-the-conflict-and-what-will-happen-next.html|date=2022-01-27|newspaper=[[エル・パイス|El País]]}}</ref>、ウクライナはその後、親EUアメリカ的な政策を取り、[[2019年]]にEUとNATOの加盟を目指すように[[ウクライナ憲法|憲法]]を改正した<ref>{{cite news|title= Ukraine President Signs Constitutional Amendment On NATO, EU Membership|url= https://www.rferl.org/amp/ukraine-president-signs-constitutional-amendment-on-nato-eu-membership/29779430.html|date=2019-02-19|publisher=[[ラジオ・フリー・ヨーロッパ|Radio Free Europe / Radio Liberty]]}}</ref>。この頃のNATOはロシアの影響が強い東方に勢力を拡大しており、NATOはロシアと[[新冷戦]]と呼ばれるほど対立していた<ref>{{cite news|url=https://mainichi.jp/articles/20191221/k00/00m/030/188000c|title=ロシアと新たな対立 NATO、米欧亀裂で問われる存在意義|date=2019-12-21|publisher=毎日新聞}}</ref>。
ウクライナのNATO加盟に向けた動きに対して[[ロシア連邦大統領]]の[[ウラジミール・プーチン]]は、「[[ロシア人]]と[[ウクライナ人]]は一つの民族である」{{Efn2|ロシア人とウクライナ人の多くは[[キリスト教]][[正教会]]の信徒で尚且つ[[東スラブ人]]である。プーチン大統領も生後間もなくキリスト教正教会の洗礼を受けたクリスチャンの申し子であり、その敬虔さと共に、[[ロシア正教会]]最高位を務める[[キリル1世 (モスクワ総主教)|キリル1世]][[総主教]]との親しい間柄がよく知られている。一方、2022年ウクライナ侵攻時のウクライナ大統領[[ウォロディミル・ゼレンスキー|ゼレンスキー]]は[[ユダヤ教]]系の家系である。}}と主張し<ref>{{cite news|title= Putin likes to talk about Russians and Ukrainians as ‘one people.’ Here’s the deeper history.|url= https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/2022/02/10/putin-likes-talk-about-russians-ukrainians-one-people-heres-deeper-history/|author= Monkey Cage|date=2022-02-10|newspaper=The Washington Post}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title= Putin is rewriting history to justify his threats to Ukraine|url= https://www.vox.com/2022/1/30/22908600/ukraine-crisis-putin-russia-one-people-myth-nato-europe|author= Ellen Ioanes |date=2022-01-30|publisher=VOX}}</ref>、NATOの東方拡大に反対する態度を表明して、ウクライナ周辺に軍を展開させた<ref>{{cite news|title= 緊迫のウクライナ情勢、いま何が起こっている？ロシア軍“10万人”にNATOが対抗準備（解説）|url= https://www.businessinsider.jp/post-249700|author= 吉川慧|publisher=business insider|date=2022-01-25}}</ref>。2022年2月にはロシアは並行して隣国ベラルーシと軍事演習を行っている<ref name="ロイター20220211}}<ref>{{cite news|title= ベラルーシ、ロシアと軍事演習へ…結束してウクライナに軍事的圧力かける狙い|url= https://www.yomiuri.co.jp/world/20220118-OYT1T50164/|newspaper=読売新聞|date=2022-01-18}}</ref>。
ウクライナのNATO加盟に向けた動きに対して[[ロシア連邦大統領]]の[[ウラジミール・プーチン]]は、「[[ロシア人]]と[[ウクライナ人]]は一つの民族である」{{Efn2|ロシア人とウクライナ人の多くは[[キリスト教]][[正教会]]の信徒で尚且つ[[東スラブ人]]である。プーチン大統領も生後間もなくキリスト教正教会の洗礼を受けたクリスチャンの申し子であり、その敬虔さと共に、[[ロシア正教会]]最高位を務める[[キリル1世 (モスクワ総主教)|キリル1世]][[総主教]]との親しい間柄がよく知られている。一方、2022年ウクライナ侵攻時のウクライナ大統領[[ウォロディミル・ゼレンスキー|ゼレンスキー]]は[[ユダヤ教]]系の家系である。}}と主張し<ref>{{cite news|title= Putin likes to talk about Russians and Ukrainians as ‘one people.’ Here’s the deeper history.|url= https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/2022/02/10/putin-likes-talk-about-russians-ukrainians-one-people-heres-deeper-history/|author= Monkey Cage|date=2022-02-10|newspaper=The Washington Post}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title= Putin is rewriting history to justify his threats to Ukraine|url= https://www.vox.com/2022/1/30/22908600/ukraine-crisis-putin-russia-one-people-myth-nato-europe|author= Ellen Ioanes |date=2022-01-30|publisher=VOX}}</ref>、NATOの東方拡大に反対する態度を表明して、ウクライナ周辺に軍を展開させた<ref>{{cite news|title= 緊迫のウクライナ情勢、いま何が起こっている？ロシア軍“10万人”にNATOが対抗準備（解説）|url= https://www.businessinsider.jp/post-249700|author= 吉川慧|publisher=business insider|date=2022-01-25}}</ref>。2022年2月にはロシアは並行して隣国ベラルーシと軍事演習を行っている<ref name="ロイター20220211}}<ref">{{cite news|title= ベラルーシ、ロシアと軍事演習へ…結束してウクライナに軍事的圧力かける狙い|url= https://www.yomiuri.co.jp/world/20220118-OYT1T50164/|newspaper=読売新聞|date=2022-01-18}}</ref>。
同年[[2月11日]]、[[アメリカ合衆国]]やその同盟国などは、自国民にウクライナからの退避を勧告した<ref>{{cite news|title= Ukraine tensions: Russia invasion could begin any day, US warns|publisher=BBC|url= https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-60355295|date=2022-02-11}}</ref>。2月18日には、[[アメリカ合衆国大統領]]の[[ジョー・バイデン]]は、「プーチンがウクライナに侵攻すると決断した。」と確信していると述べた<ref>{{cite news|title= Biden says he's now convinced Putin has decided to invade Ukraine, but leaves door open for diplomacy|url= https://edition.cnn.com/2022/02/18/politics/joe-biden-russia-ukraine/index.html|date=2022-02-19|publisher=CNN}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title= The increasingly complicated Russia-Ukraine crisis, explained|url= https://www.vox.com/22917719/russia-ukraine-invasion-border-crisis-nato-explained|publisher=VOX|date=2022-02-18}}</ref>。
同年[[2月11日]]、[[アメリカ合衆国]]やその同盟国などは、自国民にウクライナからの退避を勧告した<ref>{{cite news|title= Ukraine tensions: Russia invasion could begin any day, US warns|publisher=BBC|url= https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-60355295|date=2022-02-11}}</ref>。2月18日には、[[アメリカ合衆国大統領]]の[[ジョー・バイデン]]は、「プーチンがウクライナに侵攻すると決断した。」と確信していると述べた<ref>{{cite news|title= Biden says he's now convinced Putin has decided to invade Ukraine, but leaves door open for diplomacy|url= https://edition.cnn.com/2022/02/18/politics/joe-biden-russia-ukraine/index.html|date=2022-02-19|publisher=CNN}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title= The increasingly complicated Russia-Ukraine crisis, explained|url= https://www.vox.com/22917719/russia-ukraine-invasion-border-crisis-nato-explained|publisher=VOX|date=2022-02-18}}</ref>。
^On 14 January, presidents of Azerbaijan and Ukraine signed a joint declaration on "readiness to provide mutual support for the sovereignty and territorial integrity" of both countries "within internationally recognized borders, joint counteraction to hybrid threats, the desire to ensure peace and stability in the Black Sea-Caspian region and beyond".[22][23]
^Sindelar, Daisy (23 February 2014). “Was Yanukovych's Ouster Constitutional?”. Radio Free Europe. 29 July 2020時点のオリジナルよりアーカイブ。25 February 2014閲覧。 “A majority of 328 lawmakers of the 450-seat parliament voted on February 22 to remove Yanukovych from power, citing as grounds his abandoning office and the deaths of more than 80 protesters and police in the past chaotic week of violence.”
^Grytsenko, Oksana (12 April 2014). “Armed pro-Russian insurgents in Luhansk say they are ready for police raid”. Kyiv Post (Luhansk). オリジナルの12 April 2014時点におけるアーカイブ。. https://web.archive.org/web/20140412131249/http://www.kyivpost.com/content/ukraine/armed-pro-russian-insurgents-in-luhansk-say-they-are-ready-for-police-raid-343167.html. "The insurgents demand the authorities to stop an anti-terrorist operation against them and other separatists of Ukraine' southeast. They also want the Russian language to have official status as well a law allowing local referendums and legalization of their army. But their top aim is federalization of the country through all-Ukrainian referendum, one step from secession from the nation. “It should be a federation in the borders of Ukraine, but with the right to separate if people demand this,” Kariakin said, confident that 85 percent of people in Luhansk Oblast, Ukraine's seventh most populous with 2.2 million people, support him. Prime Minister Arseniy Yatsenyuk, in neighboring Donetsk on April 11, that local referendums are possible, but only to decide local issues. He also assured the residents of the mostly Russian-speaking southeast that the government would not revoke the current law on regional languages that, in fact, gives Russian official status in these regions."
^Ragozin, Leonid. “Annexation of Crimea: A masterclass in political manipulation” (英語). Riga: Al Jazeera. 28 May 2020時点のオリジナルよりアーカイブ。24 January 2022閲覧。 “Putin framed the invasion and eventual annexation of Crimea as an act of salvation rather than a clear violation of international law and turned a revolution which could have marked the end of his rule into a much-needed popularity booster – the wave of chauvinism triggered by the annexation of Crimea sent Putin’s approval ratings to an unbelievable 89 percent, while sidelining the opposition and giving him another five years of relatively trouble-free time at home.”
^Vladimir, Putin (12 July 2021). “Article by Vladimir Putin 'On the Historical Unity of Russians and Ukrainians'”. The Kremlin. 25 January 2021時点のオリジナルよりアーカイブ。2022年2月17日閲覧。 “During the recent Direct Line, when I was asked about Russian-Ukrainian relations, I said that Russians and Ukrainians were one people – a single whole. These words were not driven by some short-term considerations or prompted by the current political context. It is what I have said on numerous occasions and what I firmly believe. I therefore feel it necessary to explain my position in detail and share my assessments of today's situation.”
^Paul, Taylor (23 November 2021). “Ukraine: NATO's original sin”. Politico. https://www.politico.eu/article/ukraine-nato-georgia-europe-european-union-united-states/. "This Bucharest summit decision perhaps marked the culmination of the “unipolar moment,” when the U.S. believed it could reshape the world along Western lines, ignoring warnings by leaders like former French President Jacques Chirac, that “Russia should not be humiliated,” and German Chancellor Angela Merkel, that Moscow’s “legitimate security interests” should be taken into account. The result heightened Kremlin’s fears of encirclement and of losing the strategic depth that enabled Russia to prevail over Western invaders twice in two centuries — Napoleon in 1812 and Hitler from 1941 to 1945. It also failed to enhance the security of Georgia or Ukraine — no amount of assurances that NATO is not a threat to Russia, that its purpose is purely defensive or that none of its weapons would ever be used except in response to an attack could assuage Moscow."
^Jonathan, Guyer (27 January 2022). “How America's NATO expansion obsession plays into the Ukraine crisis”. Vox. https://www.vox.com/22900113/nato-ukraine-russia-crisis-clinton-expansion. "Ukraine is a former Soviet republic. It isn’t joining NATO anytime soon, and President Joe Biden has said as much. Still, NATO’s open-door policy — the alliance’s foundational principle that any qualified European country could join — cuts both ways. To the West, it’s a statement of autonomy; to Russia, it’s a threat. The core of the NATO treaty is Article 5, a commitment that an attack on any country is treated as an attack on the entire alliance — meaning any Russian military engagement with a hypothetical NATO-member Ukraine would theoretically bring Moscow into conflict with the US, the UK, France, and the 27 other NATO members."
^Matthew, Lee (7 January 2022). “US, NATO rule out halt to expansion, reject Russian demands” (英語). AP News. Associated Press. 24 January 2022時点のオリジナルよりアーカイブ。24 January 2022閲覧。 “Their comments amounted to a complete dismissal of a key part of Russian President Vladimir Putin’s demands for easing tensions with Ukraine. Putin wants NATO to halt membership plans for all countries, including Ukraine. The former Soviet republic is unlikely to join the alliance in the foreseeable future, but NATO nations won’t rule it out.”
^Oliver, Bullough (28 March 2014). “Vladimir Putin: The rebuilding of 'Soviet' Russia”. BBC. 24 January 2022時点のオリジナルよりアーカイブ。25 January 2022閲覧。 “According to Vladimir Bukovsky, a dissident who spent a decade in Soviet prisons before his exile to the West in 1976, Putin is totally genuine when he says the disintegration of the Soviet Union was a "geopolitical catastrophe". "He does not understand that the collapse of the Soviet system was predetermined, therefore he believes his mission is to restore the Soviet system as soon as possible," he says.”
^Rubin, Trudy (11 January 2022). “Putin wants to reestablish the Russian empire. Can NATO stop him without war?”. The Philadelphia Inquirer. 25 January 2022時点のオリジナルよりアーカイブ。25 January 2022閲覧。 “So the stakes of this geopolitical chess game are much bigger than Ukraine’s future. (Although Ukraine is the critical test case.) And the game revolves around Vladimir Putin’s visceral desire to reestablish the Cold War dividing lines between East and West. He wants to rebuild the former Soviet sphere of influence that extended from Central Europe through Central Asia, and views this effort as a restoration of Russian greatness.”
^“Lithuanian president: Russia's attempts to create 'zones of influence' will not be tolerated”. LRT English. Lithuanian National Radio and Television (20 December 2021). 25 January 2022時点のオリジナルよりアーカイブ。25 January 2022閲覧。 “Duda (Polish president) said that Russia has no right to issue ultimatums and should withdraw its troops from Ukraine's borders. "Speaking about who should make at least a step back here, it has to be done by Russia, which has for 13 years been carrying out aggressive acts and wants to bring back imperialist policies," he said.”
^Timothy D., Snyder (18 January 2022). “How to think about war in Ukraine”. Thinking about... (newsletter). 19 January 2022時点のオリジナルよりアーカイブ。25 January 2021閲覧。 “Nationality is about the way that people in the present think about the what is to come. If Ukrainians regard themselves as a national community with a future together in a state, then the issue is settled. Historically speaking, the idea that a dictator in another country decides who is a nation and who is not is known as imperialism.”
^Andrew, Roth (7 December 2021). “Putin's Ukraine rhetoric driven by distorted view of neighbour”. The Guardian. 7 December 2021時点のオリジナルよりアーカイブ。25 January 2021閲覧。 “Putin has threatened a broader war in Ukraine over Nato enlargement, demanding “legal guarantees” to ensure Ukraine does not join the military alliance or become a kind of “unofficial” member hosting troops or defence infrastructure. But that fear has gone hand-in-hand with chauvinistic bluster that indicates Moscow has a distorted view of modern Ukraine and the goals it wants to achieve there.”
^Peter, Dickinson (15 July 2021). “Putin's new Ukraine essay reveals imperial ambitions”. Atlantic Council. 15 July 2021時点のオリジナルよりアーカイブ。25 January 2021閲覧。 “Vladimir Putin’s inaccurate and distorted claims are neither new nor surprising. They are just the latest example of gaslighting by the Kremlin leader. This, after all, is the man who famously told US President George W. Bush that Ukraine was not a real country during a widely reported exchange at the 2008 NATO summit in Bucharest. Putin’s claim that the “true sovereignty of Ukraine is possible only in partnership with Russia” is grotesquely disingenuous. For Ukraine, partnership with Russia has mainly meant subjugation by Russia.”
^Andrew, Wilson (23 December 2021). “Russia and Ukraine: 'One People' as Putin Claims?”. Royal United Services Institute. 24 January 2022時点のオリジナルよりアーカイブ。25 January 2022閲覧。 “Putin’s key trope is that Ukrainians and Russians are ‘one people’, and he calls them both ‘Russian’. He starts with a myth of common origin: ‘Russians, Ukrainians and Belarusians are all descendants of Ancient Rus', which was the largest state in Europe’ from the 9th–13th centuries AD. Here, Putin uses the right word – Rus’ – not the modern word for ‘Russia’, which is Rossiya, a Hellenism only introduced in the 17th century.”
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